Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Inclusively Minded in Sacramento, CA
Inclusively Minded
MA, LEP3165
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95834
I have spent the last 15 years working as a school psychologist, adjunct professor, and contractor. I have served students from preschool to high school aged and worked in the full range of settings from public schools, charter schools, to non-public schools. I am a proud graduate of the University of California, Davis and California State University, Sacramento. In 2010, I obtained my License as an Educational Psychologist (LEP # 3165).
I have spent the last 15 years working as a school psychologist, adjunct professor, and contractor. I have served students from preschool to high school aged and worked in the full range of settings from public schools, charter schools, to non-public schools. I am a proud graduate of the University of California, Davis and California State University, Sacramento. In 2010, I obtained my License as an Educational Psychologist (LEP # 3165).
(530) 322-5666 View (530) 322-5666
Photo of Bryant Howard, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Bryant Howard
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95831
Try as we might, sometimes happiness and contentment always seem just out of reach. Depression, anxiety and stress can make getting out of bed in the morning a daunting task. Troubles in your relationship or conflict in the family can make you feel helpless or overwhelmed. You don’t like yourself and never feel good enough at work or around certain people. Maybe you just can’t quite put your finger on exactly what is wrong, you just know you don’t want to hurt anymore.
Try as we might, sometimes happiness and contentment always seem just out of reach. Depression, anxiety and stress can make getting out of bed in the morning a daunting task. Troubles in your relationship or conflict in the family can make you feel helpless or overwhelmed. You don’t like yourself and never feel good enough at work or around certain people. Maybe you just can’t quite put your finger on exactly what is wrong, you just know you don’t want to hurt anymore.
(916) 571-0375 View (916) 571-0375
Photo of Bethany Coburn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Bethany Coburn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95864
Womanhood can be joyful, beautiful and also incredibly challenging. Life transitions, career decisions, moving, infertility, pregnancy, parenting, changing body and personal identity, juggling work and family responsibilities may lead us to feeling anxious, overwhelmed, lonely, lost or stuck.
Womanhood can be joyful, beautiful and also incredibly challenging. Life transitions, career decisions, moving, infertility, pregnancy, parenting, changing body and personal identity, juggling work and family responsibilities may lead us to feeling anxious, overwhelmed, lonely, lost or stuck.
(916) 439-8295 View (916) 439-8295
Photo of Damian S. Sandoval, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Damian S. Sandoval
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Damian S. Sandoval is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2015. Damian offers a safe, non-judgmental space for individuals and couples to explore the current life challenges they are experiencing. Damian considers himself an empath and has had many negative experiences himself, so he feels that he can closely relate to and understand what his clients might be experiencing. That is not to say that Damian knows exactly what is going on in his client's mind, as he does not believe it is fair to compare traumas/stressors or experiences.
Damian S. Sandoval is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2015. Damian offers a safe, non-judgmental space for individuals and couples to explore the current life challenges they are experiencing. Damian considers himself an empath and has had many negative experiences himself, so he feels that he can closely relate to and understand what his clients might be experiencing. That is not to say that Damian knows exactly what is going on in his client's mind, as he does not believe it is fair to compare traumas/stressors or experiences.
(916) 775-0790 View (916) 775-0790
Photo of Allison Altwer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Allison Altwer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
My goal is to foster a comfortable environment to explore difficult thoughts and feelings in order to facilitate healing and growth. I specialize in anxiety disorders, behavioral therapies, and depression. Additional areas of focus include complex family issues, life transitions, relationship problems, parenting skills, work, and academic stress. I will assist in identify patterns of thoughts and behaviors that no longer serve you, in order to develop new strategies to help manage your symptoms more effectively. I look forward to meeting you!
My goal is to foster a comfortable environment to explore difficult thoughts and feelings in order to facilitate healing and growth. I specialize in anxiety disorders, behavioral therapies, and depression. Additional areas of focus include complex family issues, life transitions, relationship problems, parenting skills, work, and academic stress. I will assist in identify patterns of thoughts and behaviors that no longer serve you, in order to develop new strategies to help manage your symptoms more effectively. I look forward to meeting you!
