Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Jayden Honey., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Jayden Honey.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
The process to pursue therapy can be quite challenging. My hope is to ease that concern by supporting my clients in developing an authentic relationship by practicing respect, honesty, and consistency as we work together to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment. I view therapy as an investment in your healthcare and well-being. I am here to help, listen and partner with my clients while we walk alongside together toward a path of healing.
The process to pursue therapy can be quite challenging. My hope is to ease that concern by supporting my clients in developing an authentic relationship by practicing respect, honesty, and consistency as we work together to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment. I view therapy as an investment in your healthcare and well-being. I am here to help, listen and partner with my clients while we walk alongside together toward a path of healing.
(425) 494-5250 View (425) 494-5250
Photo of Gregory Robert Rolnick, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Gregory Robert Rolnick
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
Waitlist for new clients
What kind of life do you want? Is it important to have truthful and clear communication, loving relationships, and successful work? Whatever your traumas, losses, and fears have been, there are ways to work through and let go of the past, enjoy the present, and create hope for the future. Skills are available to handle grief, anger, depression, guilt, procrastination, and resentment while maintaining the connection to those we care for and love. Good self-esteem is produced when through positive intention and careful attention we meet our challenges and difficulties to the best of our ability and live a meaningful life.
What kind of life do you want? Is it important to have truthful and clear communication, loving relationships, and successful work? Whatever your traumas, losses, and fears have been, there are ways to work through and let go of the past, enjoy the present, and create hope for the future. Skills are available to handle grief, anger, depression, guilt, procrastination, and resentment while maintaining the connection to those we care for and love. Good self-esteem is produced when through positive intention and careful attention we meet our challenges and difficulties to the best of our ability and live a meaningful life.
(206) 734-3905 View (206) 734-3905
Photo of Tracy Gibbons Piette, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Tracy Gibbons Piette
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98112
When difficulties emerge, we have a choice, an opportunity. Challenges are part of life and although we navigate most with courage and confidence, there are times we feel powerless and stuck. By exploring new strategies for understanding our difficulties, we construct a different lens for viewing hardships and subsequently discover our unique capabilities and emerge stronger and wiser. Whether you are a parent struggling with the evolving dynamic of communication with your children, or a partner grappling with the ebb and flow in one's relationship, these are our most essential opportunities for a life changing transformation.
When difficulties emerge, we have a choice, an opportunity. Challenges are part of life and although we navigate most with courage and confidence, there are times we feel powerless and stuck. By exploring new strategies for understanding our difficulties, we construct a different lens for viewing hardships and subsequently discover our unique capabilities and emerge stronger and wiser. Whether you are a parent struggling with the evolving dynamic of communication with your children, or a partner grappling with the ebb and flow in one's relationship, these are our most essential opportunities for a life changing transformation.
(808) 518-3785 View (808) 518-3785
Photo of Dr. Jill Gross, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Dr. Jill Gross
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103
When the unwanted or unexpected happens, it is as if the whole world has imploded. If left untended, grief can show up in ways that don't serve us. We can lose ourselves in alcohol, sleep, work--anything to numb the pain. Some of us lash out or withdraw from the people and things that give our lives meaning (e.g., family, friends, community). It doesn't have to be this way! I specialize in helping people whose lives have been affected by illness or death, separation or divorce, and mid-life issues (parenting struggles, caring for aging parents, etc.).
When the unwanted or unexpected happens, it is as if the whole world has imploded. If left untended, grief can show up in ways that don't serve us. We can lose ourselves in alcohol, sleep, work--anything to numb the pain. Some of us lash out or withdraw from the people and things that give our lives meaning (e.g., family, friends, community). It doesn't have to be this way! I specialize in helping people whose lives have been affected by illness or death, separation or divorce, and mid-life issues (parenting struggles, caring for aging parents, etc.).
(206) 647-6432 View (206) 647-6432
Photo of Michael Maguire, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Michael Maguire
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98105
Just about everyone experiences difficult times in their lives. Sometimes these are temporary, such as during or after a life transition, and sometimes these are more chronic where we become stuck. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, work or school concerns, or something else, I imagine you are seeking help because you are not feeling the way you wish to feel. I also imagine that you have hope that it can get better.
Just about everyone experiences difficult times in their lives. Sometimes these are temporary, such as during or after a life transition, and sometimes these are more chronic where we become stuck. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, work or school concerns, or something else, I imagine you are seeking help because you are not feeling the way you wish to feel. I also imagine that you have hope that it can get better.
