Therapists in Toronto, ON

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Christina Roberta Pike
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, ICADC, CCC, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4T  (Online Only)
. You have already shown Courage in your decision to reach out . I understand in a truly heartfelt way. Congratulations on taking this first step. I understand both the danger and courage. . You are most welcome to contact me. I look forward to working together with you . I have decades experience working with survivors of every kind of abuse and violence, including domestic abuse, childhood physical , sexual and emotional abuse ,severe neglect, which is also a very serious form of abuse.. You have shown courage in reaching out already. As I really understand in a heartfelt way. I will help you,
. You have already shown Courage in your decision to reach out . I understand in a truly heartfelt way. Congratulations on taking this first step. I understand both the danger and courage. . You are most welcome to contact me. I look forward to working together with you . I have decades experience working with survivors of every kind of abuse and violence, including domestic abuse, childhood physical , sexual and emotional abuse ,severe neglect, which is also a very serious form of abuse.. You have shown courage in reaching out already. As I really understand in a heartfelt way. I will help you,
(647) 492-7312 View (647) 492-7312
Photo of Nat Roman, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Nat Roman
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP, RMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4T  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As an Individual, Couple & Family Therapist I am passionate about supporting clients in creating meaningful and sustainable changes in their lives and relationships. The decision to seek therapy and the process of finding the right therapist can be challenging. Without the right fit it can be difficult to open up about your challenges and get the support that you need. I am deeply committed to creating a safe, warm, caring, and respectful therapeutic environment where you can trust that you will be heard, understood, and offered appropriate and effective support.
As an Individual, Couple & Family Therapist I am passionate about supporting clients in creating meaningful and sustainable changes in their lives and relationships. The decision to seek therapy and the process of finding the right therapist can be challenging. Without the right fit it can be difficult to open up about your challenges and get the support that you need. I am deeply committed to creating a safe, warm, caring, and respectful therapeutic environment where you can trust that you will be heard, understood, and offered appropriate and effective support.
(647) 729-8981 x1 View (647) 729-8981 x1
Photo of Laurie Weinberg, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Laurie Weinberg
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4K
Do you feel alone with depression, anxiety, social phobia, emotional eating or other issues that keep you from living a satisfying life? Do you feel weighed down instead of feeling alive and enthusiastic? I am here to walk with you so you can be supported to get to a new place in life. Don't do it alone. Sometimes people feel they should just get over it or work on things by themselves. As an experienced therapist I can assist you to make the journey faster.
Do you feel alone with depression, anxiety, social phobia, emotional eating or other issues that keep you from living a satisfying life? Do you feel weighed down instead of feeling alive and enthusiastic? I am here to walk with you so you can be supported to get to a new place in life. Don't do it alone. Sometimes people feel they should just get over it or work on things by themselves. As an experienced therapist I can assist you to make the journey faster.
(844) 402-2915 View (844) 402-2915
Photo of Amy Kelly, Pre-Licensed Professional in Toronto, ON
Amy Kelly
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6H
Many of my clients feel like they don't fit in. Some have social anxiety or feel awkward in social settings. Almost all are so hard on themselves. They're swimming in feelings of worthlessness and shame. Who are you really? What is getting in the way of you living your best life? I am a mom to two kids and I understand the ways we get triggered - as parents and as children.
Many of my clients feel like they don't fit in. Some have social anxiety or feel awkward in social settings. Almost all are so hard on themselves. They're swimming in feelings of worthlessness and shame. Who are you really? What is getting in the way of you living your best life? I am a mom to two kids and I understand the ways we get triggered - as parents and as children.
(647) 375-7193 View (647) 375-7193
Photo of Kevin Corney, Psychologist in Toronto, ON
Kevin Corney
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4J
Being a psychologist, who is also a married father of two, I understand life is often a balance between acceptance and change. I believe being a male therapist can help in this field: I've experienced (for example) connecting with male clients and their unique challenges, and I've also experienced working with female clients who have been poorly or outright abusively treated by some of the men in their lives. Being a compassionate and supportive male in their presence is often quite healing for these clients.
Being a psychologist, who is also a married father of two, I understand life is often a balance between acceptance and change. I believe being a male therapist can help in this field: I've experienced (for example) connecting with male clients and their unique challenges, and I've also experienced working with female clients who have been poorly or outright abusively treated by some of the men in their lives. Being a compassionate and supportive male in their presence is often quite healing for these clients.
