Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Natassja Barnes, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Natassja Barnes
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
As a Sex Therapist, my approach engages a mixture of humanistic, feminist, and social justice perspectives that work together to see an individual within all the roles and identities they possess. I feel passionate about working with those who are concerned with topics surrounding women's sexuality, LGBTQIA issues, and anti-oppression work. I believe the answers on how to get through hardships reside within us, and I am committed to your personal journey of healing or transformation and what that means for you. My role allows me to become an ally with the healing power of human connection to better your relationships and life.
As a Sex Therapist, my approach engages a mixture of humanistic, feminist, and social justice perspectives that work together to see an individual within all the roles and identities they possess. I feel passionate about working with those who are concerned with topics surrounding women's sexuality, LGBTQIA issues, and anti-oppression work. I believe the answers on how to get through hardships reside within us, and I am committed to your personal journey of healing or transformation and what that means for you. My role allows me to become an ally with the healing power of human connection to better your relationships and life.
(425) 409-2043 View (425) 409-2043
Photo of Aimee Schiefelbein, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Aimee Schiefelbein
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118
I imagine that you are looking for a safe and trusting place to explore some of the issues that lead you to seek therapy. You may be seeking a non-pathologizing framework to help you focus inward and acknowledge how the burdens from the past might be playing a role in your current life. You may also be seeking a place to explore the meaning of your life and who you are at the core. I seek to offer a space for you to access a deeper understanding of yourself.
I imagine that you are looking for a safe and trusting place to explore some of the issues that lead you to seek therapy. You may be seeking a non-pathologizing framework to help you focus inward and acknowledge how the burdens from the past might be playing a role in your current life. You may also be seeking a place to explore the meaning of your life and who you are at the core. I seek to offer a space for you to access a deeper understanding of yourself.
(206) 981-3277 View (206) 981-3277
Photo of Angelina (Yuqian) Li, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Angelina (Yuqian) Li
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98118
Our bodies and psyche can hold unconscious patterns. Often, people will seek therapy once these patterns which may have once aided in survival are no longer sustainable. You might find yourself in dilemmas where you are overachieving but still believe you aren’t good enough. You might feel “other” or invisible even when you authentically share yourself. You might feel overwhelmed but not know how to talk about it or believe that no one will listen. While every person is unique, these are some of the experiences which may bring one to seek therapy.
Our bodies and psyche can hold unconscious patterns. Often, people will seek therapy once these patterns which may have once aided in survival are no longer sustainable. You might find yourself in dilemmas where you are overachieving but still believe you aren’t good enough. You might feel “other” or invisible even when you authentically share yourself. You might feel overwhelmed but not know how to talk about it or believe that no one will listen. While every person is unique, these are some of the experiences which may bring one to seek therapy.
(206) 312-3868 View (206) 312-3868
Photo of Matthew Vogler, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Matthew Vogler
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125
Dr. Vogler is a licensed clinical psychologist offering assessments for children, adolescents, and young adults. He takes a comprehensive, neuropsychological approach to his evaluations which consists of cognitive, academic, and social-emotional functioning. Based on the referral and the needs of the client, his assessments may include attention, executive functioning, learning/memory, personality, sensory, motor, and visuospatial components.
Dr. Vogler is a licensed clinical psychologist offering assessments for children, adolescents, and young adults. He takes a comprehensive, neuropsychological approach to his evaluations which consists of cognitive, academic, and social-emotional functioning. Based on the referral and the needs of the client, his assessments may include attention, executive functioning, learning/memory, personality, sensory, motor, and visuospatial components.
(206) 203-8011 View (206) 203-8011
Photo of Serena S Perry, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Serena S Perry
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98109  (Online Only)
Therapy is an incredible tool for healing, exploration, and liberation. I am specially trained in lending a neutral ear as you navigate new truths and find growth in old wounds. As a relationship therapy specialist, I know that enriching connections to Self, Partners, Family, and Community are key to achieving the high quality of life that you deserve. My role is to help you gain confidence, truth, and a chance to re-author your life’s narrative. I work with individuals, people in relationships (couples, spouses, polycules, etc.), and families of all kinds. I draw from a strengths-based narrative approach that is client-centered.
Therapy is an incredible tool for healing, exploration, and liberation. I am specially trained in lending a neutral ear as you navigate new truths and find growth in old wounds. As a relationship therapy specialist, I know that enriching connections to Self, Partners, Family, and Community are key to achieving the high quality of life that you deserve. My role is to help you gain confidence, truth, and a chance to re-author your life’s narrative. I work with individuals, people in relationships (couples, spouses, polycules, etc.), and families of all kinds. I draw from a strengths-based narrative approach that is client-centered.
