Therapists in Vaughan, ON

Photo of Rachel Fay, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Rachel Fay
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L6A
Rachel’s passion for helping individuals and families navigate life’s challenges has been honed through her extensive background in Child Development and 13 years of working with children, families, and youth in diverse settings. Her goal is to empower children, youth, families, and individuals to navigate life's challenges with confidence and resilience. She strives to create a therapeutic environment where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings, develop coping strategies, and work towards their personal and familial goals.
Rachel’s passion for helping individuals and families navigate life’s challenges has been honed through her extensive background in Child Development and 13 years of working with children, families, and youth in diverse settings. Her goal is to empower children, youth, families, and individuals to navigate life's challenges with confidence and resilience. She strives to create a therapeutic environment where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings, develop coping strategies, and work towards their personal and familial goals.
(289) 277-9378 View (289) 277-9378
Photo of Krishe Kugan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Krishe Kugan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Online Only
Krishe Kugan is a RSW with OCSWSSW. She holds a Master’s degree in Social Work (MSW) from the University of Windsor and an Honours Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from York University. Krishe is committed to creating a compassionate, collaborative, and non-judgmental therapeutic space where clients feel seen, heard, and supported. Her approach is not about quick fixes but rather about working together to understand what is being carried, uncover patterns, and build a life that feels more aligned, authentic, and sustainable.
Krishe Kugan is a RSW with OCSWSSW. She holds a Master’s degree in Social Work (MSW) from the University of Windsor and an Honours Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from York University. Krishe is committed to creating a compassionate, collaborative, and non-judgmental therapeutic space where clients feel seen, heard, and supported. Her approach is not about quick fixes but rather about working together to understand what is being carried, uncover patterns, and build a life that feels more aligned, authentic, and sustainable.
(365) 825-4592 View (365) 825-4592
Photo of Anabela Colatriani - Anabela Colatriani Counselling Services, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Anabela Colatriani Counselling Services
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello and welcome. Hola y bienvenido. Taking the step to seek support is an act of courage and hope. I am a Registered Psychotherapist (RP) offering therapy in English and Spanish for individuals navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, cultural adjustment, identity concerns, and major life transitions. My work is grounded in the belief that healing happens through connection, and I strive to create a safe, compassionate space where you feel seen, heard, and supported as you reconnect with yourself.
Hello and welcome. Hola y bienvenido. Taking the step to seek support is an act of courage and hope. I am a Registered Psychotherapist (RP) offering therapy in English and Spanish for individuals navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, cultural adjustment, identity concerns, and major life transitions. My work is grounded in the belief that healing happens through connection, and I strive to create a safe, compassionate space where you feel seen, heard, and supported as you reconnect with yourself.
(365) 297-2332 View (365) 297-2332
Photo of Svetlana Rachitsky, Pre-Licensed Professional
Svetlana Rachitsky
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you have reached a crossroads—perhaps feeling disconnected from yourself, others, or life itself. You come to therapy because you are ready—maybe hesitantly at first, maybe with skepticism—but deep down, you know something more. You want to reclaim your voice and rediscover your joy
If you have reached a crossroads—perhaps feeling disconnected from yourself, others, or life itself. You come to therapy because you are ready—maybe hesitantly at first, maybe with skepticism—but deep down, you know something more. You want to reclaim your voice and rediscover your joy
(365) 607-6089 View (365) 607-6089
Photo of Kulwinder Virdi - Kulwinder Virdi Nurse Psychotherapy, RN
Kulwinder Virdi Nurse Psychotherapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Helping South Asian women and couples navigate through cultural barriers. Let me help find the light within you.
Helping South Asian women and couples navigate through cultural barriers. Let me help find the light within you.
(289) 512-0471 View (289) 512-0471
Photo of Kehinde Akindipe, Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW
Kehinde Akindipe
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW
Online Only
Welcome to Inner Bridge Counseling and Wellness—Where Compassion Meets Transformation. As a dedicated counsellor, I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space for individuals navigating life’s challenges. My collaborative approach empowers clients to recognize their inner strength and build resilience. With experience working with diverse populations, I honor each person’s unique identity and lived experiences. My practice integrates Trauma-Informed Care, Solution-Focused, and Strength-Based interventions, ensuring that support is empathetic and practical.
Welcome to Inner Bridge Counseling and Wellness—Where Compassion Meets Transformation. As a dedicated counsellor, I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space for individuals navigating life’s challenges. My collaborative approach empowers clients to recognize their inner strength and build resilience. With experience working with diverse populations, I honor each person’s unique identity and lived experiences. My practice integrates Trauma-Informed Care, Solution-Focused, and Strength-Based interventions, ensuring that support is empathetic and practical.