(437) 374-4675 View (437) 374-4675
Photo of Work in Progress Mental Health Collective , Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Work in Progress Mental Health Collective
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, CCC
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6J
We are a diverse group of psychotherapists and social workers dedicated to anti-oppressive practice, community care and specialized support. We work with individual adults and children as well as relationships of all kinds. We know that life is challenging and in today’s fast paced, high pressure, and sometimes unforgiving society, burnout, fatigue, and lack of motivation can feel all too familiar. We know that sometimes the past can dictate the present and prevent us from taking steps toward meaningful change. No matter your challenge, our intake team can support you in finding the therapist that feels right to you.
We are a diverse group of psychotherapists and social workers dedicated to anti-oppressive practice, community care and specialized support. We work with individual adults and children as well as relationships of all kinds. We know that life is challenging and in today’s fast paced, high pressure, and sometimes unforgiving society, burnout, fatigue, and lack of motivation can feel all too familiar. We know that sometimes the past can dictate the present and prevent us from taking steps toward meaningful change. No matter your challenge, our intake team can support you in finding the therapist that feels right to you.
(437) 747-1991 View (437) 747-1991
Photo of Jennifer Petryschuk, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Jennifer Petryschuk
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4Y
I am a reformed intellectualizer who now helps individuals and couples through body-based psychotherapy. Many of my clients feel disconnected from their bodies, whether this be because of pain (both chronic and sexual), burnout, trauma, ADHD or emotional numbing. It can be impossible to feel sometimes. While our bodies are smart and have adapted to our environments, there is also a way to reconnect and heal.
I am a reformed intellectualizer who now helps individuals and couples through body-based psychotherapy. Many of my clients feel disconnected from their bodies, whether this be because of pain (both chronic and sexual), burnout, trauma, ADHD or emotional numbing. It can be impossible to feel sometimes. While our bodies are smart and have adapted to our environments, there is also a way to reconnect and heal.
(437) 747-5984 View (437) 747-5984
Photo of Carly Byberg, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Carly Byberg
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5A
I am an individual and couple therapist who is dedicated to examining emotional wounds and creating meaningful connection. I support a variety of clients, but primarily focus on those wanting to explore anxiety, family dynamics, relational issues, attachment, boundaries, communication, emotional expression, personal growth, and stress. I strive to understand the interlocking factors that may be influencing and impacting your ability to be the best version of yourself.
I am an individual and couple therapist who is dedicated to examining emotional wounds and creating meaningful connection. I support a variety of clients, but primarily focus on those wanting to explore anxiety, family dynamics, relational issues, attachment, boundaries, communication, emotional expression, personal growth, and stress. I strive to understand the interlocking factors that may be influencing and impacting your ability to be the best version of yourself.
(437) 747-5800 View (437) 747-5800
Photo of Alli Therapy - Joshua Cross, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Alli Therapy - Joshua Cross
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5B  (Online Only)
If you’re here, that means you’ve already taken the first step toward a better tomorrow! You may be dealing with anxiety, feelings of sadness, stress, conflicts in your relationships, or maybe you’re looking for a safe place to figure out who you are. I am here to help you identify and achieve your goals, so you can finally breathe a sigh of relief.
If you’re here, that means you’ve already taken the first step toward a better tomorrow! You may be dealing with anxiety, feelings of sadness, stress, conflicts in your relationships, or maybe you’re looking for a safe place to figure out who you are. I am here to help you identify and achieve your goals, so you can finally breathe a sigh of relief.
(289) 797-7387 View (289) 797-7387
Photo of Better BRIA Inc, Psychiatrist in Toronto, ON
Better BRIA Inc
Psychiatrist, MD, MSW, RN, OT, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5X  (Online Only)
BRIA provides women who are trying to conceive, pregnant, in early parenthood, postpartum and perimenopausal, with premium mental health care assessments, guidance and services. At these vulnerable stages of life, there is a high risk of mental health challenges. Many women struggle but don’t know where to turn to get help. At BRIA, you can get the right type of mental health care when you need it the most. We want to be sure that you connect with a vetted expert mental health care provider as soon as you reach out for help. We make it easy for you to get connected, engage in our services, and get better.
BRIA provides women who are trying to conceive, pregnant, in early parenthood, postpartum and perimenopausal, with premium mental health care assessments, guidance and services. At these vulnerable stages of life, there is a high risk of mental health challenges. Many women struggle but don’t know where to turn to get help. At BRIA, you can get the right type of mental health care when you need it the most. We want to be sure that you connect with a vetted expert mental health care provider as soon as you reach out for help. We make it easy for you to get connected, engage in our services, and get better.