(206) 672-2289 View (206) 672-2289
Photo of Blaire McCreary, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Seattle, WA
Blaire McCreary
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107
Therapy can feel intimidating to step into and so I hope to meet every client where they are at, whether they have been to therapy before or not. I don't believe you need to have a huge "reason" to reach out for therapy, rather a desire for healing and wholeness in your life and relationships. As a queer therapist, I hold a unique understanding of some of the challenges LGBTQIA+ folks face as they navigate the complex and beautiful journey of living their authentic life and hope to walk alongside them in that journey.
Therapy can feel intimidating to step into and so I hope to meet every client where they are at, whether they have been to therapy before or not. I don't believe you need to have a huge "reason" to reach out for therapy, rather a desire for healing and wholeness in your life and relationships. As a queer therapist, I hold a unique understanding of some of the challenges LGBTQIA+ folks face as they navigate the complex and beautiful journey of living their authentic life and hope to walk alongside them in that journey.
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Photo of Katie Schmitten, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Katie Schmitten
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSWA, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98108
Hello my name is Katie and it is nice to meet you. I am currently taking new patients, teens 14 and older, and adults in Oregon and Washington. I have served in the field for 12 years and welcome populations of all demographics, ethnicities and cultures. I have extensive experience in school based settings assisting with issues such as complex trauma, self harm, addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, life transitions, divorce, adoption, children in the foster system, parent coaching, and other issues. I look forward to meeting you and helping you achieve healing and permanent change.
Hello my name is Katie and it is nice to meet you. I am currently taking new patients, teens 14 and older, and adults in Oregon and Washington. I have served in the field for 12 years and welcome populations of all demographics, ethnicities and cultures. I have extensive experience in school based settings assisting with issues such as complex trauma, self harm, addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, life transitions, divorce, adoption, children in the foster system, parent coaching, and other issues. I look forward to meeting you and helping you achieve healing and permanent change.
(206) 593-3834 View (206) 593-3834
Photo of Cynthia Castro Martinez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Cynthia Castro Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, SWAICL, MSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
Healing the mind, body, and soul through meaningful long-lasting change can result from effective therapeutic solutions. I have a well-rounded background in trauma-informed therapy and refined talents in addictions treatment and mood disorders assessment/treatment. High level experience working with multi-cultural clients/patients, victims of abuse to develop service needs; I am bilingual. I strongly believe in strength-based client focused therapy by identifying his or her strength, needs, abilities, and preferences.
Healing the mind, body, and soul through meaningful long-lasting change can result from effective therapeutic solutions. I have a well-rounded background in trauma-informed therapy and refined talents in addictions treatment and mood disorders assessment/treatment. High level experience working with multi-cultural clients/patients, victims of abuse to develop service needs; I am bilingual. I strongly believe in strength-based client focused therapy by identifying his or her strength, needs, abilities, and preferences.
(360) 295-9997 View (360) 295-9997
Photo of Mariah Rojas, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Mariah Rojas
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122  (Online Only)
If you seeking therapy for the first time, are a person of color, or identify with the LGBTQ+ community then I would love to work with you! If you are grappling with systemic injustices as a minority, an activist, or you are just ready to explore your own identities then please feel free to reach out. I appreciate working with clients who would like to explore their culture, intergenerational trauma, anxiety, life transitions, and relationships.
If you seeking therapy for the first time, are a person of color, or identify with the LGBTQ+ community then I would love to work with you! If you are grappling with systemic injustices as a minority, an activist, or you are just ready to explore your own identities then please feel free to reach out. I appreciate working with clients who would like to explore their culture, intergenerational trauma, anxiety, life transitions, and relationships.
(206) 759-7716 View (206) 759-7716
Photo of Chris Paton, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Chris Paton
Counselor, MA, LMHC, MHP, GHMS
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98136  (Online Only)
I work with individuals to help manage depression, anxiety, relationship issues, developmental issues, and transitions. I am a passionate advocate for LGBTQIA individuals and particularly enjoy working with this community. Our work together can cover a variety of topics such as coming out, relationship issues, self-acceptance, or even how your family of origin dynamics might change. I am also a Geriatric Mental Health Specialist (GMHS). I offer a complimentary 15 minute phone consultation.
I work with individuals to help manage depression, anxiety, relationship issues, developmental issues, and transitions. I am a passionate advocate for LGBTQIA individuals and particularly enjoy working with this community. Our work together can cover a variety of topics such as coming out, relationship issues, self-acceptance, or even how your family of origin dynamics might change. I am also a Geriatric Mental Health Specialist (GMHS). I offer a complimentary 15 minute phone consultation.
