Therapists in Sierra Madre, CA

Photo of Melissa Lopez, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Melissa Lopez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
The clientele I work with come into my office with a variety of pressing life issues that are affecting their relationships. My practice is devoted to being an empathetic ear and a constructive partner in my clients' growth. I work with individuals, couples, families, and children. I specialize in working with LGBTQ+ clients.
The clientele I work with come into my office with a variety of pressing life issues that are affecting their relationships. My practice is devoted to being an empathetic ear and a constructive partner in my clients' growth. I work with individuals, couples, families, and children. I specialize in working with LGBTQ+ clients.
(323) 312-5250 View (323) 312-5250
Photo of Jacqueline R Pinn, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MEd
Jacqueline R Pinn
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MEd
3 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re pretty resilient but life has thrown you a curve ball. Maybe you’ve recently experienced a major transition (marriage/divorce, birth/death, aging, job loss/gain) or; your identity disrupts essential relationships (sexual orientation, religious affiliation, loving outside your race/ethnicity). Maybe a societal ill is beyond your control (racism, sexism, implicit bias, global pandemic). Your spouse/partner, boss, family or a friend has noticed it too but; you can't seem to talk to them about what's happening or you don't feel understood by them when you do. All you want is to feel better and tolerate life's ups and downs.
You’re pretty resilient but life has thrown you a curve ball. Maybe you’ve recently experienced a major transition (marriage/divorce, birth/death, aging, job loss/gain) or; your identity disrupts essential relationships (sexual orientation, religious affiliation, loving outside your race/ethnicity). Maybe a societal ill is beyond your control (racism, sexism, implicit bias, global pandemic). Your spouse/partner, boss, family or a friend has noticed it too but; you can't seem to talk to them about what's happening or you don't feel understood by them when you do. All you want is to feel better and tolerate life's ups and downs.
(626) 314-6310 View (626) 314-6310
Photo of Kendra Valdez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kendra Valdez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
Therapy is a delicate art and a science. Finding the right therapist is important. The connection by an understanding, intuitive professional, someone with wisdom and effectiveness, who also respects the time and the cost of your investment is valuable. I use an attachment-focused orientation, and tools from EMDR, Ego State Theory, CBT, 12-step recovery model, and other modalities. I have enjoyed a rich 25-year career as a trauma informed specialist. I have supervised and directed programs in public and non-profit sectors. Adoption is my specialty, as well as work with teens, young adults and families.
Therapy is a delicate art and a science. Finding the right therapist is important. The connection by an understanding, intuitive professional, someone with wisdom and effectiveness, who also respects the time and the cost of your investment is valuable. I use an attachment-focused orientation, and tools from EMDR, Ego State Theory, CBT, 12-step recovery model, and other modalities. I have enjoyed a rich 25-year career as a trauma informed specialist. I have supervised and directed programs in public and non-profit sectors. Adoption is my specialty, as well as work with teens, young adults and families.
(818) 322-4082 View (818) 322-4082
Photo of Nicole Pagan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Nicole Pagan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
We all experience challenges in life, and in especially tough times, it requires special attention from someone who cares and is trained to help. Feeling confused, overwhelmed, and not sure where to turn? I help clients navigate through unexpected life changes with compassion and curiosity. I work with people of all ages, working through anxiety, trauma, or emotional overwhelm. I often integrate Brainspotting, other mindfulness practices, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy into sessions along with music, which can offer powerful comfort and healing.
We all experience challenges in life, and in especially tough times, it requires special attention from someone who cares and is trained to help. Feeling confused, overwhelmed, and not sure where to turn? I help clients navigate through unexpected life changes with compassion and curiosity. I work with people of all ages, working through anxiety, trauma, or emotional overwhelm. I often integrate Brainspotting, other mindfulness practices, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy into sessions along with music, which can offer powerful comfort and healing.
(626) 635-1362 View (626) 635-1362
Photo of Eric Robinson, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Eric Robinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
Not accepting new clients
My clients are smart and resourceful. While their resilience may have resulted in successes, they find themselves overwhelmed and disconnected by stress, worry and hopelessness, struggling with transitions, challenges in relationships, identity, and an injured sense of self. Based in both personal experiences and formal credentials in Creative Writing and Psychology, I bring my passion for using words and inquiry to cultivate connection, insight and growth.
My clients are smart and resourceful. While their resilience may have resulted in successes, they find themselves overwhelmed and disconnected by stress, worry and hopelessness, struggling with transitions, challenges in relationships, identity, and an injured sense of self. Based in both personal experiences and formal credentials in Creative Writing and Psychology, I bring my passion for using words and inquiry to cultivate connection, insight and growth.
