Photo of Andrea Shindle, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrea Shindle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greeley, CO 80634
I specialize in trauma & attachment-based therapy effective with relationship issues, especially for couples, step/blended, kinship, foster care and adoptive families.
With specialized training in trauma and grief, I am here to walk alongside you. When we've experienced pain or loss, we worry that we will never feel like ourselves again. I encourage you that you can heal; those impacted by grief, loss or trauma can feel joy. Together we will discover deep healing. Band aids do not cover deep wounds, and treatment in grief/trauma can help. A caring relationship that fosters personal growth and integration- counseling works! For parents searchIng for their child, it is important that you feel safe with your child's counselor- we will work together!
I specialize in trauma & attachment-based therapy effective with relationship issues, especially for couples, step/blended, kinship, foster care and adoptive families.
With specialized training in trauma and grief, I am here to walk alongside you. When we've experienced pain or loss, we worry that we will never feel like ourselves again. I encourage you that you can heal; those impacted by grief, loss or trauma can feel joy. Together we will discover deep healing. Band aids do not cover deep wounds, and treatment in grief/trauma can help. A caring relationship that fosters personal growth and integration- counseling works! For parents searchIng for their child, it is important that you feel safe with your child's counselor- we will work together!
(970) 778-4727 View (970) 778-4727
Photo of Allison Hummer, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Allison Hummer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Greeley, CO 80634
Waitlist for new clients
I work with clients from 12 years old through adulthood. I provide support to clients through a systemic lens while they process through depression, anxiety, ADHD, attachment injuries, and an array of other challenges my clients might face. I meet with individuals, couples, or entire families. Additionally, I specialize in attachment-based methods of therapy, and work with families to repair severed relationships through Reunification/Reintegration therapy.
I work with clients from 12 years old through adulthood. I provide support to clients through a systemic lens while they process through depression, anxiety, ADHD, attachment injuries, and an array of other challenges my clients might face. I meet with individuals, couples, or entire families. Additionally, I specialize in attachment-based methods of therapy, and work with families to repair severed relationships through Reunification/Reintegration therapy.
(970) 829-1102 View (970) 829-1102
Photo of Stephanie Rayburn, PhD, MFTC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Stephanie Rayburn
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
I use an attachment-based, systemic relational lens to help clients understand and make shifts in their lives and relationships, emphasizing healthy boundaries and emotional well-being.
I support people with increasing stability in their relationships and their lives by finding healthy ways to communicate, cope with stress, and work through difficulties. If you are hoping to improve communication, build closer relationships, set boundaries, or successfully navigate changes or difficulties in your life, you may be ready to start therapy.
I use an attachment-based, systemic relational lens to help clients understand and make shifts in their lives and relationships, emphasizing healthy boundaries and emotional well-being.
I support people with increasing stability in their relationships and their lives by finding healthy ways to communicate, cope with stress, and work through difficulties. If you are hoping to improve communication, build closer relationships, set boundaries, or successfully navigate changes or difficulties in your life, you may be ready to start therapy.
(970) 672-0691 View (970) 672-0691
Photo of Rosa Perlman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosa Perlman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
The choice to begin therapy can feel daunting. Yet, with the right support, the process can also be empowering. Being seen and heard is the first step towards healing. I work with clients experiencing anxiety, loneliness, relationship issues, trauma, life transitions, family conflict and parenting challenges. I utilize an attachment-based and systemic lens to examine your inner world and work towards shaping a supportive environment for healing and growth. I would be honored to walk alongside you as you deepen your relationship with yourself, gain copin​g ​s​kills and accomplish your goals.
The choice to begin therapy can feel daunting. Yet, with the right support, the process can also be empowering. Being seen and heard is the first step towards healing. I work with clients experiencing anxiety, loneliness, relationship issues, trauma, life transitions, family conflict and parenting challenges. I utilize an attachment-based and systemic lens to examine your inner world and work towards shaping a supportive environment for healing and growth. I would be honored to walk alongside you as you deepen your relationship with yourself, gain copin​g ​s​kills and accomplish your goals.
(720) 743-4872 View (720) 743-4872
Photo of Kaley Blair, MA, MFTC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kaley Blair
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Littleton, CO 80128
My treatment methods involve Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), The Gottman Method, Internal Family Systems (IFS), Relational, and Attachment-based modalities.