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Photo of Sophia Eden Therapy, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Sophia Eden Therapy
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98119
I understand how frustrating and powerless it can feel to be trapped in our own mind. It feels like someone is in the driver seat and we are merely a passenger, along for the ride. This might look like overthinking before going into social situations, negative self talk or entering into relationships because we crave a sense of safety. This is just the mind trying to keep us safe. My goal for all my clients is to get a point where we are able to understand why we might feel that way, and still do the thing that scares us. Our mind will create a million narratives to keep us safe, and they might not all be true.
I understand how frustrating and powerless it can feel to be trapped in our own mind. It feels like someone is in the driver seat and we are merely a passenger, along for the ride. This might look like overthinking before going into social situations, negative self talk or entering into relationships because we crave a sense of safety. This is just the mind trying to keep us safe. My goal for all my clients is to get a point where we are able to understand why we might feel that way, and still do the thing that scares us. Our mind will create a million narratives to keep us safe, and they might not all be true.
(425) 358-2868 View (425) 358-2868
Photo of Judith Vanessa Hutton Levenson, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Judith Vanessa Hutton Levenson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125  (Online Only)
I have learned almost everything of importance about mental health from working with my patients. Though I consider that I had excellent training, as with many things in life, nothing prepared me for the intensity of my patients' life-stories. It was a trial by immersion, but as with such journeys, it was also one of discovery. Patients set before me stories of grief, longing, despair, addiction, obsession, but also of surprise, joy, and abundance. At times, they were overtaken by the force of events swirling around them, losing their bearings and sense of agency.
I have learned almost everything of importance about mental health from working with my patients. Though I consider that I had excellent training, as with many things in life, nothing prepared me for the intensity of my patients' life-stories. It was a trial by immersion, but as with such journeys, it was also one of discovery. Patients set before me stories of grief, longing, despair, addiction, obsession, but also of surprise, joy, and abundance. At times, they were overtaken by the force of events swirling around them, losing their bearings and sense of agency.
(206) 203-3595 View (206) 203-3595
Photo of Rooted Remedies PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Rooted Remedies PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with your depression, anxiety, or emotional regulation? Are you at a place in your life where you are ready for change? Maybe you need support as you transition careers or relationships? Or perhaps you want a safe space to be heard and seen. If so, then we would be a great fit for therapy! There is nothing more rewarding to me than seeing the people I work alongside, grow into healthier versions of themselves. Our therapeutic environment will be a safe space for you, with plenty of validation, support, and growth. Let’s get you off of auto pilot and back to the here and now.
Are you struggling with your depression, anxiety, or emotional regulation? Are you at a place in your life where you are ready for change? Maybe you need support as you transition careers or relationships? Or perhaps you want a safe space to be heard and seen. If so, then we would be a great fit for therapy! There is nothing more rewarding to me than seeing the people I work alongside, grow into healthier versions of themselves. Our therapeutic environment will be a safe space for you, with plenty of validation, support, and growth. Let’s get you off of auto pilot and back to the here and now.
(206) 593-4330 View (206) 593-4330
Photo of Glenn Leever, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Glenn Leever
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98134  (Online Only)
Welcome! If you're looking for support in finding your way through one of the many challenges that life throws at us, let's talk, and see if we may be a good fit to work together.
Welcome! If you're looking for support in finding your way through one of the many challenges that life throws at us, let's talk, and see if we may be a good fit to work together.
(206) 429-4252 View (206) 429-4252
Photo of Jayden Honey., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Jayden Honey.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
The process to pursue therapy can be quite challenging. My hope is to ease that concern by supporting my clients in developing an authentic relationship by practicing respect, honesty, and consistency as we work together to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment. I view therapy as an investment in your healthcare and well-being. I am here to help, listen and partner with my clients while we walk alongside together toward a path of healing.
The process to pursue therapy can be quite challenging. My hope is to ease that concern by supporting my clients in developing an authentic relationship by practicing respect, honesty, and consistency as we work together to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment. I view therapy as an investment in your healthcare and well-being. I am here to help, listen and partner with my clients while we walk alongside together toward a path of healing.
(425) 494-5250 View (425) 494-5250
Photo of Alyssa Grabarkewitz, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Alyssa Grabarkewitz
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107
I work best with folks who are curious and want to do the good, hard work of discovering themselves. Whether it's anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, history of abuse, or an array of other stressors, life is simply just hard at times. But, I believe that with curiosity, kindness and gentleness we can unpack some of these stressors and learn new ways of relating to them with awareness & hopefully pick up a few new tools along the way.