(365) 797-0089 View (365) 797-0089
Photo of Dr. Mai-Tran Nguyen Nguyen - Dr Mai-Tran Autism Adhd Trauma Anxiety & Stress, Registered Psychotherapist, MHS, MED-ABA, RP/ RBA, PsyD, BCBA
Dr Mai-Tran Autism Adhd Trauma Anxiety & Stress
Registered Psychotherapist, MHS, MED-ABA, RP/ RBA, PsyD, BCBA
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
The pathway to finding the right therapist can become challenging. The search and decision in selecting the right therapist to walk with you through your journey of healing, self-discovery and progression can become confusing and disheartening. It is important to explore and investigate into the various therapists that best matches to your personal needs and goals. Mai is a registered psychotherapist that has a strong commitment to supporting individuals through their journey of challenges to promote progression and healing. Mai has extensive experience with children and adults of all abilities including individuals with Autism.
The pathway to finding the right therapist can become challenging. The search and decision in selecting the right therapist to walk with you through your journey of healing, self-discovery and progression can become confusing and disheartening. It is important to explore and investigate into the various therapists that best matches to your personal needs and goals. Mai is a registered psychotherapist that has a strong commitment to supporting individuals through their journey of challenges to promote progression and healing. Mai has extensive experience with children and adults of all abilities including individuals with Autism.
(289) 277-8671 View (289) 277-8671
Photo of Dr. Julie Cinamon, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Dr. Julie Cinamon
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
2 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
Dr. Cinamon sees individuals and families for a number of reasons including difficulties with mood, anxiety, work and family related stress, emotion regulation, behaviour, and parenting. She supports people experiencing life transitions, parents seeking help for their children and teens, and individuals with symptoms impacting their day-to-day lives. She has a special focus on trauma, including sexual assault. She is skilled in providing a variety of therapy approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, traditional play therapy, family therapy, psychodynamic/family systems talk therapy, and trauma-informed therapy.
Dr. Cinamon sees individuals and families for a number of reasons including difficulties with mood, anxiety, work and family related stress, emotion regulation, behaviour, and parenting. She supports people experiencing life transitions, parents seeking help for their children and teens, and individuals with symptoms impacting their day-to-day lives. She has a special focus on trauma, including sexual assault. She is skilled in providing a variety of therapy approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, traditional play therapy, family therapy, psychodynamic/family systems talk therapy, and trauma-informed therapy.
(647) 370-2966 View (647) 370-2966
Photo of Navkiran Bajwa, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Navkiran Bajwa
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
Different life stages provide different sets of challenges, which can be frustrating to navigate at any age. My personal and professional experiences have shown me that humans are resilient by nature, however, we just need a little extra help sometimes. A common misconception is that therapy provides cookie-cutter solutions to all of life’s problems; however, it is quite the opposite. Therapy is a tool that helps individuals understand and come to terms with emotional and behavioural patterns that can be positive or negative in nature. Despite what you are going through, I want you to remember that you are not alone!
Different life stages provide different sets of challenges, which can be frustrating to navigate at any age. My personal and professional experiences have shown me that humans are resilient by nature, however, we just need a little extra help sometimes. A common misconception is that therapy provides cookie-cutter solutions to all of life’s problems; however, it is quite the opposite. Therapy is a tool that helps individuals understand and come to terms with emotional and behavioural patterns that can be positive or negative in nature. Despite what you are going through, I want you to remember that you are not alone!
(365) 305-5342 View (365) 305-5342
Photo of Taran Jennings, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Taran Jennings
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Vaughan, ON L4K
Hi! My name is Taran, and I am a Registered Social Worker in Ontario. In my clinical practice, I support children, adolescents, and young adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, ODD, and learning and developmental disabilities. My practice focuses on helping clients build coping skills, improve emotion regulation, and manage daily stressors. I also work closely with caregivers and families to help them develop their strengths and maintain a supportive home environment for positive and healthy development.
Hi! My name is Taran, and I am a Registered Social Worker in Ontario. In my clinical practice, I support children, adolescents, and young adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, ODD, and learning and developmental disabilities. My practice focuses on helping clients build coping skills, improve emotion regulation, and manage daily stressors. I also work closely with caregivers and families to help them develop their strengths and maintain a supportive home environment for positive and healthy development.
(289) 672-0556 View (289) 672-0556
Photo of Omar Waheed, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, CSAT
Omar Waheed
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, CSAT
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
