Therapists in Fair Oaks, CA

Photo of Virginia Harris, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Virginia Harris
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
We learn how to cope with life's inevitable stresses--and how to manage relationship differences-- in our early attachment environments. Usually, our developed capacities are equal to the challenges encountered. However, at times in our lives, we may face challenges that benefit from therapeutic support. At these times I can offer a skilled, warm, emotionally safe environment in which self-understanding can be deepened and healing can occur. Through our work together, a new "lens" can develop which allows clients to gain understanding and acceptance of their human needs, entitlements and healthy vulnerability.
We learn how to cope with life's inevitable stresses--and how to manage relationship differences-- in our early attachment environments. Usually, our developed capacities are equal to the challenges encountered. However, at times in our lives, we may face challenges that benefit from therapeutic support. At these times I can offer a skilled, warm, emotionally safe environment in which self-understanding can be deepened and healing can occur. Through our work together, a new "lens" can develop which allows clients to gain understanding and acceptance of their human needs, entitlements and healthy vulnerability.
(916) 827-0358 View (916) 827-0358
Photo of Jennifer Hastings Griffith, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Hastings Griffith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Choosing a therapist that works for you is essential. Are you someone that has been struggling with trauma, anxiety, and or depression? Have you recently struggled to connect with your significant other, partner, husband, or wife? Have you noticed areas of your life that have suffered, and you don't know what to do about it? Jennifer is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist that offers compassionate and effective counseling services to individuals, couples, and families.
Choosing a therapist that works for you is essential. Are you someone that has been struggling with trauma, anxiety, and or depression? Have you recently struggled to connect with your significant other, partner, husband, or wife? Have you noticed areas of your life that have suffered, and you don't know what to do about it? Jennifer is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist that offers compassionate and effective counseling services to individuals, couples, and families.
(279) 205-3106 View (279) 205-3106
Photo of Laura Hileman, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Laura Hileman
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
It has been my life-long passion to help others, as I have been through my own personal journey of healing and overcoming through many seasons in my life. I enjoy walking alongside my clients as they process their journeys, helping them to gain a better understanding of themselves and build skills in areas where they feel stuck. I believe that building trust and connection in our therapeutic relationship is essential. I have been told that I make people feel comfortable very quickly and that I am easy to talk to. My counseling style is to create a safe and nurturing atmosphere where you feel seen and cared about unconditionally.
It has been my life-long passion to help others, as I have been through my own personal journey of healing and overcoming through many seasons in my life. I enjoy walking alongside my clients as they process their journeys, helping them to gain a better understanding of themselves and build skills in areas where they feel stuck. I believe that building trust and connection in our therapeutic relationship is essential. I have been told that I make people feel comfortable very quickly and that I am easy to talk to. My counseling style is to create a safe and nurturing atmosphere where you feel seen and cared about unconditionally.
(916) 794-9151 View (916) 794-9151
Photo of Cindy Dean, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cindy Dean
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
My name is Cindy Dean, and I am a Marriage and Family Counselor Trainee with over 20 years of experience working with adolescents, teens and adults in the field of education. My journey into the world of therapy began with my own life-changing experience in therapy which inspired a passion for helping others navigate the complexities of life and find their inner strength. I believe that everyone has a unique story, and my goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can feel heard and understood.
My name is Cindy Dean, and I am a Marriage and Family Counselor Trainee with over 20 years of experience working with adolescents, teens and adults in the field of education. My journey into the world of therapy began with my own life-changing experience in therapy which inspired a passion for helping others navigate the complexities of life and find their inner strength. I believe that everyone has a unique story, and my goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can feel heard and understood.
(279) 600-4262 View (279) 600-4262
Photo of Tina Glishich, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tina Glishich
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients. I love helping couples and use Emotionally Focus Therapy in addition to CBT techniques.
I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients. I love helping couples and use Emotionally Focus Therapy in addition to CBT techniques.
(916) 347-5794 View (916) 347-5794
Photo of Jen Armitage, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Jen Armitage
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Life will give you lemons and my job is to help you make it into lemonade. I approach my job with an attitude that therapy shouldn’t come full of shame and blame. It should be a (sometimes hard but) encouraging experience. My hope is to make everyone feel comfortable and accepted as we go through the growth and change it takes to thrive.
Life will give you lemons and my job is to help you make it into lemonade. I approach my job with an attitude that therapy shouldn’t come full of shame and blame. It should be a (sometimes hard but) encouraging experience. My hope is to make everyone feel comfortable and accepted as we go through the growth and change it takes to thrive.