(437) 747-1912 View (437) 747-1912
Photo of Alli Therapy - Hunter Rose, Pre-Licensed Professional in Toronto, ON
Alli Therapy - Hunter Rose
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5B  (Online Only)
Choosing to begin therapy is one small step to monumental change, and change can be scary! Having experience on all sides of mental health supports brings me a clear understanding of its dynamics. It's essential for clients to actively participate in defining their own goals and selecting methods that best support achieving these goals. I dedicate space to help guide your decision-making process as you embark on your journey of self-discovery and healing, ensuring clarity and ease in navigating your path.
Choosing to begin therapy is one small step to monumental change, and change can be scary! Having experience on all sides of mental health supports brings me a clear understanding of its dynamics. It's essential for clients to actively participate in defining their own goals and selecting methods that best support achieving these goals. I dedicate space to help guide your decision-making process as you embark on your journey of self-discovery and healing, ensuring clarity and ease in navigating your path.
(437) 747-5296 View (437) 747-5296
Photo of Carly Ball, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Carly Ball
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, RP(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5V
I'm a Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) and a member in good standing of the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO). I know taking the step to reach out for support requires great strength and courage. I hope to work alongside you, providing support and guidance and creating meaningful goals in your journey to rebuild your life and sense of self. I have worked with clients on a variety of mental health issues, including but not limited to anxiety, ADHD, depression, life transitions, coping with life changes, stress management, and self-esteem issues.
I'm a Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) and a member in good standing of the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO). I know taking the step to reach out for support requires great strength and courage. I hope to work alongside you, providing support and guidance and creating meaningful goals in your journey to rebuild your life and sense of self. I have worked with clients on a variety of mental health issues, including but not limited to anxiety, ADHD, depression, life transitions, coping with life changes, stress management, and self-esteem issues.
(437) 600-9623 View (437) 600-9623
Photo of Matt Costaris, Pre-Licensed Professional in Toronto, ON
Matt Costaris
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6R
I provide therapy and psychoeducational assessments to children and adolescents. Having previously worked as a teacher, I like to use my experiences in the classroom to inform recommendations in psychoeducational assessments. As a therapist, I work closely with you to hear your story, and then draw upon techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches to create a treatment plan that best meets your needs. I also understand that goals often shift during the course of therapy, so I like to include you in the process throughout to ensure that you feel understood and believe in the work.
I provide therapy and psychoeducational assessments to children and adolescents. Having previously worked as a teacher, I like to use my experiences in the classroom to inform recommendations in psychoeducational assessments. As a therapist, I work closely with you to hear your story, and then draw upon techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches to create a treatment plan that best meets your needs. I also understand that goals often shift during the course of therapy, so I like to include you in the process throughout to ensure that you feel understood and believe in the work.
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Photo of Aleksandra Lalovic, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Aleksandra Lalovic
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4R  (Online Only)
You are facing a challenge and you are seeking ways to help you cope. Maybe you are feeling depressed, alone, overwhelmed or stuck on how to make the change you desire in your life. There are ways to get through it and you don’t have to figure it all out on your own. Therapy can offer hope and provide you with the support and skills to bring about a shift towards greater fulfillment and joy.
You are facing a challenge and you are seeking ways to help you cope. Maybe you are feeling depressed, alone, overwhelmed or stuck on how to make the change you desire in your life. There are ways to get through it and you don’t have to figure it all out on your own. Therapy can offer hope and provide you with the support and skills to bring about a shift towards greater fulfillment and joy.
(647) 697-7058 View (647) 697-7058
Photo of Ashley Carr, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Ashley Carr
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5P
Have you been seeking relief from feelings of exhaustion, overwhelm, and anxiety? Maybe you've been experiencing burnout or succumbing to the pressures of perfectionism. If you are looking for a space to slow down, better understand yourself, and improve your mood and outlook on life, then I want to work with you. I strongly believe in the power of self-awareness and gaining insight into our experiences, feelings, and behaviours. My aim is to walk with you through self-discovery and growth, and provide a safe, collaborative, and creative space to explore and take steps towards uncovering your inner resources and authentic self.
Have you been seeking relief from feelings of exhaustion, overwhelm, and anxiety? Maybe you've been experiencing burnout or succumbing to the pressures of perfectionism. If you are looking for a space to slow down, better understand yourself, and improve your mood and outlook on life, then I want to work with you. I strongly believe in the power of self-awareness and gaining insight into our experiences, feelings, and behaviours. My aim is to walk with you through self-discovery and growth, and provide a safe, collaborative, and creative space to explore and take steps towards uncovering your inner resources and authentic self.