With mental health and addiction there comes this terrible feeling of powerlessness, shame and loss of control. Sometimes reaching out for help seems like too much. But when you do reach out, you will know what it's like to recover and the tremendous hope it brings. The strength you didn't know you had will appear and you will feel whole again - and in control. I would like to help you find that way forward.
With mental health and addiction there comes this terrible feeling of powerlessness, shame and loss of control. Sometimes reaching out for help seems like too much. But when you do reach out, you will know what it's like to recover and the tremendous hope it brings. The strength you didn't know you had will appear and you will feel whole again - and in control. I would like to help you find that way forward.
(289) 806-5342 View (289) 806-5342
Photo of Corrado Recchiuti, Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP
Corrado Recchiuti
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I aim to help individuals dealing with anxiety, sex-related issues, trauma, and a vast array of other issues (please check my profile for a more extensive list). I also aim to help couples struggling with communication and intimacy navigate through those challenges. I am a clinical supervisor and a Yorkville University approved practicum supervisor offering weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly supervision.
I aim to help individuals dealing with anxiety, sex-related issues, trauma, and a vast array of other issues (please check my profile for a more extensive list). I also aim to help couples struggling with communication and intimacy navigate through those challenges. I am a clinical supervisor and a Yorkville University approved practicum supervisor offering weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly supervision.
(289) 302-7085 View (289) 302-7085
Photo of Suzanne Danielle Palmieri, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Suzanne Danielle Palmieri
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
3 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4L
I’m a Registered Social Worker (RSW) with a Master’s Degree in Social Work (MSW) and a deep commitment to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges.
I’m a Registered Social Worker (RSW) with a Master’s Degree in Social Work (MSW) and a deep commitment to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges.
(855) 512-6800 View (855) 512-6800
Photo of Natalie Freiberg - Natalie Freiberg Counselling, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Natalie Freiberg Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
2 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
Currently accepting new in-person and virtual clients. Each person carries within them a distinctive lens through which they perceive and navigate life - a lens shaped by numerous factors that colour their daily experiences. Yet, there are instances when our lens becomes unclear, leaving us uncertain of our path. During these challenging moments, I am here to assist you in finding clarity amidst the uncertainty, and to walk alongside you as you rediscover your way forward. Hello, I'm Natalie Freiberg, a compassionate Social Worker and Psychotherapist based in Toronto, Canada, serving individuals across Ontario.
Currently accepting new in-person and virtual clients. Each person carries within them a distinctive lens through which they perceive and navigate life - a lens shaped by numerous factors that colour their daily experiences. Yet, there are instances when our lens becomes unclear, leaving us uncertain of our path. During these challenging moments, I am here to assist you in finding clarity amidst the uncertainty, and to walk alongside you as you rediscover your way forward. Hello, I'm Natalie Freiberg, a compassionate Social Worker and Psychotherapist based in Toronto, Canada, serving individuals across Ontario.
(289) 207-7624 View (289) 207-7624
Photo of Dr. Ambreen Basria, Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Dr. Ambreen Basria
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Vaughan, ON L4L
I work with clients that are gender non conforming, exploring gender identity, fertility challenges, postpartum and perinatal mental health issues, relational issues, anxiety, depression, mood related concerns, first responders, and exploring their own identity. I work with clients from a solution focus, humanistic, and person centered approach. I believe the client is the expert in their life, their challenges, and really emphasize guiding treatment through the lens of the client. I offer virtual sessions and in person sessions, which gives you the luxury of having therapy in the space of your own comfort.
I work with clients that are gender non conforming, exploring gender identity, fertility challenges, postpartum and perinatal mental health issues, relational issues, anxiety, depression, mood related concerns, first responders, and exploring their own identity. I work with clients from a solution focus, humanistic, and person centered approach. I believe the client is the expert in their life, their challenges, and really emphasize guiding treatment through the lens of the client. I offer virtual sessions and in person sessions, which gives you the luxury of having therapy in the space of your own comfort.
(289) 797-3202 View (289) 797-3202
Photo of Angelica Meliton, Registered Social Worker, MSW
Angelica Meliton
Registered Social Worker, MSW
6 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4L
My professional experience includes working with adolescents, adults and seniors in individual and couples therapy. I have supported many folks experiencing anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns; addictions; life transitions; precarious housing; suicidal ideations; physical impairments; daily life stressors; learning disabilities; social, emotional and behavioural challenges; and grief and loss. I also offer a FREE 15-minute consultation where we can get to know each other and discuss how I can best support you. Accepting new clients!
My professional experience includes working with adolescents, adults and seniors in individual and couples therapy. I have supported many folks experiencing anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns; addictions; life transitions; precarious housing; suicidal ideations; physical impairments; daily life stressors; learning disabilities; social, emotional and behavioural challenges; and grief and loss. I also offer a FREE 15-minute consultation where we can get to know each other and discuss how I can best support you. Accepting new clients!