(279) 205-7562 View (279) 205-7562
Photo of Kristen Crichton, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kristen Crichton
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
You are making a huge step in reaching out for help right now! I understand how overwhelming it can be choosing the right therapist for you. My hope is that in choosing to work with me, you will find a safe and supportive environment where you can work through some of life's toughest issues. I feel confident that I can give you the tools you need to get through this trial. I have been successfully helping individuals, couples and families get un-stuck for over a decade. I hope you will give me the chance to help you too!
You are making a huge step in reaching out for help right now! I understand how overwhelming it can be choosing the right therapist for you. My hope is that in choosing to work with me, you will find a safe and supportive environment where you can work through some of life's toughest issues. I feel confident that I can give you the tools you need to get through this trial. I have been successfully helping individuals, couples and families get un-stuck for over a decade. I hope you will give me the chance to help you too!
(916) 226-4738 View (916) 226-4738
Photo of Lucas Fuller - Community Counseling Associates, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Community Counseling Associates
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Life’s challenges can take many forms, often overshadowing meaningful experiences. These difficulties can leave us feeling stuck, overwhelmed, and sometimes unheard. If you’re looking to navigate these barriers or gain a fresh perspective, then therapy can be a valuable tool. I have worked directly with children, adults, couples, and families to navigate challenges such as anxiety, depression, relational issues, and grief. I also enjoy working directly with adolescents and young adults to support them through their individual goals and navigate important life transitions.
Life’s challenges can take many forms, often overshadowing meaningful experiences. These difficulties can leave us feeling stuck, overwhelmed, and sometimes unheard. If you’re looking to navigate these barriers or gain a fresh perspective, then therapy can be a valuable tool. I have worked directly with children, adults, couples, and families to navigate challenges such as anxiety, depression, relational issues, and grief. I also enjoy working directly with adolescents and young adults to support them through their individual goals and navigate important life transitions.
(279) 203-0345 View (279) 203-0345
Photo of Dmitri Primavera, LCSW, MBA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dmitri Primavera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Do you or a loved one suffer from overwhelming anxiety? Do you worry about your health, future, relationship, children, about everything? Do you experience a horrible sense of dread - your heart pounding out of your chest? If you answer yes to any of these questions, you have come to the right place, and I’m so glad you're here. With compassion and skill, I help teens and adults find freedom from all forms of anxiety and OCD. Working with me, you’ll learn to defang your fears, and ditch worry, rumination, and unhelpful habits. Unstuck, you’ll learn more about yourself, so you can do more of what matters with those you love.
Do you or a loved one suffer from overwhelming anxiety? Do you worry about your health, future, relationship, children, about everything? Do you experience a horrible sense of dread - your heart pounding out of your chest? If you answer yes to any of these questions, you have come to the right place, and I’m so glad you're here. With compassion and skill, I help teens and adults find freedom from all forms of anxiety and OCD. Working with me, you’ll learn to defang your fears, and ditch worry, rumination, and unhelpful habits. Unstuck, you’ll learn more about yourself, so you can do more of what matters with those you love.
(916) 678-0770 View (916) 678-0770
Photo of Samantha Heim, ACSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Samantha Heim
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACSW
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628  (Online Only)
Are you overwhelmed by the stresses of life that are coming at you from every angle? Perhaps work stress, challenging relationships, anxiety that’s keeping you up at night, or difficulty focusing. You know that the life you want requires change, but you don’t know where to start. I truly believe that everyone deserves the opportunity to thrive and find happiness. With the right support, you can understand the roots of anxiety, trauma, chronic pain and depression and develop effective tools to manage them. Together, we can discover what wellness and a fulfilling life look like for you.
Are you overwhelmed by the stresses of life that are coming at you from every angle? Perhaps work stress, challenging relationships, anxiety that’s keeping you up at night, or difficulty focusing. You know that the life you want requires change, but you don’t know where to start. I truly believe that everyone deserves the opportunity to thrive and find happiness. With the right support, you can understand the roots of anxiety, trauma, chronic pain and depression and develop effective tools to manage them. Together, we can discover what wellness and a fulfilling life look like for you.
(916) 656-0087 View (916) 656-0087
Photo of Karen Sackheim - Karen Sackheim , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karen Sackheim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628  (Online Only)
Tired of your inner critic running the show? Of the negative experiences from your past creeping their way into your present? It's time to take back control from those internalized negative messages and the story you’ve come to believe about yourself. Let's rewrite that story, starting now. I'm passionate about accompanying people on their healing & empowerment journeys. With a compassion-first approach, I specialize in providing support to those dealing with trauma, chronic pain, anxiety, and depression, as well as those confronting a new diagnosis or rebuilding their self-esteem after years of subscribing to self-limiting beliefs.