(206) 535-1572 View (206) 535-1572
Photo of Susan Ward, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Susan Ward
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107
I am a licensed couples and family therapist and have worked in private practice and agency settings for more than 15 years. I provide therapeutic support to couples, families, individual adults, children, and adolescents out of my office in Seattle's Ballard neighborhood. Your comfort level with and relationship to your therapist is a primary factor in the success of your therapy, so after you've had a chance to review my information, I invite you to give me a call to see if we'd be a good fit.
I am a licensed couples and family therapist and have worked in private practice and agency settings for more than 15 years. I provide therapeutic support to couples, families, individual adults, children, and adolescents out of my office in Seattle's Ballard neighborhood. Your comfort level with and relationship to your therapist is a primary factor in the success of your therapy, so after you've had a chance to review my information, I invite you to give me a call to see if we'd be a good fit.
(206) 981-5961 View (206) 981-5961
Photo of Tamara Lewis, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Tamara Lewis
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with people who are motivated to understand their depression, anxiety or unhappiness so that they can experience relief and freedom in their lives. We will explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviors and your experience in the world, especially in your relationships, so that you can understand yourself better and begin to make the changes you desire. One of my strengths as a therapist of 35 years is that I help people get to the heart of the matter quickly so they can understand the source of their distress and begin to feel better and move forward.
I enjoy working with people who are motivated to understand their depression, anxiety or unhappiness so that they can experience relief and freedom in their lives. We will explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviors and your experience in the world, especially in your relationships, so that you can understand yourself better and begin to make the changes you desire. One of my strengths as a therapist of 35 years is that I help people get to the heart of the matter quickly so they can understand the source of their distress and begin to feel better and move forward.
(206) 886-1065 View (206) 886-1065
Photo of Inner Peace Counseling, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Inner Peace Counseling
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
The daily struggles of life, loss, relationships, and health are real. But we are not supposed to face them alone. We may not choose the pain that comes our way, but we can choose how we respond. Inner peace and strength are gifts from God — gifts that are within our reach. I will partner with you in your journey toward healing, providing the resources and space you need to apply faith and skill in everyday life.
The daily struggles of life, loss, relationships, and health are real. But we are not supposed to face them alone. We may not choose the pain that comes our way, but we can choose how we respond. Inner peace and strength are gifts from God — gifts that are within our reach. I will partner with you in your journey toward healing, providing the resources and space you need to apply faith and skill in everyday life.
(206) 208-0278 View (206) 208-0278
Photo of Alisa Horwitz, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Alisa Horwitz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98199  (Online Only)
I primarily provide individual therapy to adults (ages 18-45) who wish to address acute or long-term trauma, specifically childhood sexual abuse/sexual assault but other traumas as well. I approach each client through a developmental lens, understanding that concerns manifest differently depending on one's age and developmental stage at the time of the trauma as well as at the time of treatment. I also am available to work with parents, many who are navigating challenges associated with helping a child who has been traumatized, who wish to explore more positive discipline strategies.
I primarily provide individual therapy to adults (ages 18-45) who wish to address acute or long-term trauma, specifically childhood sexual abuse/sexual assault but other traumas as well. I approach each client through a developmental lens, understanding that concerns manifest differently depending on one's age and developmental stage at the time of the trauma as well as at the time of treatment. I also am available to work with parents, many who are navigating challenges associated with helping a child who has been traumatized, who wish to explore more positive discipline strategies.
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Photo of Kary Addison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Kary Addison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98109
I enjoy helping my clients find their unique strengths and building on them in a confidential and supportive setting. I feel it is important for people to gain understanding and insight into behavior patterns that are creating problems in life and learn how to change them. I also work with clients to enable them to find a satisfying work/life or school/life balance. I utilize cognitive behavioral and brief solution focused therapy.
I enjoy helping my clients find their unique strengths and building on them in a confidential and supportive setting. I feel it is important for people to gain understanding and insight into behavior patterns that are creating problems in life and learn how to change them. I also work with clients to enable them to find a satisfying work/life or school/life balance. I utilize cognitive behavioral and brief solution focused therapy.
(206) 429-4416 View (206) 429-4416
Photo of Kelsey Gordon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Kelsey Gordon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My practice focuses on youth & young adults ages 12-35. I'm especially passionate about working with BIPOC individuals. As a member of the BIPOC community, ensuring a safe, supportive space & practices that are culturally competent is a priority for me. I have several years of experience working with individuals who’ve struggled with acute & complex trauma, mood disorders, anxiety, neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD & ASD, and gender/sexuality exploration. My clinical skills are rooted in trauma-informed practices utilizing evidence-based principles from CBT, CPT, PE, Motivational Interviewing & Collaborative Problem Solving.
