Therapists in South Carolina

View cities and counties in South Carolina
Photo of Ben Kettering, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, MSEd
Ben Kettering
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, MSEd
1 Endorsed
Charleston, SC 29405
Maybe you never saw yourself as someone who’d go to therapy. Maybe someone suggested it, or you’ve hit a wall and you’re finally open to something different. Either way, you don’t have to have it figured out before you walk in. Sessions here are honest and unhurried, built on trust, and free of judgment. Most people are surprised by what honest conversation unlocks.
Maybe you never saw yourself as someone who’d go to therapy. Maybe someone suggested it, or you’ve hit a wall and you’re finally open to something different. Either way, you don’t have to have it figured out before you walk in. Sessions here are honest and unhurried, built on trust, and free of judgment. Most people are surprised by what honest conversation unlocks.
(843) 968-0332 View (843) 968-0332
Photo of T Dianne Macpherson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LCSW, MAC, SAP, EAS-C
T Dianne Macpherson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LCSW, MAC, SAP, EAS-C
Greer, SC 29651
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with clients who are struggling with issues that are either acute (recent) or chronic (lifelong). I find that it is particularly important to form a working relationship that will focus on a path of discovery that will begin to identify possible solutions. Often problems can be resolved quickly such as parenting issues and sometimes issues are very complex and require examining a thorough history of life experiences from childhood to the present. I am always amazed how my words stick with people for years and years and I believe that a journey of discovery takes many paths and has many time frames.
I enjoy working with clients who are struggling with issues that are either acute (recent) or chronic (lifelong). I find that it is particularly important to form a working relationship that will focus on a path of discovery that will begin to identify possible solutions. Often problems can be resolved quickly such as parenting issues and sometimes issues are very complex and require examining a thorough history of life experiences from childhood to the present. I am always amazed how my words stick with people for years and years and I believe that a journey of discovery takes many paths and has many time frames.
(864) 662-9666 View (864) 662-9666
Photo of Renee Ferguson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Renee Ferguson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, or the effects of trauma? I'm passionate about working with each client to provide a safe place where you can begin to explore, learn, and heal from life experiences. I believe you are the expert of your own life, and I would love to partner with you on the journey to reaching your full potential.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, or the effects of trauma? I'm passionate about working with each client to provide a safe place where you can begin to explore, learn, and heal from life experiences. I believe you are the expert of your own life, and I would love to partner with you on the journey to reaching your full potential.
(843) 900-7009 View (843) 900-7009
Photo of Shawnte Posley, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shawnte Posley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
Summerville, SC 29485
Are you feeling overwhelmed, tense, or disconnected, even when life looks “fine” on the outside? Do you replay conversations, second-guess your decisions, or worry about saying too much—or not enough? Perhaps past family or relationship experiences still shape how safe, confident, or at ease you feel. You may carry anxiety, tension, or emotional shutdown in your body, even when you can articulate your patterns clearly, leaving you frustrated, stuck, or unsure how to move forward.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, tense, or disconnected, even when life looks “fine” on the outside? Do you replay conversations, second-guess your decisions, or worry about saying too much—or not enough? Perhaps past family or relationship experiences still shape how safe, confident, or at ease you feel. You may carry anxiety, tension, or emotional shutdown in your body, even when you can articulate your patterns clearly, leaving you frustrated, stuck, or unsure how to move forward.
(854) 888-9189 View (854) 888-9189
Photo of Jenna Sahli, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jenna Sahli
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Greenville, SC 29607
Feeling stuck? Burned out? Like your tank is running on empty? In a world that glorifies perfectionism and masks vulnerability, it’s easy to feel unseen, misunderstood, and overwhelmed. Outwardly, you’ve got it together, but inside, you’re wrestling with a sense of inadequacy. I'm so glad you found yourself here, taking the brave step to seek help. Life should be a thrilling journey of self-discovery, not a battle for approval. Whether it’s body image struggles, work or academic pressure, or navigating draining relationships, the weight of comparison can be suffocating.
Feeling stuck? Burned out? Like your tank is running on empty? In a world that glorifies perfectionism and masks vulnerability, it’s easy to feel unseen, misunderstood, and overwhelmed. Outwardly, you’ve got it together, but inside, you’re wrestling with a sense of inadequacy. I'm so glad you found yourself here, taking the brave step to seek help. Life should be a thrilling journey of self-discovery, not a battle for approval. Whether it’s body image struggles, work or academic pressure, or navigating draining relationships, the weight of comparison can be suffocating.