Tired of your inner critic running the show? Of the negative experiences from your past creeping their way into your present? It's time to take back control from those internalized negative messages and the story you’ve come to believe about yourself. Let's rewrite that story, starting now. I'm passionate about accompanying people on their healing & empowerment journeys. With a compassion-first approach, I specialize in providing support to those dealing with trauma, chronic pain, anxiety, and depression, as well as those confronting a new diagnosis or rebuilding their self-esteem after years of subscribing to self-limiting beliefs.
(916) 926-0662 View (916) 926-0662
Photo of Paul Singh, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Paul Singh
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
When it comes to our mental health and our relationships, often we believe that it is better to say nothing and go with the flow. That enduring through difficult times and biting the bullet is better than using our voices to disrupt the cycle of dysfunction around us. Using our voice can be incredibly difficult and at times feel so awkward because we have become used to suffocating our emotions. It is okay to have feelings. It is okay to want change. The true measure of strength is not our ability to endure dysfunction but having the courage to stand up and say, “It stops here.” I can help.
When it comes to our mental health and our relationships, often we believe that it is better to say nothing and go with the flow. That enduring through difficult times and biting the bullet is better than using our voices to disrupt the cycle of dysfunction around us. Using our voice can be incredibly difficult and at times feel so awkward because we have become used to suffocating our emotions. It is okay to have feelings. It is okay to want change. The true measure of strength is not our ability to endure dysfunction but having the courage to stand up and say, “It stops here.” I can help.
(916) 354-6518 View (916) 354-6518
Photo of Marilynn S Irvine, PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Marilynn S Irvine
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling to overcome life challenges that seem bigger than you are? Do you find yourself internally preoccupied, at the expense of living a rich and fulfilling life? Is it time to emerge from a difficult past and move forward into an empowered, rewarding, and satisfying future? If you're ready for a personalized coaching/healing experience, aimed towards reclaiming health and vitality, then let's do some good work together!
Are you struggling to overcome life challenges that seem bigger than you are? Do you find yourself internally preoccupied, at the expense of living a rich and fulfilling life? Is it time to emerge from a difficult past and move forward into an empowered, rewarding, and satisfying future? If you're ready for a personalized coaching/healing experience, aimed towards reclaiming health and vitality, then let's do some good work together!
(916) 459-2230 View (916) 459-2230
Photo of Holli Jo Zandona, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holli Jo Zandona
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression or general dissatisfaction in areas of your life? Whether it's a life transition, relationship stress or time to do some personal growth, it can be difficult to embark down that path feeling overwhelmed and alone. Together, we can identify and build strengths you already possess as well as learn new skills to manage difficult thoughts and emotions which may provide relief, increased satisfaction and ability to move forward in life.
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression or general dissatisfaction in areas of your life? Whether it's a life transition, relationship stress or time to do some personal growth, it can be difficult to embark down that path feeling overwhelmed and alone. Together, we can identify and build strengths you already possess as well as learn new skills to manage difficult thoughts and emotions which may provide relief, increased satisfaction and ability to move forward in life.
(279) 800-3709 View (279) 800-3709
Photo of Whole Wellness Therapy - Whole Wellness Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Whole Wellness Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Things look pretty good from the other side of the street. Most see you as “having it altogether.” After all, you’re the driven, reliable one everyone turns to. But underneath, you feel disconnected, numb and alone. Sure, you can pull it together when you need to, and the drugs and alcohol help, but you know this cycle can’t last. To top it all off, you feel guilty you can’t be everything, to everyone, all the time. You know it’s time to make a change.
Things look pretty good from the other side of the street. Most see you as “having it altogether.” After all, you’re the driven, reliable one everyone turns to. But underneath, you feel disconnected, numb and alone. Sure, you can pull it together when you need to, and the drugs and alcohol help, but you know this cycle can’t last. To top it all off, you feel guilty you can’t be everything, to everyone, all the time. You know it’s time to make a change.
(916) 633-7801 View (916) 633-7801
Photo of Cynthia K Osborn, LEP, PPS, ABSNP, Psychologist
Cynthia K Osborn
Psychologist, LEP, PPS, ABSNP
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
My personal belief is that all children can achieve and be successful in the school setting provided they have the necessary support and modifications to meet their individual cognitive, environment, and behavioral needs. I believe in individualized, cross-battery assessment, with a School Neuropsychological perspective. Specializing in the identification of Dyslexia.
