Therapists in Pasadena, CA

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Photo of Denise Lin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Denise Lin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
I specialize in helping people who are socially attuned to others' needs to the point that they may lose themselves. Working together, my clients build confidence & a stronger sense of self that helps them negotiate conflicting roles and identities. This can involve processing sadness and frustration, which unlocks new sources of connection, happiness, & focus in their personal and work lives. In my time at Caltech, I worked with high achievers navigating complex expectations. As we assess values & sources of joy, my clients develop a stronger understanding of what fulfills them, & where and with whom they want to devote their time.
I specialize in helping people who are socially attuned to others' needs to the point that they may lose themselves. Working together, my clients build confidence & a stronger sense of self that helps them negotiate conflicting roles and identities. This can involve processing sadness and frustration, which unlocks new sources of connection, happiness, & focus in their personal and work lives. In my time at Caltech, I worked with high achievers navigating complex expectations. As we assess values & sources of joy, my clients develop a stronger understanding of what fulfills them, & where and with whom they want to devote their time.
(323) 498-3101 View (323) 498-3101
Photo of Deborah B Edgar Ph.D., Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Deborah B Edgar Ph.D.
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91105
With over 20 years of experience, I work best with 3 types of people:
With over 20 years of experience, I work best with 3 types of people:
(626) 275-4515 View (626) 275-4515
Photo of Ben Esch, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Pasadena, CA
Ben Esch
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Depression. Anxiety. Failing relationships. Trauma. Those words may look intense on the page, but if you are experiencing any of these conditions yourself, you know exactly how devastating they can be for your life, your relationships, and your happiness. If you recognize yourself in any of those words, I want you to know that you're not alone in these struggles…and talking to a therapist can help.
Depression. Anxiety. Failing relationships. Trauma. Those words may look intense on the page, but if you are experiencing any of these conditions yourself, you know exactly how devastating they can be for your life, your relationships, and your happiness. If you recognize yourself in any of those words, I want you to know that you're not alone in these struggles…and talking to a therapist can help.
(626) 784-7286 View (626) 784-7286
Photo of Alex Schmidt, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Alex Schmidt
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91104
In my private practice, I treat issues of anxiety and panic, past trauma, and sexual dysfunction. While our past can sometimes weigh down our present, my clients and I work together to address, process, and move through issues that might hold them back. Identifying emotions, connecting them to the body, and developing resources to endure the more difficult experiences of life is a primary focus of our collaborative work.
In my private practice, I treat issues of anxiety and panic, past trauma, and sexual dysfunction. While our past can sometimes weigh down our present, my clients and I work together to address, process, and move through issues that might hold them back. Identifying emotions, connecting them to the body, and developing resources to endure the more difficult experiences of life is a primary focus of our collaborative work.
(323) 613-3141 View (323) 613-3141
Photo of Chris Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Chris Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91105
Chris Miller is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2016. He studied at UC Berkeley - School of Social Welfare. Chris's hope for every client that he serves is to provide a space that includes compassion, empathy, and inclusivity. He is proud to have a clinical mindset that is non-judgmental and open to all walks of life. As someone who lived overseas, Chris understands the struggles of transitioning to a new country which brought about feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression.
Chris Miller is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2016. He studied at UC Berkeley - School of Social Welfare. Chris's hope for every client that he serves is to provide a space that includes compassion, empathy, and inclusivity. He is proud to have a clinical mindset that is non-judgmental and open to all walks of life. As someone who lived overseas, Chris understands the struggles of transitioning to a new country which brought about feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression.
(323) 622-6303 View (323) 622-6303
Wendy Chan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
As a clinical psychologist with more than 10 years of specialized training and experience, I am dedicated to providing effective and research-based approaches to treatment with genuine compassion, empathy, and care. It is my goal to help empower you to change your life by using treatment and assessment techniques designed for both common life stressors and complex mental health conditions. It is my belief that creating a safe and supportive therapeutic environment is essential for my client's growth and I work hard to provide an environment with which my clients feel safe to challenge themselves and grow.
As a clinical psychologist with more than 10 years of specialized training and experience, I am dedicated to providing effective and research-based approaches to treatment with genuine compassion, empathy, and care. It is my goal to help empower you to change your life by using treatment and assessment techniques designed for both common life stressors and complex mental health conditions. It is my belief that creating a safe and supportive therapeutic environment is essential for my client's growth and I work hard to provide an environment with which my clients feel safe to challenge themselves and grow.