(365) 661-9807 View (365) 661-9807
Photo of Stephanie Famuditimi, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Stephanie Famuditimi
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Vaughan, ON L4L
Stephanie is a compassionate and dedicated psychotherapist committed to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with confidence and clarity. Registered with the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario and a member of the Ontario Association of Mental Health Professionals (OAMHP), she brings a wealth of expertise in mental health and wellness.
Stephanie is a compassionate and dedicated psychotherapist committed to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with confidence and clarity. Registered with the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario and a member of the Ontario Association of Mental Health Professionals (OAMHP), she brings a wealth of expertise in mental health and wellness.
(289) 207-6446 View (289) 207-6446
Photo of Tania da Costa, Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, RP
Tania da Costa
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, RP
Vaughan, ON L4K
Often when we experience difficulties in life we can feel stuck. We may spend our time and energy ruminating about the past or worrying about the future, leading us to miss the present moment. "The past is finished. Learn from it and let it go.The future is not here yet. Plan for it, but do not waste your time worrying about it.Worrying is worthless"(Brian L. Weiss).I'm passionate about my work and will work to help you tackle life's challenges that fit your lifestyle and goals for therapeutic change. By creating a safe, warm and welcoming environment as the foundation to help create change and help prevent later suffering/hardship
Often when we experience difficulties in life we can feel stuck. We may spend our time and energy ruminating about the past or worrying about the future, leading us to miss the present moment. "The past is finished. Learn from it and let it go.The future is not here yet. Plan for it, but do not waste your time worrying about it.Worrying is worthless"(Brian L. Weiss).I'm passionate about my work and will work to help you tackle life's challenges that fit your lifestyle and goals for therapeutic change. By creating a safe, warm and welcoming environment as the foundation to help create change and help prevent later suffering/hardship
(289) 210-5959 View (289) 210-5959
Photo of Melanie Barlow, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), Intern
Melanie Barlow
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), Intern
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You're smart, successful, driven - but you're stuck. On the outside nobody would guess it, but on the inside you feel torn apart. Your anxiety is relentless, your inner critic berates your every word, you can never get caught up on your to-do list, and no matter how much praise you get - you simply don't believe it. You wonder if you have anxiety, or maybe it's ADHD, or maybe even depression or past trauma. You definitely know you can't relax, it's hard to even stay still. You've read the self-help books, tried meditation, mental health walks, journaling...You know at the core you need to "love yourself", but truly don't know how.
You're smart, successful, driven - but you're stuck. On the outside nobody would guess it, but on the inside you feel torn apart. Your anxiety is relentless, your inner critic berates your every word, you can never get caught up on your to-do list, and no matter how much praise you get - you simply don't believe it. You wonder if you have anxiety, or maybe it's ADHD, or maybe even depression or past trauma. You definitely know you can't relax, it's hard to even stay still. You've read the self-help books, tried meditation, mental health walks, journaling...You know at the core you need to "love yourself", but truly don't know how.
(226) 605-5011 View (226) 605-5011
Photo of Jennifer Gould, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Jennifer Gould
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L6A
Accepting NEW clients! I offer therapy to children, youth & adults of diverse backgrounds to provide support with a variety of mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, self esteem issues, emotional dysregulation, executive functioning, chronic illness, identity exploration, end of life care & more. I’m passionate about helping clients overcome life stressors/challenges, strengthen existing coping strategies & learn new practical skills to make sustainable change. I strive to provide an open, non- judgmental space for clients to explore & work through their treatment goals while ensuring safety & comfort.
Accepting NEW clients! I offer therapy to children, youth & adults of diverse backgrounds to provide support with a variety of mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, self esteem issues, emotional dysregulation, executive functioning, chronic illness, identity exploration, end of life care & more. I’m passionate about helping clients overcome life stressors/challenges, strengthen existing coping strategies & learn new practical skills to make sustainable change. I strive to provide an open, non- judgmental space for clients to explore & work through their treatment goals while ensuring safety & comfort.
(289) 768-5591 View (289) 768-5591

See more therapy options for Vaughan

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Vaughan, ON

600+

Average cost per session

$165

Counsellors in Vaughan, ON who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Self Esteem
82% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
72% Coping Skills
70% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Manulife
82% SunLife
80% Green Shield Canada

How Counsellors in Vaughan, ON see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Vaughan?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.