My personal belief is that all children can achieve and be successful in the school setting provided they have the necessary support and modifications to meet their individual cognitive, environment, and behavioral needs. I believe in individualized, cross-battery assessment, with a School Neuropsychological perspective. Specializing in the identification of Dyslexia.
(916) 458-4142 View (916) 458-4142
Photo of Iris Pachler, PhD, Psychologist
Iris Pachler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628  (Online Only)
I understand how complicated life can become, leading to such challenges as divorce, struggles raising children, blended families, difficult relationships, trauma, and loss. The ways you have adapted to those challenges may no longer work for you and we can discover new strengths and interactional patterns that can make life easier and simpler. I have helped individuals deal with anxiety and depression, and move through times of loss and trauma. I approach people with authenticity, honesty and openness.
I understand how complicated life can become, leading to such challenges as divorce, struggles raising children, blended families, difficult relationships, trauma, and loss. The ways you have adapted to those challenges may no longer work for you and we can discover new strengths and interactional patterns that can make life easier and simpler. I have helped individuals deal with anxiety and depression, and move through times of loss and trauma. I approach people with authenticity, honesty and openness.
(530) 903-4538 View (530) 903-4538
Photo of Dr. Kellen R Grayson - Dr. Kellen Grayson Psy.D. LMFT, LMFT, PsyD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. Kellen Grayson Psy.D. LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and a Doctor of Psychology Psy.D.). When one experience life stressors, it is not uncommon for their lives to feel out of control or less satisfied. My greatest passion is bringing healing to people who have been through difficult times. I help individuals, couples, and families, to find healthy and authentic perceptions of themselves so that they can begin to strengthen their relationships and begin to feel more peaceful, whole, and safer. I have been trained in a wide range of modalities that can address your individual needs.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and a Doctor of Psychology Psy.D.). When one experience life stressors, it is not uncommon for their lives to feel out of control or less satisfied. My greatest passion is bringing healing to people who have been through difficult times. I help individuals, couples, and families, to find healthy and authentic perceptions of themselves so that they can begin to strengthen their relationships and begin to feel more peaceful, whole, and safer. I have been trained in a wide range of modalities that can address your individual needs.
(415) 329-5953 View (415) 329-5953
Photo of David Silva Howell, MDiv, AMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
David Silva Howell
Pre-Licensed Professional, MDiv, AMFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
With a background in ministry and chaplaincy, I offer a broad spectrum of care: Couples, families, & individual counseling, support in life and career changes, caregiver fatigue, grief support, trauma and crisis, dependency, addictions, sexual concerns,veteran support, adoption, and multicultural integration. Born in Sacramento and the son of a pilot, my travels and ministry took my family and me to the Caribbean to a very diverse environment and congregation. Also, I have an adopted son in connection to mission journeys to Central America. Over the years, I spiritually counseled many couples for marriage and mentored seminarians.
With a background in ministry and chaplaincy, I offer a broad spectrum of care: Couples, families, & individual counseling, support in life and career changes, caregiver fatigue, grief support, trauma and crisis, dependency, addictions, sexual concerns,veteran support, adoption, and multicultural integration. Born in Sacramento and the son of a pilot, my travels and ministry took my family and me to the Caribbean to a very diverse environment and congregation. Also, I have an adopted son in connection to mission journeys to Central America. Over the years, I spiritually counseled many couples for marriage and mentored seminarians.
(279) 300-1699 View (279) 300-1699
Photo of Nicolina Marie Santoro, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nicolina Marie Santoro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Our work of joining to creatively support the insight and capacity for growth that lies within is profound and sacred. Life is a vast collection of experiences that we can't always be prepared for. These experiences can cause significant emotional and physical distress when we don’t allow for the process of working through them. My service to you is practical, relational and educational, focused on supporting you to intuitively remember your sense of peace so you may express your highest potential in the world for the greatest good of all concerned.
Our work of joining to creatively support the insight and capacity for growth that lies within is profound and sacred. Life is a vast collection of experiences that we can't always be prepared for. These experiences can cause significant emotional and physical distress when we don’t allow for the process of working through them. My service to you is practical, relational and educational, focused on supporting you to intuitively remember your sense of peace so you may express your highest potential in the world for the greatest good of all concerned.
(916) 827-4982 View (916) 827-4982
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fair Oaks, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Fair Oaks, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
71% Grief
61% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Optum
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
57% Aetna

How Therapists in Fair Oaks, CA see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fair Oaks?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.