(626) 325-0090 View (626) 325-0090
Photo of Holly Pelz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Holly Pelz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91103
When I think about what brings you here, I imagine there's something in your life causing you pain or overwhelm. I have found, both personally and professionally, that often when we're experiencing big emotions, we're sitting with them alone. It takes a great deal of courage to reach out and ask for help, and it's an honor and privilege for me to come alongside you as you seek to feel and heal.
When I think about what brings you here, I imagine there's something in your life causing you pain or overwhelm. I have found, both personally and professionally, that often when we're experiencing big emotions, we're sitting with them alone. It takes a great deal of courage to reach out and ask for help, and it's an honor and privilege for me to come alongside you as you seek to feel and heal.
(626) 714-2818 View (626) 714-2818
Photo of Anne P. Warman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Anne P. Warman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
As a therapist, I see myself guiding people on their life path by overcoming such obstacles as depression, anxiety, fear, self-limiting beliefs, and helping them to experience instead the beauty and warmth of their inner rainbow, of claiming joy as their birthright. I love working especially with women at a major transition in their lives: whether from young adulthood to womanhood, from motherhood to 'empty nest' and, ultimately, menopause; women in quest for healthy relationships and a greater meaning in their lives. Spiritual growth, creativity, finding one's purpose - are important issues for everybody to be able to live life to its fullest. I weave my work with a variety of therapeutic approaches including Holistic Healing, Dreamwork and Art Therapy. I'll be happy to discuss any needs you might have to see which modality - group or/and individual therapy - would be the best for you.
As a therapist, I see myself guiding people on their life path by overcoming such obstacles as depression, anxiety, fear, self-limiting beliefs, and helping them to experience instead the beauty and warmth of their inner rainbow, of claiming joy as their birthright. I love working especially with women at a major transition in their lives: whether from young adulthood to womanhood, from motherhood to 'empty nest' and, ultimately, menopause; women in quest for healthy relationships and a greater meaning in their lives. Spiritual growth, creativity, finding one's purpose - are important issues for everybody to be able to live life to its fullest. I weave my work with a variety of therapeutic approaches including Holistic Healing, Dreamwork and Art Therapy. I'll be happy to discuss any needs you might have to see which modality - group or/and individual therapy - would be the best for you.
(323) 690-1996 View (323) 690-1996
Photo of Martha Laura Beatty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Martha Laura Beatty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety? Are you struggling with low self-esteem? I am Martha Beatty and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have experience working with individuals who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem, and relationships. I believe in treating clients from a compassionate, sensitive, and nonjudgmental perspective. If this resonates with you please reach out to me for a free 15-minute consultation.
Are you struggling with anxiety? Are you struggling with low self-esteem? I am Martha Beatty and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have experience working with individuals who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem, and relationships. I believe in treating clients from a compassionate, sensitive, and nonjudgmental perspective. If this resonates with you please reach out to me for a free 15-minute consultation.
(626) 873-8502 View (626) 873-8502
Photo of Marica Thomas, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Pasadena, CA
Marica Thomas
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
I believe that therapy is a truly personal experience. The decision to seek support is a courageous one. As your therapist, I feel the privilege of being allowed into your life in a way that you may have not allowed others to be. My approach is customized to each of my clients because each one of us is on our own personal journey. My treatments are rooted in psychodynamic, humanistic, and family systems theories. Based on your individual goals and needs, I may integrate mindfulness-based interventions, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or trauma focused therapy. I am an EMDR trained therapist and current member of EMDRIA.
I believe that therapy is a truly personal experience. The decision to seek support is a courageous one. As your therapist, I feel the privilege of being allowed into your life in a way that you may have not allowed others to be. My approach is customized to each of my clients because each one of us is on our own personal journey. My treatments are rooted in psychodynamic, humanistic, and family systems theories. Based on your individual goals and needs, I may integrate mindfulness-based interventions, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or trauma focused therapy. I am an EMDR trained therapist and current member of EMDRIA.
(626) 790-2881 View (626) 790-2881
Photo of Mona Saba Valeriano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Mona Saba Valeriano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Pema Chodron states that the "essence of life is that it's challenging." I believe that with the right support, your difficult life experiences and challenges, whatever they may be or however they stemmed, can be overcome with time. I work with adults, adolescents, and couples through these challenging experiences. I bring empathic energy, intuition, careful consideration, humor, and challenge to the process of converting difficulty into growth. My work is driven by philosophies and therapies based in trauma-informed care, neurobiology, attachment theory, nonviolent communication, Emotion Focused Therapy, Buddhism, and EMDR.