Hi, I'm Kaley! I specialize in adolescent, individual, and couples therapy. Much of my work focuses around empowering people to flourish throughout the process, especially those facing various chronic illnesses. Using a relational approach, I can provide a tailored therapeutic approach for individuals and couples going through life's challenges. My education and experience gives me the tools to support the emotional connection and improve the attachment bond within your relationships.
My treatment methods involve Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), The Gottman Method, Internal Family Systems (IFS), Relational, and Attachment-based modalities.
Hi, I'm Kaley! I specialize in adolescent, individual, and couples therapy. Much of my work focuses around empowering people to flourish throughout the process, especially those facing various chronic illnesses. Using a relational approach, I can provide a tailored therapeutic approach for individuals and couples going through life's challenges. My education and experience gives me the tools to support the emotional connection and improve the attachment bond within your relationships.
(303) 529-2185 View (303) 529-2185
Photo of Kristi M Edwards, MA, NCC , LPC, Counselor
Kristi M Edwards
Counselor, MA, NCC , LPC
Verified Verified
Montrose, CO 81401
I specialize in the treatment of adolescents, young children, the LGBTQIA+ community, and family therapy. I am trained in EMDR for trauma based treatment and the treatment of numerous other challenges such as addictions and behavioral issues. I focus on attachment based therapies and believe the relationship is the catalyst to success. I look forward to meeting you.
I specialize in the treatment of adolescents, young children, the LGBTQIA+ community, and family therapy. I am trained in EMDR for trauma based treatment and the treatment of numerous other challenges such as addictions and behavioral issues. I focus on attachment based therapies and believe the relationship is the catalyst to success. I look forward to meeting you.
(970) 670-7148 View (970) 670-7148
Photo of Jenny Acuna Brandt, MA, MFTC, LPCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Jenny Acuna Brandt
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MFTC, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Englewood, CO 80112
As a trauma-informed therapist using attachment-based therapy, I provide a safe and non-judgmental space to explore and integrate past and present experiences that have led to the disconnection you are feeling.
When love doesn't work, it hurts. Getting our relationships right with the people we love is crucial to our overall well-being. But getting it “right” is not always easy, in fact, sometimes it is REALLY hard. Chances are, you have tried to address the difficulties. If you're struggling to communicate, feel stuck in a cycle of arguments, or have a trauma history impacting your relationship(s), I am here to guide you towards greater connection and intimacy. Using what research has shown to be the most effective form of couples therapy (Emotionally Focused Therapy), we will work on better communication and greater emotional intimacy.
As a trauma-informed therapist using attachment-based therapy, I provide a safe and non-judgmental space to explore and integrate past and present experiences that have led to the disconnection you are feeling.
When love doesn't work, it hurts. Getting our relationships right with the people we love is crucial to our overall well-being. But getting it “right” is not always easy, in fact, sometimes it is REALLY hard. Chances are, you have tried to address the difficulties. If you're struggling to communicate, feel stuck in a cycle of arguments, or have a trauma history impacting your relationship(s), I am here to guide you towards greater connection and intimacy. Using what research has shown to be the most effective form of couples therapy (Emotionally Focused Therapy), we will work on better communication and greater emotional intimacy.
(720) 782-2148 View (720) 782-2148
Photo of undefined - Jan Buchanan | Therapy Partners CO & CA, MA, LMFT, LPC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jan Buchanan | Therapy Partners CO & CA
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80210
Treatment approaches include Attachment-based, Strength-based, EMDR, Trauma-Informed, Dialectical (DBT), Internal Family Systems (IFS), Gottman Principles, Family Systems, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Trust-Based Relational Interventions.
Whether you’re a person struggling to meet your full potential, a parent hoping to see your child thrive, or a family working to repair broken relationships, good therapy can result in growth and lasting change. It takes courage to be willing to honestly look at ourselves. It takes a safe, open and non-judgmental space, as well as an experienced therapist to make that work possible. As a licensed professional counselor this is the work I do. My approach is open and straightforward. I use scientifically-based methods, years of experience and customized techniques, to match your specific needs.
Treatment approaches include Attachment-based, Strength-based, EMDR, Trauma-Informed, Dialectical (DBT), Internal Family Systems (IFS), Gottman Principles, Family Systems, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Trust-Based Relational Interventions.