(864) 280-9388 View (864) 280-9388
Photo of M. Lance Garland, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, CHT
M. Lance Garland
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, CHT
Online Only
Many people reach a point where insight and coping skills are no longer enough. They may be thoughtful, capable, and self-aware, yet still feel stuck in patterns of anxiety, emotional reactivity, shutdown, or unresolved trauma. Some carry the effects of early life experiences, relationships, medical events, workplace stress, or military service. Often, they understand why they feel the way they do, but want their nervous system to genuinely settle so change can be experienced, not just understood.
Many people reach a point where insight and coping skills are no longer enough. They may be thoughtful, capable, and self-aware, yet still feel stuck in patterns of anxiety, emotional reactivity, shutdown, or unresolved trauma. Some carry the effects of early life experiences, relationships, medical events, workplace stress, or military service. Often, they understand why they feel the way they do, but want their nervous system to genuinely settle so change can be experienced, not just understood.
(854) 226-1319 View (854) 226-1319
Photo of Leah Leuthauser, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Leah Leuthauser
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Myrtle Beach, SC 29572
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing mental health services for adults, children and families. Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, loss, relationship trials, or other obstacles in your life? I have been counseling with individuals, couples and families for over 15 years. I am dedicated to helping you overcome the struggles you face. I use an array of treatment strategies, including cognitive-behavioral techniques to assist you in overcoming the issues at hand. Most major insurance policies are accepted.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing mental health services for adults, children and families. Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, loss, relationship trials, or other obstacles in your life? I have been counseling with individuals, couples and families for over 15 years. I am dedicated to helping you overcome the struggles you face. I use an array of treatment strategies, including cognitive-behavioral techniques to assist you in overcoming the issues at hand. Most major insurance policies are accepted.
(843) 353-0458 View (843) 353-0458
Photo of Patti S Fisher, Psychologist, PsyD
Patti S Fisher
Psychologist, PsyD
Charleston, SC 29407
As a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience working with adolescents, adults, seniors, veterans, and couples, I believe in the dignity and respect of everyone. I do not judge, and work to provide a safe environment where clients feel free to talk about their life situations. Clients have described me as easy to connect with, knowledgable, and understanding. Beginning with the first session, I work to understand you and help you achieve your goals to a more comfortable life using a Cognitive Behavioral approach.
As a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience working with adolescents, adults, seniors, veterans, and couples, I believe in the dignity and respect of everyone. I do not judge, and work to provide a safe environment where clients feel free to talk about their life situations. Clients have described me as easy to connect with, knowledgable, and understanding. Beginning with the first session, I work to understand you and help you achieve your goals to a more comfortable life using a Cognitive Behavioral approach.
(843) 654-4927 View (843) 654-4927
Photo of Reese L Palmer - Palmer Counseling and Consulting, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC
Palmer Counseling and Consulting
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC
19 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29223
You probably can't remember how long ago you started going through the motions. Just surviving each day, not thriving and living the life God intended for you. You can't quite remember when things started to get off track. But, you can probably remember a time when you were really happy, loving life and had dreams you couldn't wait to see come true. But life happens; children, careers and just about everything takes priority over what's most important.
You probably can't remember how long ago you started going through the motions. Just surviving each day, not thriving and living the life God intended for you. You can't quite remember when things started to get off track. But, you can probably remember a time when you were really happy, loving life and had dreams you couldn't wait to see come true. But life happens; children, careers and just about everything takes priority over what's most important.
(803) 602-6158 View (803) 602-6158
Photo of Caroline McEaddy - Elevation Wellness and Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LCSW
Elevation Wellness and Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Charleston, SC 29407
In person therapy in Charleston, SC, and via telehealth in South Carolina and Colorado. Are you feeling overwhelmed by the demands of daily life and struggling to find balance and fulfillment? Life can be filled with joys and challenges, but at times those challenges will leave us feeling anxious, stuck, or exhausted. Daily obligations can completely overwhelm us, and eventually something has to give. During these times, it can be difficult to see the possibilities that lie ahead. Even though it may seem daunting, give yourself credit for taking the first step by looking for a therapist.
In person therapy in Charleston, SC, and via telehealth in South Carolina and Colorado. Are you feeling overwhelmed by the demands of daily life and struggling to find balance and fulfillment? Life can be filled with joys and challenges, but at times those challenges will leave us feeling anxious, stuck, or exhausted. Daily obligations can completely overwhelm us, and eventually something has to give. During these times, it can be difficult to see the possibilities that lie ahead. Even though it may seem daunting, give yourself credit for taking the first step by looking for a therapist.
(854) 300-6460 View (854) 300-6460
Photo of Teresa Satterfield, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Teresa Satterfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Starting therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Imagine what it would feel like to finally set down the weight you’ve been carrying and take a deep breath. In our work together, you’ll find a space where it’s safe to pause, reflect, and begin moving toward real change. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, and life transitions—but you don’t need to fit a label to belong here. Many of my clients have tried therapy before and left feeling like they only learned surface-level skills without seeing results. I vowed not to be that kind of therapist.