I work best with folks who are curious and want to do the good, hard work of discovering themselves. Whether it's anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, history of abuse, or an array of other stressors, life is simply just hard at times. But, I believe that with curiosity, kindness and gentleness we can unpack some of these stressors and learn new ways of relating to them with awareness & hopefully pick up a few new tools along the way.
(206) 558-5344 View (206) 558-5344
Photo of Gretchen DeHart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Gretchen DeHart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, RYT 200
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
My approach to therapeutic work comes out of radical love for humans and their healing. Therapy is a place to build strong relationships through authentic connection. When people are able to be fully seen as who they are, in their truth, we can start to think about changes and tap into our personal wisdom; our bodies, minds, and spirits have wisdom that I hope we will find in our work together. As a therapist, I show up as myself and hope to encourage my clients to show up as who they are and connect on that level. I approach my work aligned with my core values: connection, compassion, curiosity, creativity, and community.
My approach to therapeutic work comes out of radical love for humans and their healing. Therapy is a place to build strong relationships through authentic connection. When people are able to be fully seen as who they are, in their truth, we can start to think about changes and tap into our personal wisdom; our bodies, minds, and spirits have wisdom that I hope we will find in our work together. As a therapist, I show up as myself and hope to encourage my clients to show up as who they are and connect on that level. I approach my work aligned with my core values: connection, compassion, curiosity, creativity, and community.
(509) 260-8578 View (509) 260-8578
Photo of Sarah Potter, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Sarah Potter
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
Not accepting new clients
I am currently accepting new clients! I specialize in addressing specific challenges, including emotional and interpersonal issues such as depression, anxiety, and family stressors. In working with couples and polycules, my approach is centered on strengthening connection and promoting individual and collective growth. I integrate a broad spectrum of sex-positive, LGBTQ+ affirming, and kink-friendly techniques to address sexual concerns, enhance intimacy, and overcome sexual dysfunction, ultimately facilitating a more authentic, pleasurable, and fulfilling erotic life.
I am currently accepting new clients! I specialize in addressing specific challenges, including emotional and interpersonal issues such as depression, anxiety, and family stressors. In working with couples and polycules, my approach is centered on strengthening connection and promoting individual and collective growth. I integrate a broad spectrum of sex-positive, LGBTQ+ affirming, and kink-friendly techniques to address sexual concerns, enhance intimacy, and overcome sexual dysfunction, ultimately facilitating a more authentic, pleasurable, and fulfilling erotic life.
(206) 483-2292 x808 View (206) 483-2292 x808
Photo of Justin Talkish Counseling , Counselor in Seattle, WA
Justin Talkish Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, MHP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98178  (Online Only)
Struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, or trauma? Let's navigate these challenges together. I'm Justin, a dedicated licensed therapist specializing in DBT and TF-CBT. As a Black male therapist, I bring a unique perspective to my practice, fostering an empathetic, secure environment for adults and teens. Our sessions integrate mental, physical, and emotional wellness for holistic healing. We'll explore your story, tackle your struggles, and work together to cultivate a more fulfilling, balanced life. Ready to start your journey? Reach out to me.
Struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, or trauma? Let's navigate these challenges together. I'm Justin, a dedicated licensed therapist specializing in DBT and TF-CBT. As a Black male therapist, I bring a unique perspective to my practice, fostering an empathetic, secure environment for adults and teens. Our sessions integrate mental, physical, and emotional wellness for holistic healing. We'll explore your story, tackle your struggles, and work together to cultivate a more fulfilling, balanced life. Ready to start your journey? Reach out to me.
(425) 217-1702 View (425) 217-1702
Photo of Matthew McDermott, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Matthew McDermott
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98115  (Online Only)
I believe that every person has the right to be treated with individual care. Because we are all unique, what works for one person may not work for the next. I like to approach helping you with a fresh lens every time, getting to know you, and finding which therapeutic approach to best help your situation. Building a relationship of trust and openness is the most important part to therapy, as well as creating an atmosphere where you feel safe and secure in your journey. Maybe you’ve done this before, and maybe this is your first time in therapy; I want to find what works best for you.
I believe that every person has the right to be treated with individual care. Because we are all unique, what works for one person may not work for the next. I like to approach helping you with a fresh lens every time, getting to know you, and finding which therapeutic approach to best help your situation. Building a relationship of trust and openness is the most important part to therapy, as well as creating an atmosphere where you feel safe and secure in your journey. Maybe you’ve done this before, and maybe this is your first time in therapy; I want to find what works best for you.
(206) 451-1650 View (206) 451-1650

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Premera
54% Aetna
48% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.