(626) 436-3731 View (626) 436-3731
Photo of Nina Loc, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Nina Loc
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) with experience helping individuals navigate life transitions, relationship challenges, trauma, and personal growth. Growing up in a traditional Chinese family and multicultural environment has given me a deep appreciation for how culture, family dynamics, and life experiences shape who we are. I have a special interest in helping clients explore the connection between their upbringing, career development, and overall well-being.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) with experience helping individuals navigate life transitions, relationship challenges, trauma, and personal growth. Growing up in a traditional Chinese family and multicultural environment has given me a deep appreciation for how culture, family dynamics, and life experiences shape who we are. I have a special interest in helping clients explore the connection between their upbringing, career development, and overall well-being.
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Photo of Christopher Nahumck, Psychologist, PhD, MSW, MDiv, MA
Christopher Nahumck
Psychologist, PhD, MSW, MDiv, MA
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
We have all felt it at one time or another. Lost. Alone. Uncertain and hesitant. Less than. The life that we want is just out of reach. In the modern world greater connectedness often rings hollow and false. We want to be connected. To be seen. To be known, deeply, authentically, for who we are in our core. We weren't born to feel the way we do, but for something more. Something better. Something we can achieve together.
We have all felt it at one time or another. Lost. Alone. Uncertain and hesitant. Less than. The life that we want is just out of reach. In the modern world greater connectedness often rings hollow and false. We want to be connected. To be seen. To be known, deeply, authentically, for who we are in our core. We weren't born to feel the way we do, but for something more. Something better. Something we can achieve together.
(626) 788-5045 View (626) 788-5045
Photo of Dr. Carrie N Dilley, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Carrie N Dilley
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
I emphasize the importance of every individual knowing that they have been understood. I am passionate about helping others know themselves better and I meet my clients wherever they are regardless of age, area of struggle, or disability. My specialization is supporting neurodivergent individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Attention Issues, Behavioral Challenges, Impulse Control Issues, Learning Disabilities, and Regulation and Sensory Processing Disorders. I provide individual, family and group therapy, parent coaching, neuropsychological assessment, and school consultations.
I emphasize the importance of every individual knowing that they have been understood. I am passionate about helping others know themselves better and I meet my clients wherever they are regardless of age, area of struggle, or disability. My specialization is supporting neurodivergent individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Attention Issues, Behavioral Challenges, Impulse Control Issues, Learning Disabilities, and Regulation and Sensory Processing Disorders. I provide individual, family and group therapy, parent coaching, neuropsychological assessment, and school consultations.
(626) 654-2396 View (626) 654-2396
Photo of Paula Timon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Paula Timon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
The circumstances that lead you to looking for a therapist can be overwhelming, and I'm here to partner with you through the pain and uncertainty. Whether it's a child or family member you're concerned about, family conflict, or your own mental health, I can help. I have provided compassionate care for more than twenty years to children and adolescents, families, and adults in both mental health and substance abuse treatment. I've worked in community-based agencies, residential treatment and intensive outpatient programs, mental health administration, and teaching at the graduate level.
The circumstances that lead you to looking for a therapist can be overwhelming, and I'm here to partner with you through the pain and uncertainty. Whether it's a child or family member you're concerned about, family conflict, or your own mental health, I can help. I have provided compassionate care for more than twenty years to children and adolescents, families, and adults in both mental health and substance abuse treatment. I've worked in community-based agencies, residential treatment and intensive outpatient programs, mental health administration, and teaching at the graduate level.
(626) 507-5013 View (626) 507-5013
Photo of Leslie Bartolf, Psychologist, PhD
Leslie Bartolf
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
Finding the right therapist can be challenging, so I recommend that you call at least three people and talk on the phone to see if you have a good sense of a connection. Noticing how someone listens to you, even in this initial, small way, can save you time and effort in setting up consultations. The art of listening well is the beginning of what can be a life giving experience, so I encourage you to see what treatment can do for you. All my best to you, Leslie Bartolf
Finding the right therapist can be challenging, so I recommend that you call at least three people and talk on the phone to see if you have a good sense of a connection. Noticing how someone listens to you, even in this initial, small way, can save you time and effort in setting up consultations. The art of listening well is the beginning of what can be a life giving experience, so I encourage you to see what treatment can do for you. All my best to you, Leslie Bartolf
(626) 385-8927 View (626) 385-8927
Photo of Stephanie Harimoto - Stephanie Harimoto, Trauma Therapist, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
Stephanie Harimoto, Trauma Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
26 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
You learned early that keeping the peace, staying agreeable, and hiding parts of yourself helped you stay safe. Now your own needs end up on the back burner while anxiety, guilt, and self-doubt follow you everywhere. You replay conversations, question your instincts, and struggle to trust your inner voice. Maybe you grew up in a high-control environment, experienced religious or spiritual trauma, or learned in your family that parts of you were unsafe to express. Trauma therapy can help you understand these patterns, process shame, reconnect with your body, and rebuild a sense of self-trust.