(289) 273-7911 View (289) 273-7911
Photo of Elise Meertens, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Elise Meertens
Registered Psychotherapist, MC, BASc
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
If you are seeking an understanding of your experience of the world, including experiences with anxiety, emotions, grief, life transitions, relationships, and trauma, and want to gain insight as to methods for coping, processing, and managing your experience of the world, I encourage you to connect with me. I work with adults (18+) who desire change but do not know how or where to start and feel overwhelmed by the thought of beginning this process.
If you are seeking an understanding of your experience of the world, including experiences with anxiety, emotions, grief, life transitions, relationships, and trauma, and want to gain insight as to methods for coping, processing, and managing your experience of the world, I encourage you to connect with me. I work with adults (18+) who desire change but do not know how or where to start and feel overwhelmed by the thought of beginning this process.
(647) 955-5212 View (647) 955-5212
Photo of David Moulton, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
David Moulton
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP, CCC
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5T
I work with adults who are feeling stressed: they may worry, panic or feel shy in social situations, may try to be perfect, may feel badly about themselves, or wish to express themselves more effectively, or to set clearer boundaries with others, or to be more assertive. I also work with people from the straight and LGBTQ communities who are experiencing challenges in their relationships, with sexuality, sexual orientation, alternative relationships, alternative sexualities, and gender. Many experience these challenges, but some may lose a sense of balance in their lives or the ability to enjoy life and relationships while trying to sort out their concerns.
I work with adults who are feeling stressed: they may worry, panic or feel shy in social situations, may try to be perfect, may feel badly about themselves, or wish to express themselves more effectively, or to set clearer boundaries with others, or to be more assertive. I also work with people from the straight and LGBTQ communities who are experiencing challenges in their relationships, with sexuality, sexual orientation, alternative relationships, alternative sexualities, and gender. Many experience these challenges, but some may lose a sense of balance in their lives or the ability to enjoy life and relationships while trying to sort out their concerns.
(647) 525-8268 View (647) 525-8268
Photo of Olethea Pimenta, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Olethea Pimenta
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MT, CAPT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5V  (Online Only)
You are driven and a high performer and it has cost you a lot of anxiety. Your solution has been to work harder and power through everything, at home and at work. Even though you feel disconnected, lonely and isolated, you tell yourself - keep going. This is the only way you know how. You're afraid of failing, you're afraid to stop, you're afraid of taking that next step in your career. You don't have to suffer for success and happiness. Your way of coping isn't working anymore. Let me show you a better way, this is not about changing your work ethic, it’s about using different tools to reframe success and support.
You are driven and a high performer and it has cost you a lot of anxiety. Your solution has been to work harder and power through everything, at home and at work. Even though you feel disconnected, lonely and isolated, you tell yourself - keep going. This is the only way you know how. You're afraid of failing, you're afraid to stop, you're afraid of taking that next step in your career. You don't have to suffer for success and happiness. Your way of coping isn't working anymore. Let me show you a better way, this is not about changing your work ethic, it’s about using different tools to reframe success and support.
(855) 463-1401 View (855) 463-1401
Photo of Emily Beaton, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Emily Beaton
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G
My approach to therapy is warm and compassionate and centres on the principles of authentic connection, safety, and trust. As I walk alongside you in your journey, I will aim to empower you to take steps towards your goals at a pace that feels just right to you.
My approach to therapy is warm and compassionate and centres on the principles of authentic connection, safety, and trust. As I walk alongside you in your journey, I will aim to empower you to take steps towards your goals at a pace that feels just right to you.
(647) 492-7438 View (647) 492-7438
Photo of Ellen Katz, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Ellen Katz
Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5S
I see people who want better relationships with themselves, those close to them, friends and families. Sometimes people are not quite certain what is getting in the way of having those better relationships and sometimes people know. Often there is some emotional issue, either from the past or one arising in the present that is getting in the way. Many people want to feel more connected, have fewer conflicts in their relationships. In families, sometimes there are emotional patterns or behavioural patterns that are getting in the way of being more connected with each other.
I see people who want better relationships with themselves, those close to them, friends and families. Sometimes people are not quite certain what is getting in the way of having those better relationships and sometimes people know. Often there is some emotional issue, either from the past or one arising in the present that is getting in the way. Many people want to feel more connected, have fewer conflicts in their relationships. In families, sometimes there are emotional patterns or behavioural patterns that are getting in the way of being more connected with each other.
(647) 696-5095 View (647) 696-5095

See more therapy options for Toronto

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
84% Self Esteem
79% Stress
72% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% Green Shield Canada
61% SunLife
58% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.