(916) 794-3588 View (916) 794-3588
Photo of Kendra Cunha, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Kendra Cunha
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95842
Welcome! My name is Kendra Cunha, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I believe that safety and trust are the foundation of a good therapeutic relationship. Despite your circumstances, I will welcome you into a judgment-free space. My client focus includes individuals (Adults and Teens), Couples, and Elders (65+). I enjoy working with all communities. My passion is helping those who are struggling with interpersonal relationships, family conflict, life transitions, trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, stress, medical trauma, and self-harm.
Welcome! My name is Kendra Cunha, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I believe that safety and trust are the foundation of a good therapeutic relationship. Despite your circumstances, I will welcome you into a judgment-free space. My client focus includes individuals (Adults and Teens), Couples, and Elders (65+). I enjoy working with all communities. My passion is helping those who are struggling with interpersonal relationships, family conflict, life transitions, trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, stress, medical trauma, and self-harm.
(916) 471-4435 View (916) 471-4435
Photo of Tiffany Sheppard, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Tiffany Sheppard
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
Offering feedback, another perspective, and/or coping skills can be very helpful. On the other hand, sometimes people just need a listening ear. Over the past 11 years, I have been fortunate enough to develop a strong skill set to not only meet clients where they are in their healing process, but also be that listening ear, voice of reason and give clinical insight when needed. Sometimes life gets tough. Sometimes we as people experience events that just seem impossible to overcome. Sometimes we just don’t feel like ourselves.
Offering feedback, another perspective, and/or coping skills can be very helpful. On the other hand, sometimes people just need a listening ear. Over the past 11 years, I have been fortunate enough to develop a strong skill set to not only meet clients where they are in their healing process, but also be that listening ear, voice of reason and give clinical insight when needed. Sometimes life gets tough. Sometimes we as people experience events that just seem impossible to overcome. Sometimes we just don’t feel like ourselves.
(310) 736-1983 View (310) 736-1983
Photo of Kevin Leslie Mahan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Kevin Leslie Mahan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95814
I serve clients who are in distress and need someone to be with them on their journey, whether they are ready to change or simply considering it. Ideally, clients want to find solutions to their issues that fit their lives and values, and that are sustainable in their given circumstances. My goal is to help clients find these solutions by drawing on their own inner strengths.
I serve clients who are in distress and need someone to be with them on their journey, whether they are ready to change or simply considering it. Ideally, clients want to find solutions to their issues that fit their lives and values, and that are sustainable in their given circumstances. My goal is to help clients find these solutions by drawing on their own inner strengths.
(916) 884-5248 View (916) 884-5248
Photo of Susan Kathryn Mendez, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Susan Kathryn Mendez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95819  (Online Only)
Engaging in therapy offers a safe and supportive environment leading to a journey of healing, self-discovery, and education regarding past and current life challenges. Complex emotions can leave you feeling isolated and overwhelmed. As you engage in therapy, these feelings of isolation and stress are likely to decrease as you realize you are not alone and there are active steps to feeling better. My therapeutic process provides genuine support, helpful coping skills, and an action plan.
Engaging in therapy offers a safe and supportive environment leading to a journey of healing, self-discovery, and education regarding past and current life challenges. Complex emotions can leave you feeling isolated and overwhelmed. As you engage in therapy, these feelings of isolation and stress are likely to decrease as you realize you are not alone and there are active steps to feeling better. My therapeutic process provides genuine support, helpful coping skills, and an action plan.
(916) 761-7768 View (916) 761-7768
Photo of Michelle L Thomas, Counselor in Sacramento, CA
Michelle L Thomas
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95811
Hi! I feel so grateful to be a therapist connecting with adult women in all phases of life. I offer a genuinely non-judgmental space for you to process emotional feelings as well as the physical feelings that may come with your emotions. I value honesty in my work and love to work with women who are ready to make some real changes. I am interactive and I am genuinely interested in moving people through their issues so that you can live up to your full potential. If you are a women who is ready to take the next step in your health I would love to get to work with you.
Hi! I feel so grateful to be a therapist connecting with adult women in all phases of life. I offer a genuinely non-judgmental space for you to process emotional feelings as well as the physical feelings that may come with your emotions. I value honesty in my work and love to work with women who are ready to make some real changes. I am interactive and I am genuinely interested in moving people through their issues so that you can live up to your full potential. If you are a women who is ready to take the next step in your health I would love to get to work with you.