You learned early that keeping the peace, staying agreeable, and hiding parts of yourself helped you stay safe. Now your own needs end up on the back burner while anxiety, guilt, and self-doubt follow you everywhere. You replay conversations, question your instincts, and struggle to trust your inner voice. Maybe you grew up in a high-control environment, experienced religious or spiritual trauma, or learned in your family that parts of you were unsafe to express. Trauma therapy can help you understand these patterns, process shame, reconnect with your body, and rebuild a sense of self-trust.
(213) 296-0429 View (213) 296-0429
Photo of Sulfiati Meariam Magnuson - Sulfiati's Threshold Counseling, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Sulfiati's Threshold Counseling
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Online Only
Are you at a crossroads? Throughout life, we experience "little deaths" that change our life’s course. Loss of a dream, health, family, the earth we stand on, job, marriage, relationship, country or beliefs can suddenly take us over a threshold, chosen or not into a new world where life no longer makes any sense. Our old tools and ways of coping or understanding our self or our world are no longer enough to pilot us to the other side of what can feel like a vast, deep and turbulent river. While often terrifying, these are the golden opportunities in which our true nature, our soul or purpose in life can be revealed.
Are you at a crossroads? Throughout life, we experience "little deaths" that change our life’s course. Loss of a dream, health, family, the earth we stand on, job, marriage, relationship, country or beliefs can suddenly take us over a threshold, chosen or not into a new world where life no longer makes any sense. Our old tools and ways of coping or understanding our self or our world are no longer enough to pilot us to the other side of what can feel like a vast, deep and turbulent river. While often terrifying, these are the golden opportunities in which our true nature, our soul or purpose in life can be revealed.
(626) 727-8053 View (626) 727-8053
Photo of Kathryn Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Kathryn Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
Kathy Scott has a warmth and vitality, which foster a sense of trust and safety, and she has an especially strong ability to connect with and understand her clients. Her training in EMDR and psychoanalytic therapy effectively support her work-- helping heal abuse and trauma of all kinds. Because of her own personal experience, she has compassion and a heart for women who are widowed and experiencing deep losses. As a result, Kathy works well with women in transition, divorce, parenting issues, single-parenting, step-parenting, blended families, "empty nest" difficulties, and parent-caregiver concerns.
Kathy Scott has a warmth and vitality, which foster a sense of trust and safety, and she has an especially strong ability to connect with and understand her clients. Her training in EMDR and psychoanalytic therapy effectively support her work-- helping heal abuse and trauma of all kinds. Because of her own personal experience, she has compassion and a heart for women who are widowed and experiencing deep losses. As a result, Kathy works well with women in transition, divorce, parenting issues, single-parenting, step-parenting, blended families, "empty nest" difficulties, and parent-caregiver concerns.
(626) 486-9790 View (626) 486-9790
Photo of Jennifer Gustafson - Jennifer Gustafson: Couples, Individuals, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
Jennifer Gustafson: Couples, Individuals
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I view trauma as any experience that negatively impacts the Way we feel or think about ourselves, others, or the world. "I'm not good enough." "The world is not safe." Do you feel like sometimes you can't control your emotions, thoughts, or reactions? This is your nervous system trying to keep you safe. I can help you to identify your triggers and process the trauma so that you don't have to go through life carrying it all around with you. You do not have to live this way. Everyone's journey is unique and the brain is complicated, but there are many effective evidence-based techniques that can help us move past the trauma.
I view trauma as any experience that negatively impacts the Way we feel or think about ourselves, others, or the world. "I'm not good enough." "The world is not safe." Do you feel like sometimes you can't control your emotions, thoughts, or reactions? This is your nervous system trying to keep you safe. I can help you to identify your triggers and process the trauma so that you don't have to go through life carrying it all around with you. You do not have to live this way. Everyone's journey is unique and the brain is complicated, but there are many effective evidence-based techniques that can help us move past the trauma.
(323) 498-3645 View (323) 498-3645
Photo of Linda Hynes, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Linda Hynes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
The focus of my work in Marriage and Family Therapy has been to help individuals and families gain greater control over their lives, acquire freedom from areas of trauma and maintain healthy relationships with God and loved ones.
The focus of my work in Marriage and Family Therapy has been to help individuals and families gain greater control over their lives, acquire freedom from areas of trauma and maintain healthy relationships with God and loved ones.
(626) 499-6282 View (626) 499-6282
Photo of Connie Vaillancourt, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Connie Vaillancourt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Versed in multiple evidenced-based treatment approaches, I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and groups of various ethnic, religious, and socio-economic backgrounds. I have worked in residential settings, schools, private practice, non-profit organizations and intensive out-patient hospital programs (IOP). As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I have found that the nature of the therapeutic relationship is the underpinning and primary vehicle for effecting positive change.