Whether you’re a person struggling to meet your full potential, a parent hoping to see your child thrive, or a family working to repair broken relationships, good therapy can result in growth and lasting change. It takes courage to be willing to honestly look at ourselves. It takes a safe, open and non-judgmental space, as well as an experienced therapist to make that work possible. As a licensed professional counselor this is the work I do. My approach is open and straightforward. I use scientifically-based methods, years of experience and customized techniques, to match your specific needs.
(720) 513-2366 View (720) 513-2366
Photo of Andrea Pacheco, LCSW, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrea Pacheco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I have always had a genuine interest in the uniqueness and well-being of others. I believe that we can all grow from the situations we have experienced. Whether that experience be divorce, abuse, addiction, or trauma of some sort. Our brains & bodies have a way of healing themselves through processing. Certain experiences can cause us to feel alone, anxious, sad, depressed, unmotivated, angry, violated, exposed, and at times emotionally unstable. Here in therapy I walk the journey with you as we work through emotions, gain insight, and create more beneficial perspectives. I provide a space of safety, understanding, and compassion.
I have always had a genuine interest in the uniqueness and well-being of others. I believe that we can all grow from the situations we have experienced. Whether that experience be divorce, abuse, addiction, or trauma of some sort. Our brains & bodies have a way of healing themselves through processing. Certain experiences can cause us to feel alone, anxious, sad, depressed, unmotivated, angry, violated, exposed, and at times emotionally unstable. Here in therapy I walk the journey with you as we work through emotions, gain insight, and create more beneficial perspectives. I provide a space of safety, understanding, and compassion.
(719) 301-1944 View (719) 301-1944
Photo of undefined - Stephanie Topol, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Stephanie Topol
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Westminster, CO 80234
I am a licensed professional counselor candidate (LPCC) who helps children, individuals, couples, and families work through challenging events, assisting them to thrive. Creating a non-judgmental, safe, positive, compassionate, and supportive environment is one of my ultimate goals. I have experience in helping individuals and families manage anxiety, depression, health & eating issues, loss of a loved one, addictions, life transitions, divorce, deployments, and much more. I have worked with both children and adults diagnosed with ADHD and Autism, as well as helped their families through challenging times.
I am a licensed professional counselor candidate (LPCC) who helps children, individuals, couples, and families work through challenging events, assisting them to thrive. Creating a non-judgmental, safe, positive, compassionate, and supportive environment is one of my ultimate goals. I have experience in helping individuals and families manage anxiety, depression, health & eating issues, loss of a loved one, addictions, life transitions, divorce, deployments, and much more. I have worked with both children and adults diagnosed with ADHD and Autism, as well as helped their families through challenging times.
(720) 702-9461 View (720) 702-9461
Photo of Emily Fisher, MFTC
Emily Fisher
Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
The start of something new is filled with excitement, fear, hesitation, and a variety of other emotions that can influence whether we try again the next day. Therapy is no different. Whether it's beginning again, beginning anew, or simply beginning somewhere, the idea of therapy may stir up unfamiliar feelings. But when our emotions and relationships are a source of pain rather than support, we are left wondering if and how things can change. Seeing a therapist takes courage and you have taken the first step towards this change. My specialties include relationship counseling, boundaries, care takers, grief, anxiety, & depression.
The start of something new is filled with excitement, fear, hesitation, and a variety of other emotions that can influence whether we try again the next day. Therapy is no different. Whether it's beginning again, beginning anew, or simply beginning somewhere, the idea of therapy may stir up unfamiliar feelings. But when our emotions and relationships are a source of pain rather than support, we are left wondering if and how things can change. Seeing a therapist takes courage and you have taken the first step towards this change. My specialties include relationship counseling, boundaries, care takers, grief, anxiety, & depression.
(720) 408-3757 View (720) 408-3757
Photo of Jennifer Stancer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Stancer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
You have within you, right now, everything you need to deal with whatever the world can throw at you. Whether you have experienced small setbacks or major traumas, you are influenced by memories and past experiences, and this can impact your current self. I believe in creating a safe therapeutic environment in which clients can be vulnerable enough to explore what is within themselves.
You have within you, right now, everything you need to deal with whatever the world can throw at you. Whether you have experienced small setbacks or major traumas, you are influenced by memories and past experiences, and this can impact your current self. I believe in creating a safe therapeutic environment in which clients can be vulnerable enough to explore what is within themselves.
