Therapists in Boulder, CO

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Photo of Joe Candelario, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA
Joe Candelario
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA
Boulder, CO 80303
You’ve been showing up, doing what’s expected, keeping things together yet something still feels off. You feel stuck, disconnected, unsure of what’s next, or who you are beneath expectations. Maybe you’ve lost touch with what makes you feel alive, or you’re realizing old patterns and belief systems aren’t working anymore. You want clarity, direction, and a deeper sense of meaning in your life and relationships.
You’ve been showing up, doing what’s expected, keeping things together yet something still feels off. You feel stuck, disconnected, unsure of what’s next, or who you are beneath expectations. Maybe you’ve lost touch with what makes you feel alive, or you’re realizing old patterns and belief systems aren’t working anymore. You want clarity, direction, and a deeper sense of meaning in your life and relationships.
(303) 351-2002 View (303) 351-2002
Photo of Tristam B Miles, Counselor, MA , LPCC
Tristam B Miles
Counselor, MA , LPCC
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80303
In my work at Alpine Neurotherapy, I combine the healing power of a safe and caring therapeutic relationship with qEEG informed neurofeedback technology. I consider qEEg neurofeedback technology to be a game changer in the mental health field for a few key reasons: 1) This technology gives us the ability to obtain objective data points or “biomarkers” in brain functioning which often represent root causes of symptom presentations 2) With this data we create individualized protocols that target the specific ares in the brain that will benefit from targeted neurofeedback training
In my work at Alpine Neurotherapy, I combine the healing power of a safe and caring therapeutic relationship with qEEG informed neurofeedback technology. I consider qEEg neurofeedback technology to be a game changer in the mental health field for a few key reasons: 1) This technology gives us the ability to obtain objective data points or “biomarkers” in brain functioning which often represent root causes of symptom presentations 2) With this data we create individualized protocols that target the specific ares in the brain that will benefit from targeted neurofeedback training
(754) 260-1087 View (754) 260-1087
Photo of Purnima Jagtap, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Purnima Jagtap
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80305
Not accepting new clients
I work with children, teens, young adults and parents who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, family challenges or life transitions. Many feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward. They want relief from constant worry, better ways to manage emotions, and stronger connections at home and in their relationships. My clients are seeking support to feel calmer, more confident, and able to handle life’s ups and downs with resilience and hope.
I work with children, teens, young adults and parents who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, family challenges or life transitions. Many feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward. They want relief from constant worry, better ways to manage emotions, and stronger connections at home and in their relationships. My clients are seeking support to feel calmer, more confident, and able to handle life’s ups and downs with resilience and hope.
(720) 794-5380 View (720) 794-5380
Photo of Amy Winters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Amy Winters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Boulder, CO 80301
INTEGRATIVE AND HOLISTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY - My approach is collaborative, interactive and holistic. I am interested in helping you to not only achieve your goals, but to provide lifelong tools for experiencing greater balance and fulfillment and to help you resolve past circumstances that impede living life to its fullest. I bring a diverse training in multiple modalities to our work together including EMDR, Brain-spotting, and Mindfulness and I integrate these with traditional cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic approaches for optimal healing. I offer Mindfulness Meditation classes to further deepen personal growth and healing.
INTEGRATIVE AND HOLISTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY - My approach is collaborative, interactive and holistic. I am interested in helping you to not only achieve your goals, but to provide lifelong tools for experiencing greater balance and fulfillment and to help you resolve past circumstances that impede living life to its fullest. I bring a diverse training in multiple modalities to our work together including EMDR, Brain-spotting, and Mindfulness and I integrate these with traditional cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic approaches for optimal healing. I offer Mindfulness Meditation classes to further deepen personal growth and healing.
(303) 747-4954 View (303) 747-4954
Photo of Laura K Baxter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Laura K Baxter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Sometimes in life, our ability to cope is no longer sufficient to get us through challenges or even day-to-day. This can leave us feeling anxious, depressed, and at times, out of control. We might notice ourselves experiencing struggles with self-care, sleep, relationships, self-esteem, health, and sometimes, turning to unhealthy habits to feel better. Therapy with me can help you regain control in your life, address past wounds, develop healthier coping skills, build resilience and heal.
Sometimes in life, our ability to cope is no longer sufficient to get us through challenges or even day-to-day. This can leave us feeling anxious, depressed, and at times, out of control. We might notice ourselves experiencing struggles with self-care, sleep, relationships, self-esteem, health, and sometimes, turning to unhealthy habits to feel better. Therapy with me can help you regain control in your life, address past wounds, develop healthier coping skills, build resilience and heal.
(720) 575-4965 View (720) 575-4965
Photo of Joseph A Toscano, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, CACIII, NBCC
Joseph A Toscano
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, CACIII, NBCC
Boulder, CO 80302
With over four decades of experience as an Addiction Specialist, Joseph brings a depth of clinical knowledge and perspective to his counseling practice that is rare. After 15 years of agency work, Joseph went into private practice in 1997. He obtained National Certification as a mental health professional and now combines his expertise with addictive processes with a holistic understanding of how these processes occur within a bigger milieu - often defined through unresolved grief and trauma. He has come to believe, that as human beings, we all have addictive tendencies that can connect us to deeper aspirations and dreams.