My practice focuses on youth & young adults ages 12-35. I'm especially passionate about working with BIPOC individuals. As a member of the BIPOC community, ensuring a safe, supportive space & practices that are culturally competent is a priority for me. I have several years of experience working with individuals who’ve struggled with acute & complex trauma, mood disorders, anxiety, neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD & ASD, and gender/sexuality exploration. My clinical skills are rooted in trauma-informed practices utilizing evidence-based principles from CBT, CPT, PE, Motivational Interviewing & Collaborative Problem Solving.
(206) 752-3472 View (206) 752-3472
Photo of Katie Graham, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Katie Graham
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
We all have times when life seems like more than we can navigate on our own. With over 30 years of experience, I help clients with a wide range of issues for both short and long-term goals. My style is warm, interactive, and direct while honoring individual uniqueness and self-expression. In a safe and confidential setting, my goal is to provide an opportunity to challenge self-limiting beliefs/behaviors and to establish lifelong tools for improving/maintaining a healthy and fulfilling life.
We all have times when life seems like more than we can navigate on our own. With over 30 years of experience, I help clients with a wide range of issues for both short and long-term goals. My style is warm, interactive, and direct while honoring individual uniqueness and self-expression. In a safe and confidential setting, my goal is to provide an opportunity to challenge self-limiting beliefs/behaviors and to establish lifelong tools for improving/maintaining a healthy and fulfilling life.
(206) 452-2729 View (206) 452-2729
Photo of Laura May Bruco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Laura May Bruco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98115  (Online Only)
You are an adult at a crossroads in your life and are looking for more intensive therapy than someone to talk to. You have experienced mis-attunements and/or trauma in your early life and have struggled to untangle the coping mechanisms that no longer work for you. Perhaps you don't know yourself or even know how to know yourself. Perhaps you just keep ending up in relationships that repeat past patterns no matter how hard you try not to. The idea of spending years in weekly therapy to get anywhere feels like too little. You need dynamic, change-oriented therapy that makes a difference quickly and offers more than just talking.
You are an adult at a crossroads in your life and are looking for more intensive therapy than someone to talk to. You have experienced mis-attunements and/or trauma in your early life and have struggled to untangle the coping mechanisms that no longer work for you. Perhaps you don't know yourself or even know how to know yourself. Perhaps you just keep ending up in relationships that repeat past patterns no matter how hard you try not to. The idea of spending years in weekly therapy to get anywhere feels like too little. You need dynamic, change-oriented therapy that makes a difference quickly and offers more than just talking.
(206) 651-4369 View (206) 651-4369
Photo of Marie Nelson, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Marie Nelson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107
Marie is an experienced Licensed Mental Health Counselor working with adults contending with trauma, depression, anxiety and relationship difficulties. She has also worked extensively with individuals recovering from addiction as well as loved ones who are affected by addiction. Marie has worked in the community mental health environment, private practice and substance abuse treatment centers.
Marie is an experienced Licensed Mental Health Counselor working with adults contending with trauma, depression, anxiety and relationship difficulties. She has also worked extensively with individuals recovering from addiction as well as loved ones who are affected by addiction. Marie has worked in the community mental health environment, private practice and substance abuse treatment centers.
(206) 222-5291 View (206) 222-5291
Photo of Jennifer Spektor, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Jennifer Spektor
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
Are you seeking your truth? Feeling stuck? Do you want a therapist who really gets you? Or perhaps you are part of a relationship or polycule, seeking to work on your communication in a non-judgemental environment. I am an art therapist and counselor working with individual adults and relationships from a person-centered lense. I am an artist and a DJ. I am a queer, anti-Zionist, Jewish trans woman. I know how important it can be to have a therapist with lived experience off the beaten path. I support people in the process of living their truths, creating the life and relationships that are genuine to them.
Are you seeking your truth? Feeling stuck? Do you want a therapist who really gets you? Or perhaps you are part of a relationship or polycule, seeking to work on your communication in a non-judgemental environment. I am an art therapist and counselor working with individual adults and relationships from a person-centered lense. I am an artist and a DJ. I am a queer, anti-Zionist, Jewish trans woman. I know how important it can be to have a therapist with lived experience off the beaten path. I support people in the process of living their truths, creating the life and relationships that are genuine to them.
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Photo of Katey Blagden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Katey Blagden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98122  (Online Only)
Certain phases of life can leave us feeling directionless or uncertain about who we are and what is next. While these time periods are difficult to navigate, they can be times of deep transformation. As your therapist, I will support you in developing curiosity and clarity around your decisions, your relationships, and your internal experience. From a place of collaboration and warmth, I will work with you to navigate life’s obstacles, meet your challenges, and take steps towards becoming your most authentic self.