(720) 792-6915 View (720) 792-6915
Photo of Megan Schimmelpfennig, MA, LPCC, NCC
Megan Schimmelpfennig
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80528
Often times life throws things at us that are just too difficult to overcome on our own. It's my passion to walk alongside you to listen to your life story without judgment, assist in identifying your personal strengths, offer new perspectives, and collaborate to help you discover healthy changes leading to physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellness. The way we think about things can often lead us astray and into a state of anxiety. We will bring attention to and change the thought processes, beliefs, and automatic thoughts that often cause much distress and anxiety. Together, we will identify solutions that work for you.
Often times life throws things at us that are just too difficult to overcome on our own. It's my passion to walk alongside you to listen to your life story without judgment, assist in identifying your personal strengths, offer new perspectives, and collaborate to help you discover healthy changes leading to physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellness. The way we think about things can often lead us astray and into a state of anxiety. We will bring attention to and change the thought processes, beliefs, and automatic thoughts that often cause much distress and anxiety. Together, we will identify solutions that work for you.
(970) 591-9049 View (970) 591-9049
Photo of Wendy Wiles Kase, JD, MSMFT
Wendy Wiles Kase
JD, MSMFT
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with individuals, families, and couples to uncover their limiting beliefs, discover inner strengths and create a vision of how to enhance their relationships. Ideally, clients are eager to learn how to speak their truth and are open to making changes in their lives to improve their situations. Using models of John Gottman, Sue Johnson, NLP, IFS, science-based relationship enhancement techniques, I enjoy helping clients who come to sessions willing to identify the root of their struggles, set goals and create a plan to develop skills to navigate life's ever-changing circumstances. Texas license applied for.
I enjoy working with individuals, families, and couples to uncover their limiting beliefs, discover inner strengths and create a vision of how to enhance their relationships. Ideally, clients are eager to learn how to speak their truth and are open to making changes in their lives to improve their situations. Using models of John Gottman, Sue Johnson, NLP, IFS, science-based relationship enhancement techniques, I enjoy helping clients who come to sessions willing to identify the root of their struggles, set goals and create a plan to develop skills to navigate life's ever-changing circumstances. Texas license applied for.
(972) 737-7936 View (972) 737-7936
Photo of Dr. Megan Rinderer, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Megan Rinderer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80210
Do you feel like issues from your past are making it so you can't connect with others? Our brains are wired for connection, but trauma rewires them for protection. When we are stuck in protection mode it prevents us from connecting with others and puts us at risk for further hurt. When this happens we may feel broken and stuck repeating patterns that hurt our relationships. Together we will work towards healing and discovering how to connect in a healthy safe way. I specialize in trauma, sexual intimacy after trauma, attachment, relationship concerns, couples, social anxiety, and career issues/life transitions
Do you feel like issues from your past are making it so you can't connect with others? Our brains are wired for connection, but trauma rewires them for protection. When we are stuck in protection mode it prevents us from connecting with others and puts us at risk for further hurt. When this happens we may feel broken and stuck repeating patterns that hurt our relationships. Together we will work towards healing and discovering how to connect in a healthy safe way. I specialize in trauma, sexual intimacy after trauma, attachment, relationship concerns, couples, social anxiety, and career issues/life transitions
(720) 613-6095 View (720) 613-6095
Photo of Tahnee Swanton, MA, LPCC, Coach, Counselor
Tahnee Swanton
Counselor, MA, LPCC, Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lyons, CO 80540  (Online Only)
Do you want to consciously create your life and live the truth of who you are? Do you value expansion, creativity, connection, integrity, authenticity and humor? I invite you to join me in a uniquely experiential counseling process that is structured to empower you in consciously creating the life you want. I integrate a deep curiosity about spirituality, how we find meaning, and how this translates into a life well-lived. My 50+ years of life has provided me with growth and healing opportunities ranging from joyfully inspiring to excruciatingly painful that fuels my deep compassion for the wide range of human experience.
Do you want to consciously create your life and live the truth of who you are? Do you value expansion, creativity, connection, integrity, authenticity and humor? I invite you to join me in a uniquely experiential counseling process that is structured to empower you in consciously creating the life you want. I integrate a deep curiosity about spirituality, how we find meaning, and how this translates into a life well-lived. My 50+ years of life has provided me with growth and healing opportunities ranging from joyfully inspiring to excruciatingly painful that fuels my deep compassion for the wide range of human experience.