Pema Chodron states that the "essence of life is that it's challenging." I believe that with the right support, your difficult life experiences and challenges, whatever they may be or however they stemmed, can be overcome with time. I work with adults, adolescents, and couples through these challenging experiences. I bring empathic energy, intuition, careful consideration, humor, and challenge to the process of converting difficulty into growth. My work is driven by philosophies and therapies based in trauma-informed care, neurobiology, attachment theory, nonviolent communication, Emotion Focused Therapy, Buddhism, and EMDR.
(323) 303-3793 View (323) 303-3793
Photo of Stephanie Unson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Stephanie Unson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
As a registered art therapist (ATR) and aspiring play therapist, I currently work primarily with child and teenage clients. Through assisting my clients in processing their feelings and experiences from a strength based, person centered approach.
As a registered art therapist (ATR) and aspiring play therapist, I currently work primarily with child and teenage clients. Through assisting my clients in processing their feelings and experiences from a strength based, person centered approach.
(323) 990-6717 View (323) 990-6717
Photo of Isabella (Bella) Shirinyan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Isabella (Bella) Shirinyan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Navigating personal struggles often leaves us feeling alone, anxious, and disconnected. This experience can become even more intense when dealing with issues such as eating disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety, life transitions, bipolar disorder, and co-occurring conditions. I specialize in helping individuals navigate these challenges. Collaborating with psychiatrists, doctors, and dietitians, we form a holistic support team, going beyond traditional methods for comprehensive healing. We aim to equip you with tools for emotional, physical, and mental wellness, enabling lasting growth and resilience.
Navigating personal struggles often leaves us feeling alone, anxious, and disconnected. This experience can become even more intense when dealing with issues such as eating disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety, life transitions, bipolar disorder, and co-occurring conditions. I specialize in helping individuals navigate these challenges. Collaborating with psychiatrists, doctors, and dietitians, we form a holistic support team, going beyond traditional methods for comprehensive healing. We aim to equip you with tools for emotional, physical, and mental wellness, enabling lasting growth and resilience.
(818) 918-2237 View (818) 918-2237
Photo of Warren S Kim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Warren S Kim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, 72043
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, grappling with relationship challenges, or triggered by past traumas? You're not alone. I focus in providing a safe & supportive environment for individuals seeking to navigate these experiences. My ideal client is someone who recognizes the need for a safe space to process their feelings and develop coping skills. Whether you're struggling with panic attacks, communication issues in your relationships, I'm here to help.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, grappling with relationship challenges, or triggered by past traumas? You're not alone. I focus in providing a safe & supportive environment for individuals seeking to navigate these experiences. My ideal client is someone who recognizes the need for a safe space to process their feelings and develop coping skills. Whether you're struggling with panic attacks, communication issues in your relationships, I'm here to help.
(909) 487-5008 View (909) 487-5008
Photo of Jennifer Duong, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Jennifer Duong
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a first generation Asian-American clinician with 8 years of experience working with individuals from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnic groups. It's important to be able to process your thoughts and feelings in a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space. Exploring childhood histories and upbringings are an important part of understanding the patterns that make you who you are today. Finding effective coping skills, strategies, and techniques will become important tools to help you achieve your goals in therapy. We will collaborate so that you can manifest an emotionally balanced version of yourself!
Hello! I am a first generation Asian-American clinician with 8 years of experience working with individuals from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnic groups. It's important to be able to process your thoughts and feelings in a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space. Exploring childhood histories and upbringings are an important part of understanding the patterns that make you who you are today. Finding effective coping skills, strategies, and techniques will become important tools to help you achieve your goals in therapy. We will collaborate so that you can manifest an emotionally balanced version of yourself!
(657) 279-4523 View (657) 279-4523
Photo of Dr. Young Ok Kim, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Dr. Young Ok Kim
Psychologist, PsyD, MDiv
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Young Ok Kim enjoys helping those facing diverse challenges such as: anxiety and depression, trauma (including growing up in an abusive family), self-esteem, attachment issues, struggles with loss and grief, relationship and family conflict, and spiritual struggles related to mental health. Particularly, she has a special heart for 1.5 and 2nd generation Asians and their parents who face difficulties related to the unique generational differences stemming from language and cultural barriers. She provides therapy in both English and Korean and she is licensed in California and Illinois.