Certain phases of life can leave us feeling directionless or uncertain about who we are and what is next. While these time periods are difficult to navigate, they can be times of deep transformation. As your therapist, I will support you in developing curiosity and clarity around your decisions, your relationships, and your internal experience. From a place of collaboration and warmth, I will work with you to navigate life’s obstacles, meet your challenges, and take steps towards becoming your most authentic self.
(206) 339-5042 View (206) 339-5042
Photo of Nicole Waters, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Nicole Waters
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122  (Online Only)
Many people can feel they have become “stuck” at a certain point in their life, such as a challenging life adjustment, communication difficulties in a relationship, or getting caught up in negative thoughts and behaviors. My goal in therapy is to establish a safe and supportive environment to freely express your inner thoughts and concerns, while providing resources and a platform for you to advocate for yourself. We will work together as a team to establish goals and to help you overcome life’s demands, difficulties and barriers.
Many people can feel they have become “stuck” at a certain point in their life, such as a challenging life adjustment, communication difficulties in a relationship, or getting caught up in negative thoughts and behaviors. My goal in therapy is to establish a safe and supportive environment to freely express your inner thoughts and concerns, while providing resources and a platform for you to advocate for yourself. We will work together as a team to establish goals and to help you overcome life’s demands, difficulties and barriers.
(206) 385-5955 View (206) 385-5955
Photo of Judith Vanessa Hutton Levenson, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Judith Vanessa Hutton Levenson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125  (Online Only)
I have learned almost everything of importance about mental health from working with my patients. Though I consider that I had excellent training, as with many things in life, nothing prepared me for the intensity of my patients' life-stories. It was a trial by immersion, but as with such journeys, it was also one of discovery. Patients set before me stories of grief, longing, despair, addiction, obsession, but also of surprise, joy, and abundance. At times, they were overtaken by the force of events swirling around them, losing their bearings and sense of agency.
I have learned almost everything of importance about mental health from working with my patients. Though I consider that I had excellent training, as with many things in life, nothing prepared me for the intensity of my patients' life-stories. It was a trial by immersion, but as with such journeys, it was also one of discovery. Patients set before me stories of grief, longing, despair, addiction, obsession, but also of surprise, joy, and abundance. At times, they were overtaken by the force of events swirling around them, losing their bearings and sense of agency.
(206) 203-3595 View (206) 203-3595
Photo of David C. Herzog, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
David C. Herzog
Psychologist, PsyD, MFA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98116
During our lives, we encounter experiences that can move us away from a direct connection to ourselves. Influences from family, friends, peers, jobs, and the greater culture can affect how we view and express ourselves. We can become conditioned to thinking, feeling and behaving in a way that is incompatible with who we really are and what we want in our lives. This compromises our ability to value our unique identity and to express and apply ourselves, and our strengths. I will help you to identify, understand and remove barriers that are keeping you from realizing your fullest potential. I offer Telehealth only in California.
During our lives, we encounter experiences that can move us away from a direct connection to ourselves. Influences from family, friends, peers, jobs, and the greater culture can affect how we view and express ourselves. We can become conditioned to thinking, feeling and behaving in a way that is incompatible with who we really are and what we want in our lives. This compromises our ability to value our unique identity and to express and apply ourselves, and our strengths. I will help you to identify, understand and remove barriers that are keeping you from realizing your fullest potential. I offer Telehealth only in California.
(206) 565-0187 View (206) 565-0187
Photo of Nancy Sue Kessler, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Nancy Sue Kessler
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
When we work together, I often think of question such as: What do you want more of? What do you want less of? What makes it hard to get there? What can change? What do you need help to accept, so you may move forward? I can work with you to develop the energy and focus to make changes, to address obstacles, to process grief, and to develop skills to better relate with yourself and others, in accordance with what you value. I work with individuals who are 13 years old and up. I welcome people of all cultures, genders, sexual orientations, and neurological orientations who are open to working with me.
When we work together, I often think of question such as: What do you want more of? What do you want less of? What makes it hard to get there? What can change? What do you need help to accept, so you may move forward? I can work with you to develop the energy and focus to make changes, to address obstacles, to process grief, and to develop skills to better relate with yourself and others, in accordance with what you value. I work with individuals who are 13 years old and up. I welcome people of all cultures, genders, sexual orientations, and neurological orientations who are open to working with me.
(206) 800-6320 View (206) 800-6320

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Premera
54% Aetna
47% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.