(406) 313-8719 View (406) 313-8719
Photo of Ruth Setlak, MBA, MSW, LCSW, ACS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ruth Setlak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, MSW, LCSW, ACS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lakewood, CO 80215
You’ve been trying your hardest in relationships but still feel the pain of aloneness or not finding lasting connection/s. Or, you find yourself stuck, not able to approach life with forward-moving energy or clear direction. I get it. Trauma, a difficult childhood, and/or life's inevitable disappointments, often create barriers to feeling solid within yourself & to attaining what you hope for in life. I use mind-body approaches that go beyond talk therapy to create lasting change. Together, we can identify & mend what is getting in the way of you having safe, authentic relationships or crafting a life that is more of what you want.
You’ve been trying your hardest in relationships but still feel the pain of aloneness or not finding lasting connection/s. Or, you find yourself stuck, not able to approach life with forward-moving energy or clear direction. I get it. Trauma, a difficult childhood, and/or life's inevitable disappointments, often create barriers to feeling solid within yourself & to attaining what you hope for in life. I use mind-body approaches that go beyond talk therapy to create lasting change. Together, we can identify & mend what is getting in the way of you having safe, authentic relationships or crafting a life that is more of what you want.
(303) 816-3168 View (303) 816-3168
Photo of Valerie Farmer Rausseo, MA, LPC, NCC, LCPC, Counselor
Valerie Farmer Rausseo
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Fort Collins, CO 80525  (Online Only)
I'm so glad you're here. If you're looking for more in your life, you've come to the right place. More understanding, more passion, more grace and more healing. Starting therapy can be one of the most transformational experiences if you let it be. I would be honored to walk alongside you as you get to know yourself, your patterns, and what it looks like to be the version of you that you imagine and see.
I'm so glad you're here. If you're looking for more in your life, you've come to the right place. More understanding, more passion, more grace and more healing. Starting therapy can be one of the most transformational experiences if you let it be. I would be honored to walk alongside you as you get to know yourself, your patterns, and what it looks like to be the version of you that you imagine and see.
(970) 438-2396 View (970) 438-2396
Photo of Tina Moss, MA, MFTC
Tina Moss
Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate, MA, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80108
Outdoor Talk Therapy in Castle Rock! This is not a form of exercise but another way to collaborate with families, couples & individuals, on issues big or small. I believe we try to do the best we can with what we have. We could all use more tools, more support, a deeper understanding of ourselves, & our pasts, to live the life we want. I work with clients to create the change they want to see & in some cases figure out what that even looks like. I blend brain sciences, nature, & one's own somatic wisdom into treatment. I believe you are a complete & very capable person, I hold up the mirror to help again or maybe for the first time.
Outdoor Talk Therapy in Castle Rock! This is not a form of exercise but another way to collaborate with families, couples & individuals, on issues big or small. I believe we try to do the best we can with what we have. We could all use more tools, more support, a deeper understanding of ourselves, & our pasts, to live the life we want. I work with clients to create the change they want to see & in some cases figure out what that even looks like. I blend brain sciences, nature, & one's own somatic wisdom into treatment. I believe you are a complete & very capable person, I hold up the mirror to help again or maybe for the first time.
(720) 358-8891 View (720) 358-8891
Photo of undefined - SageWell Health, PsyD , Psychologist
SageWell Health
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80218
I believe that emotional symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, are ways that our bodies and minds communicate with us. Through really listening and being present with you, I will help you explore these messages, gain a deeper understanding of yourself, and heal old wounds. This process is profound in creating change, allowing you to experience more peace within yourself, live with more passion and presence, and improve the quality of your relationships. I am a licensed psychologist with a doctorate in clinical psychology. I have experience working with individuals of all ages who are seeking to live more full and engaged lives.
I believe that emotional symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, are ways that our bodies and minds communicate with us. Through really listening and being present with you, I will help you explore these messages, gain a deeper understanding of yourself, and heal old wounds. This process is profound in creating change, allowing you to experience more peace within yourself, live with more passion and presence, and improve the quality of your relationships. I am a licensed psychologist with a doctorate in clinical psychology. I have experience working with individuals of all ages who are seeking to live more full and engaged lives.
(720) 740-5495 View (720) 740-5495
Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.