Dr. Young Ok Kim enjoys helping those facing diverse challenges such as: anxiety and depression, trauma (including growing up in an abusive family), self-esteem, attachment issues, struggles with loss and grief, relationship and family conflict, and spiritual struggles related to mental health. Particularly, she has a special heart for 1.5 and 2nd generation Asians and their parents who face difficulties related to the unique generational differences stemming from language and cultural barriers. She provides therapy in both English and Korean and she is licensed in California and Illinois.
(331) 256-2648 View (331) 256-2648
Photo of Ashley C. Kennedy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Ashley C. Kennedy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91105  (Online Only)
You’re not a big fan of yourself. You are your own worst critic and get in your own way. Relationships feel unbalanced and you give a lot more than you get back. Boundaries…what boundaries? You wake up feeling unfulfilled, uninspired, less than. You’re totally exhausted from feeling this way. Whether it's people pleasing, perfectionism, looking to the outside to fill the inside, feeling unloveable; it's all about building the relationship you have with yourself, which is the foundation for everything. This is my superpower as a therapist. I will help you realize your value, appreciate your uniqueness and become a fan of yourself.
You’re not a big fan of yourself. You are your own worst critic and get in your own way. Relationships feel unbalanced and you give a lot more than you get back. Boundaries…what boundaries? You wake up feeling unfulfilled, uninspired, less than. You’re totally exhausted from feeling this way. Whether it's people pleasing, perfectionism, looking to the outside to fill the inside, feeling unloveable; it's all about building the relationship you have with yourself, which is the foundation for everything. This is my superpower as a therapist. I will help you realize your value, appreciate your uniqueness and become a fan of yourself.
(747) 998-0771 View (747) 998-0771
Photo of William Whitney, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
William Whitney
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSt, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Asking for help is not always easy. Whether you are trying to navigate a difficult relationship, deepen an existing one, or if you find yourself in a place where you feel "stuck", we can work to equip you with tools to help your particular situation. The majority of my clients say therapy helped them increase their self-awareness and communication skills, reduce stress, have less anxiety, and have an increased ability to deal emotions. I specialize in work with individuals and couples around anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. I also specialize in group therapy and currently have openings my Thursday evening group at 6pm.
Asking for help is not always easy. Whether you are trying to navigate a difficult relationship, deepen an existing one, or if you find yourself in a place where you feel "stuck", we can work to equip you with tools to help your particular situation. The majority of my clients say therapy helped them increase their self-awareness and communication skills, reduce stress, have less anxiety, and have an increased ability to deal emotions. I specialize in work with individuals and couples around anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. I also specialize in group therapy and currently have openings my Thursday evening group at 6pm.
(626) 465-3145 View (626) 465-3145
Photo of Miranda Kent, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Miranda Kent
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Are you struggling with anxiety or stress related to love addiction or love avoidance? Do painful relational patterns keep your relationships stuck and unsatisfying? Do you feel that you are constantly striving for "better" and "more" in most aspects of your life, but often feel unworthy or not enough, even when you get what you want? These are all examples of patterns that arise when we are missed at important stages in our early development, When we were kids we had to adapt to our family system, but often these adaptations become stuck points in our adult life.
Are you struggling with anxiety or stress related to love addiction or love avoidance? Do painful relational patterns keep your relationships stuck and unsatisfying? Do you feel that you are constantly striving for "better" and "more" in most aspects of your life, but often feel unworthy or not enough, even when you get what you want? These are all examples of patterns that arise when we are missed at important stages in our early development, When we were kids we had to adapt to our family system, but often these adaptations become stuck points in our adult life.
(323) 677-4852 View (323) 677-4852
Photo of Christine Rivlin, Counselor in Pasadena, CA
Christine Rivlin
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
I work primarily with adults who are wanting to manage symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I will be with you on your path to discovery, recovery, and finding the person you would like to become. I approach therapy with a client-centered approach in order to create a safe, comfortable space for you to share and express yourself, and your vulnerabilities. We will explore healthy ways to process your trauma, regulate difficult emotions, and restore broken relationships. I believe the trust built between Client and Therapist is powerful, and necessary in order to help you through your healing journey.
I work primarily with adults who are wanting to manage symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I will be with you on your path to discovery, recovery, and finding the person you would like to become. I approach therapy with a client-centered approach in order to create a safe, comfortable space for you to share and express yourself, and your vulnerabilities. We will explore healthy ways to process your trauma, regulate difficult emotions, and restore broken relationships. I believe the trust built between Client and Therapist is powerful, and necessary in order to help you through your healing journey.
(626) 322-2871 View (626) 322-2871

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pasadena, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Pasadena, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
66% Grief
64% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth
52% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pasadena, CA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pasadena?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.