Starting therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Imagine what it would feel like to finally set down the weight you’ve been carrying and take a deep breath. In our work together, you’ll find a space where it’s safe to pause, reflect, and begin moving toward real change. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, and life transitions—but you don’t need to fit a label to belong here. Many of my clients have tried therapy before and left feeling like they only learned surface-level skills without seeing results. I vowed not to be that kind of therapist.
(854) 277-8277 View (854) 277-8277
Photo of Marvin M Bryant Sr. - MMB Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-CP, CBT, VSP, CPT
MMB Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-CP, CBT, VSP, CPT
Columbia, SC 29201
After the death of my 21-year old son due to a homicide, my life as I once knew it, changed forever. This horrific experience has taught me that you do not get over your grief, you strive to get through and beyond it. This is not like the five stages of grief one experiences during an expected loss of a loved one, you do not progress step by step, but you can get through it. Our loss may be the same but our path will be different. If you are feeling hopeless and/or overwhelmed in your grief, contact me for a consultation.
After the death of my 21-year old son due to a homicide, my life as I once knew it, changed forever. This horrific experience has taught me that you do not get over your grief, you strive to get through and beyond it. This is not like the five stages of grief one experiences during an expected loss of a loved one, you do not progress step by step, but you can get through it. Our loss may be the same but our path will be different. If you are feeling hopeless and/or overwhelmed in your grief, contact me for a consultation.
(803) 666-8716 View (803) 666-8716
Photo of Elizabeth Franchini, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Elizabeth Franchini
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Goose Creek, SC 29445
Liz Franchini is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has been practicing since 2019 (with 17 years of prior experience as a school counselor and a year and a half as a Department of Mental Health Counselor). She graduated from the Citadel in Charleston with a degree in Clinical Counseling. Liz believes that good health is the harmony of body, mind and spirit, and it is never too late to strive for a life of peace and joy. Her main areas of focus are anxiety, depression, PTSD and trauma.
Liz Franchini is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has been practicing since 2019 (with 17 years of prior experience as a school counselor and a year and a half as a Department of Mental Health Counselor). She graduated from the Citadel in Charleston with a degree in Clinical Counseling. Liz believes that good health is the harmony of body, mind and spirit, and it is never too late to strive for a life of peace and joy. Her main areas of focus are anxiety, depression, PTSD and trauma.
(854) 458-7440 View (854) 458-7440
Photo of Holly Hansen, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCS, MS, LAC
Holly Hansen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCS, MS, LAC
North Charleston, SC 29406
My ideal client is anyone that has experienced an unexpected curveball to the head and is feeling like they cannot stand back up after passing out and wonder if they even want to try or even worse, wonder if they have the skills necessary. The greatest joy I experience in my clinical work is sitting across from from client's from different backgrounds and thoughts than my own. I particularly enjoy working with client's with addiction, relationship issues, loss of purpose, death and loss, and client's that 'should' all over the place.
My ideal client is anyone that has experienced an unexpected curveball to the head and is feeling like they cannot stand back up after passing out and wonder if they even want to try or even worse, wonder if they have the skills necessary. The greatest joy I experience in my clinical work is sitting across from from client's from different backgrounds and thoughts than my own. I particularly enjoy working with client's with addiction, relationship issues, loss of purpose, death and loss, and client's that 'should' all over the place.
(843) 202-4089 View (843) 202-4089
Photo of Tiffany Glisson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, HES
Tiffany Glisson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, HES
Online Only
Infinite Wisdom Therapy and Coaching is a safe, inclusive space where cis and trans Black women are affirmed in their lived experiences and supported on their journey toward self-actualization. As a licensed clinical social worker and health education specialist, I am dedicated to helping you reconnect with your innate wisdom, harness your strengths, and cultivate the skills needed to thrive. I take an integrative, person-centered approach that prioritizes both mental and physical well-being. My practice supports Black women navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, attachment challenges, and relationship struggles.
Infinite Wisdom Therapy and Coaching is a safe, inclusive space where cis and trans Black women are affirmed in their lived experiences and supported on their journey toward self-actualization. As a licensed clinical social worker and health education specialist, I am dedicated to helping you reconnect with your innate wisdom, harness your strengths, and cultivate the skills needed to thrive. I take an integrative, person-centered approach that prioritizes both mental and physical well-being. My practice supports Black women navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, attachment challenges, and relationship struggles.