(916) 619-0755 View (916) 619-0755
Photo of Jennifer Rivera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Jennifer Rivera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
As a therapist, my style embodies a warm, curious, and open approach. My focus is to create a space for you to feel welcomed and one that fosters the emotional safety to be authentically yourself. I believe that therapy can be a process of self-discovery and empowerment, while also providing and teaching the tools to address the stressors and challenges of life. I am here to support you on your journey and while my approach is gentle, I am also your biggest advocate and will provide the accountability to reach your goals and to create the life you envision for yourself.
As a therapist, my style embodies a warm, curious, and open approach. My focus is to create a space for you to feel welcomed and one that fosters the emotional safety to be authentically yourself. I believe that therapy can be a process of self-discovery and empowerment, while also providing and teaching the tools to address the stressors and challenges of life. I am here to support you on your journey and while my approach is gentle, I am also your biggest advocate and will provide the accountability to reach your goals and to create the life you envision for yourself.
(916) 313-2947 View (916) 313-2947
Photo of Kaylan Dias, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Kaylan Dias
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95820  (Online Only)
Are you a woman whose life looks “good” from the outside, and yet it still feels like something is missing? You’ve accomplished a lot in life, but don’t feel the sense of fulfillment you expected. A big life change—maybe a breakup, new job, new marriage, change in family dynamic, or move—has highlighted the fact that you’re still not as happy or content as you want to be. Something is telling you that you need to make a shift (even if you’re not quite sure what it is). You want to gain deeper insight into yourself & your past experiences, and you’re ready to change your “default setting” and start creating new patterns in your life.
Are you a woman whose life looks “good” from the outside, and yet it still feels like something is missing? You’ve accomplished a lot in life, but don’t feel the sense of fulfillment you expected. A big life change—maybe a breakup, new job, new marriage, change in family dynamic, or move—has highlighted the fact that you’re still not as happy or content as you want to be. Something is telling you that you need to make a shift (even if you’re not quite sure what it is). You want to gain deeper insight into yourself & your past experiences, and you’re ready to change your “default setting” and start creating new patterns in your life.
(916) 510-0325 View (916) 510-0325
Photo of Heather L. Damon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Heather L. Damon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
(916) 619-5841 View (916) 619-5841
Photo of Jennifer Lee Flood, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Jennifer Lee Flood
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
An ideal client would be someone who is empathetic toward others and compassionate toward themselves and is open, coachable, and capable of accepting feedback. The process of therapy takes time and energy so having someone start the process of therapy with an open mind and a willingness to put in the work to see the process through is also helpful. Jennifer also offers clinical supervision to pre-licensed therapists (ASW, AMFT, APCC). In addition to therapy and supervision, she provides consulting to therapists seeking to start or grow their private practice. She's also passionate in counseling other mental health providers.
An ideal client would be someone who is empathetic toward others and compassionate toward themselves and is open, coachable, and capable of accepting feedback. The process of therapy takes time and energy so having someone start the process of therapy with an open mind and a willingness to put in the work to see the process through is also helpful. Jennifer also offers clinical supervision to pre-licensed therapists (ASW, AMFT, APCC). In addition to therapy and supervision, she provides consulting to therapists seeking to start or grow their private practice. She's also passionate in counseling other mental health providers.
(925) 204-3709 View (925) 204-3709
Photo of Shelly Kunker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Shelly Kunker
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95864
Please note - I do not accept insurance. I specialize in working with children, teenagers, and adults who have experienced trauma or grief. Trauma can include a variety of things including physical, emotional, sexual or any other type of abuse, such as being raped or attacked; witnessing or experiencing something terrible such as a car accident or the trauma of combat deployment; the death of a loved one; or many other difficult life experiences. I have also helped numerous members of the LGBTQ community, including those questioning their sexuality and/or gender identity.
Please note - I do not accept insurance. I specialize in working with children, teenagers, and adults who have experienced trauma or grief. Trauma can include a variety of things including physical, emotional, sexual or any other type of abuse, such as being raped or attacked; witnessing or experiencing something terrible such as a car accident or the trauma of combat deployment; the death of a loved one; or many other difficult life experiences. I have also helped numerous members of the LGBTQ community, including those questioning their sexuality and/or gender identity.