Versed in multiple evidenced-based treatment approaches, I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and groups of various ethnic, religious, and socio-economic backgrounds. I have worked in residential settings, schools, private practice, non-profit organizations and intensive out-patient hospital programs (IOP). As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I have found that the nature of the therapeutic relationship is the underpinning and primary vehicle for effecting positive change.
(626) 466-3526 View (626) 466-3526
Photo of Mary B Malooly, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Mary B Malooly
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
Have you ever doubted yourself as a parent? Wife? Employee? Do you feel nothing you do is "good enough?" The challenges for women in today's "you CAN have it all" society leave many of us feeling inadequate and overwhelmed. If you are feeling insecure or fearful about your relationships, you don't have to go through it alone. Let's talk about how I can help you find the light at the end of the tunnel.
Have you ever doubted yourself as a parent? Wife? Employee? Do you feel nothing you do is "good enough?" The challenges for women in today's "you CAN have it all" society leave many of us feeling inadequate and overwhelmed. If you are feeling insecure or fearful about your relationships, you don't have to go through it alone. Let's talk about how I can help you find the light at the end of the tunnel.
(626) 593-5665 View (626) 593-5665
Photo of Sharon L Teruya, Psychologist, PhD
Sharon L Teruya
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I am known for working well with individuals who are shy and who may be fearful of entering therapy. I have a specialization in the diagnosis/assessment and treatment of AD/HD and learning disorders such as dyslexia. My therapeutic approach is primarily cognitive behavioral. Pragmatism describes my approach to treatment. Management of chronic mental illness, and adjustment issues relating to ethnic/cultural/generational and religious issues are also areas which I specialize in. I believe that at times addressing questions pertaining to meaning in life can be as important as changing behavioral patterns and emotions.
I am known for working well with individuals who are shy and who may be fearful of entering therapy. I have a specialization in the diagnosis/assessment and treatment of AD/HD and learning disorders such as dyslexia. My therapeutic approach is primarily cognitive behavioral. Pragmatism describes my approach to treatment. Management of chronic mental illness, and adjustment issues relating to ethnic/cultural/generational and religious issues are also areas which I specialize in. I believe that at times addressing questions pertaining to meaning in life can be as important as changing behavioral patterns and emotions.
(626) 344-8993 View (626) 344-8993
Photo of Brianna Winbigler, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, APCC
Brianna Winbigler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, APCC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm so glad you're here. I want to share some hopeful news with you: The way you are feeling right now is temporary. Perhaps you’ve been feeling stuck, stressed, unable to cope with life’s challenges, operating on auto-pilot, missing your sense of purpose, or struggling in your relationships. In these seasons, it can seem like life is just passing you by, while you miss out on moments of joy and connection. Just being here on your search for a therapist is a sign that you’re ready for a healthy and refreshing change in your life. Your desire to feel better is proof that it is possible.
I'm so glad you're here. I want to share some hopeful news with you: The way you are feeling right now is temporary. Perhaps you’ve been feeling stuck, stressed, unable to cope with life’s challenges, operating on auto-pilot, missing your sense of purpose, or struggling in your relationships. In these seasons, it can seem like life is just passing you by, while you miss out on moments of joy and connection. Just being here on your search for a therapist is a sign that you’re ready for a healthy and refreshing change in your life. Your desire to feel better is proof that it is possible.
(323) 861-3173 View (323) 861-3173
Photo of Yin Yin Lim - Yin Yin Lim: Anxiety/Perfectionism/Trauma, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Yin Yin Lim: Anxiety/Perfectionism/Trauma
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
2 Endorsed
Sierra Madre, CA 91024
Seeking help is a courageous step toward real change. My clients often find that my authentic curiosity and compassionate exploration help them uncover the “knots” in their personal, relational, and professional lives—leading to greater clarity and transformation. If you feel stuck in your relationships, unfulfilled despite professional success, or disconnected from yourself, therapy can help you move forward. Perhaps the ways you’ve coped in the past no longer serve you, leaving you wondering, “What’s wrong with me?” or “Why does something still feel missing?” but the real question might be, “What has happened to me?"
Seeking help is a courageous step toward real change. My clients often find that my authentic curiosity and compassionate exploration help them uncover the “knots” in their personal, relational, and professional lives—leading to greater clarity and transformation. If you feel stuck in your relationships, unfulfilled despite professional success, or disconnected from yourself, therapy can help you move forward. Perhaps the ways you’ve coped in the past no longer serve you, leaving you wondering, “What’s wrong with me?” or “Why does something still feel missing?” but the real question might be, “What has happened to me?"
(626) 774-7860 View (626) 774-7860

See more therapy options for Sierra Madre

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sierra Madre, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$193

Therapists in Sierra Madre, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
90% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
67% Optum
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Sierra Madre, CA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sierra Madre?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.