(803) 219-8072 View (803) 219-8072
Photo of Nick Lind, Psychologist, PsyD
Nick Lind
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201
I like to use psychological and neuropsychological testing measures to help clients put their symptoms and concerns in perspective. My assessments include a thorough history and testing designed to clarify emotional and cognitive issues. They can help determine the existence or absence of a diagnosis and identify the most appropriate treatment goals.
I like to use psychological and neuropsychological testing measures to help clients put their symptoms and concerns in perspective. My assessments include a thorough history and testing designed to clarify emotional and cognitive issues. They can help determine the existence or absence of a diagnosis and identify the most appropriate treatment goals.
(803) 812-6683 View (803) 812-6683
Photo of Emily McClung Williams - Upstate Integrative Mind Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor
Upstate Integrative Mind Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
Greenville, SC 29615
At Upstate Integrative Mind Counseling, we provide therapy that is compassionate, skilled, and tailored to the individual. We understand that emotional pain can show up in many forms: stress, trauma, relationship conflict, overwhelm, disconnection, or patterns that feel hard to we believe treatment should reflect the uniqueness of each person’s experience. Our clinicians use integrative, evidence-based approaches to support individuals, couples, and families in moving toward greater stability, insight, and connection. Upstate Integrative Mind Counseling is a service of Evolution of Self Counseling & Consulting, LLC.
At Upstate Integrative Mind Counseling, we provide therapy that is compassionate, skilled, and tailored to the individual. We understand that emotional pain can show up in many forms: stress, trauma, relationship conflict, overwhelm, disconnection, or patterns that feel hard to we believe treatment should reflect the uniqueness of each person’s experience. Our clinicians use integrative, evidence-based approaches to support individuals, couples, and families in moving toward greater stability, insight, and connection. Upstate Integrative Mind Counseling is a service of Evolution of Self Counseling & Consulting, LLC.
(864) 513-9501 View (864) 513-9501
Photo of Elizabeth Anne McElroy, Licensed Master Social Worker , LMSW
Elizabeth Anne McElroy
Licensed Master Social Worker , LMSW
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
Today’s world can be very challenging and overwhelming. Do you often feel overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed due to the demands of daily life? Have you experienced significant life events that continue to impact you to this day? Do you wish to explore methods to help navigate life’s stressors and decrease the impact of symptoms of trauma, anxiety, or depression?
Today’s world can be very challenging and overwhelming. Do you often feel overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed due to the demands of daily life? Have you experienced significant life events that continue to impact you to this day? Do you wish to explore methods to help navigate life’s stressors and decrease the impact of symptoms of trauma, anxiety, or depression?
(843) 738-1508 View (843) 738-1508
Photo of Sydney Carter, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Sydney Carter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Aiken, SC 29803
Feeling overwhelmed by past trauma, anxiety, or self-doubt that keeps getting in your way? You might be longing for a safe, welcoming space where you can finally explore your feelings without judgment and start to find some clarity. Maybe you’re ready to let go of old patterns that drain your energy and leave you feeling stuck. You deserve to feel truly seen, build your inner strength, and create a life that feels genuinely yours, one where peace and confidence take the place of fear and uncertainty.
Feeling overwhelmed by past trauma, anxiety, or self-doubt that keeps getting in your way? You might be longing for a safe, welcoming space where you can finally explore your feelings without judgment and start to find some clarity. Maybe you’re ready to let go of old patterns that drain your energy and leave you feeling stuck. You deserve to feel truly seen, build your inner strength, and create a life that feels genuinely yours, one where peace and confidence take the place of fear and uncertainty.
(839) 234-6288 View (839) 234-6288
Photo of Kendra O'Berry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP
Kendra O'Berry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Has trauma, anxiety, or depression made it hard to connect with the people in your life? Have unresolved feelings or issues made it hard for you to handle your responsibilities at home, work, or in your relationships? When dealing with life's many challenges, it can create a sense of uncertainty and confusion and leave us feeling alone, misunderstood, and imbalanced. If you have been struggling to find ways to cope or connect, now is the time to connect for the help you deserve. Let us work together to identify the best path to healing and growth for you. Continue reading to see why booking a session now is the right step for you.
Has trauma, anxiety, or depression made it hard to connect with the people in your life? Have unresolved feelings or issues made it hard for you to handle your responsibilities at home, work, or in your relationships? When dealing with life's many challenges, it can create a sense of uncertainty and confusion and leave us feeling alone, misunderstood, and imbalanced. If you have been struggling to find ways to cope or connect, now is the time to connect for the help you deserve. Let us work together to identify the best path to healing and growth for you. Continue reading to see why booking a session now is the right step for you.
(839) 333-4236 View (839) 333-4236

See more therapy options for South Carolina

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$134

Therapists in South Carolina who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
72% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
60% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
74% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in South Carolina see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in South Carolina?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.