(916) 545-6795 View (916) 545-6795
Photo of Ivy Griffin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Ivy Griffin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you worry that you're "too sensitive," too easily overwhelmed, or that you need to "toughen up"? You often feel like there's something wrong with you that needs to be fixed. You may be struggling to come to terms with past wounds or traumas and then get angry and irritated with yourself for not "getting over it" already. You wonder why other people are able to brush things off so easily, but you still feel depressed, anxious, and stuck. Dealing with all these feelings means you're not your best self at work, in school, or with your loved ones, which really bothers you because you care so much about not letting anyone down.
Do you worry that you're "too sensitive," too easily overwhelmed, or that you need to "toughen up"? You often feel like there's something wrong with you that needs to be fixed. You may be struggling to come to terms with past wounds or traumas and then get angry and irritated with yourself for not "getting over it" already. You wonder why other people are able to brush things off so easily, but you still feel depressed, anxious, and stuck. Dealing with all these feelings means you're not your best self at work, in school, or with your loved ones, which really bothers you because you care so much about not letting anyone down.
(916) 436-7484 View (916) 436-7484
Photo of Ajay Casey Reed, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Ajay Casey Reed
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95822  (Online Only)
I work with a diverse clientele, including musicians, actors, comedians and artists. I am actively involved in supporting the LGBTQIA community and I am sensitive to the cultural issues within this community. I have worked directly with the Trans Community and have supported the successful transition of many people over the years. I have also supported couples in open, Polyamorous and non-traditional relationships. My main focus is to be a catalyst for my clients in their individualized development of new core capacities. Some of these core capacities include empathy, vulnerability, self-awareness, accountability and courage.
I work with a diverse clientele, including musicians, actors, comedians and artists. I am actively involved in supporting the LGBTQIA community and I am sensitive to the cultural issues within this community. I have worked directly with the Trans Community and have supported the successful transition of many people over the years. I have also supported couples in open, Polyamorous and non-traditional relationships. My main focus is to be a catalyst for my clients in their individualized development of new core capacities. Some of these core capacities include empathy, vulnerability, self-awareness, accountability and courage.
(916) 397-7454 View (916) 397-7454
Photo of Andrea Tong, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Andrea Tong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95842
I have more than 10 years of experience working in multiple clinical settings with transitional-age youth, adults, and geriatric clients. The California Board of Behavioral Sciences licenses me as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I strive to create a safe space for you to share your story and be heard and validated in a non-judgmental atmosphere. In working together, it is my hope that we will identify stressors and areas you're struggling with and come up with a plan that ultimately allows you the ability to live a meaningful and productive life—a life filled with insight, personal growth, and a renewed sense of purpose.
I have more than 10 years of experience working in multiple clinical settings with transitional-age youth, adults, and geriatric clients. The California Board of Behavioral Sciences licenses me as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I strive to create a safe space for you to share your story and be heard and validated in a non-judgmental atmosphere. In working together, it is my hope that we will identify stressors and areas you're struggling with and come up with a plan that ultimately allows you the ability to live a meaningful and productive life—a life filled with insight, personal growth, and a renewed sense of purpose.
(916) 915-9603 View (916) 915-9603
Photo of Alfonso Gutierrez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Alfonso Gutierrez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831
My approach to therapy is to empower the clients I work with through their self-discovery journey. I am a firm believer that progress occurs when clients use meaningful skills and strategies outside therapy sessions, and in doing so, they improve their family functioning, social functioning, and emotional well-being, and overall are able to enjoy life more. As a cognitive behavior diplomat, I use cognitive and behavioral strategies to help clients identify the roots of their problems and find solutions that help them in between sessions.
My approach to therapy is to empower the clients I work with through their self-discovery journey. I am a firm believer that progress occurs when clients use meaningful skills and strategies outside therapy sessions, and in doing so, they improve their family functioning, social functioning, and emotional well-being, and overall are able to enjoy life more. As a cognitive behavior diplomat, I use cognitive and behavioral strategies to help clients identify the roots of their problems and find solutions that help them in between sessions.
(916) 794-9596 View (916) 794-9596
Photo of Jocelyn Wilson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Jocelyn Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
Christian Counselor Whether you are looking to improve relationships or your functionality it will be my honor to walk alongside you as you move through the growth opportunities of life in your personal success journey.
Christian Counselor Whether you are looking to improve relationships or your functionality it will be my honor to walk alongside you as you move through the growth opportunities of life in your personal success journey.
(916) 507-1612 View (916) 507-1612

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.