With over four decades of experience as an Addiction Specialist, Joseph brings a depth of clinical knowledge and perspective to his counseling practice that is rare. After 15 years of agency work, Joseph went into private practice in 1997. He obtained National Certification as a mental health professional and now combines his expertise with addictive processes with a holistic understanding of how these processes occur within a bigger milieu - often defined through unresolved grief and trauma. He has come to believe, that as human beings, we all have addictive tendencies that can connect us to deeper aspirations and dreams.
(303) 900-7259 View (303) 900-7259
Photo of Barbora Dolejšová, Counselor, MA, LPC
Barbora Dolejšová
Counselor, MA, LPC
7 Endorsed
Online Only
My clients are often brought to our work by longing. Longing for more soulful, nourishing relationships. For empowerment and wholeness in the face of trauma, grief, or a monumental life transition. For a sense of purpose or belonging. You may not even know what you long for. All you know is that something feels off, and that you want to feel safe and fully alive within your own skin. You're committed to your own growth, to relating to yourself and others from a place of wholeness, and you're looking for a container of support where you can be deeply seen and held in your fullest complexity.
My clients are often brought to our work by longing. Longing for more soulful, nourishing relationships. For empowerment and wholeness in the face of trauma, grief, or a monumental life transition. For a sense of purpose or belonging. You may not even know what you long for. All you know is that something feels off, and that you want to feel safe and fully alive within your own skin. You're committed to your own growth, to relating to yourself and others from a place of wholeness, and you're looking for a container of support where you can be deeply seen and held in your fullest complexity.
(720) 419-0365 View (720) 419-0365
Photo of Sarah Reddy, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sarah Reddy
Pre-Licensed Professional
Boulder, CO 80301
I work with individuals, parents, and caregivers who feel overwhelmed, stretched thin, or disconnected from themselves. Many are navigating anxiety, trauma, stress, or big life transitions like pregnancy and parenthood. In our work, we slow down, listen to the body, and explore your inner world with curiosity. Together we build regulation, self trust, and more ease so you can feel more grounded, connected, and supported in your life and relationships.
I work with individuals, parents, and caregivers who feel overwhelmed, stretched thin, or disconnected from themselves. Many are navigating anxiety, trauma, stress, or big life transitions like pregnancy and parenthood. In our work, we slow down, listen to the body, and explore your inner world with curiosity. Together we build regulation, self trust, and more ease so you can feel more grounded, connected, and supported in your life and relationships.
(970) 660-0863 View (970) 660-0863
Photo of Frances Lacson, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Frances Lacson
Counselor, MA, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Meaningful and lasting change is possible, especially within a supportive relationship. Together we’ll explore the root cause of your distress and alleviate what is blocking you from living the life you desire. I work with adult individuals and couples struggling with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and trauma. I combine talk therapy with body-centered and experiential interventions to help clients go deeper with the work and reach their goals in a profound way. My approach is honest, collaborative, and warm.
Meaningful and lasting change is possible, especially within a supportive relationship. Together we’ll explore the root cause of your distress and alleviate what is blocking you from living the life you desire. I work with adult individuals and couples struggling with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and trauma. I combine talk therapy with body-centered and experiential interventions to help clients go deeper with the work and reach their goals in a profound way. My approach is honest, collaborative, and warm.
(720) 927-9401 View (720) 927-9401
Photo of Scott Boyd, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Scott Boyd
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
8 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
Most likely you're not looking for a therapist because you feel so awesome you want to pay someone to talk about it. I know that certainly wasn't the case for me - I first sought therapy because I was in a ton of pain (and not the physical kind). If that sounds familiar, first off, welcome. Second, although suffering is difficult, sometimes it is the only thing that can motivate us to make the positive changes necessary for true happiness. Although it might be external circumstances that caused you to start looking for a therapist, it is the internal work that sets us free.
Most likely you're not looking for a therapist because you feel so awesome you want to pay someone to talk about it. I know that certainly wasn't the case for me - I first sought therapy because I was in a ton of pain (and not the physical kind). If that sounds familiar, first off, welcome. Second, although suffering is difficult, sometimes it is the only thing that can motivate us to make the positive changes necessary for true happiness. Although it might be external circumstances that caused you to start looking for a therapist, it is the internal work that sets us free.
(720) 903-2529 View (720) 903-2529
Photo of Tracy L Cobb, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, SEP
Tracy L Cobb
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, SEP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I help people who feel stunted by the lingering impact of trauma and early childhood relational wounding. I offer a welcoming space where safety and trust are imperative, inviting my clients to be truly heard and seen in a non-judgmental environment. By aligning with your innate wisdom, I offer space for clients to feel heard, empowered and supported to work through trauma and relational wounds. Together we set out on a journey to find greater flexibility and ease in life and to feel freedom and confidence to have a life worth living. Psychedelic/Peak experience integration also offered.
I help people who feel stunted by the lingering impact of trauma and early childhood relational wounding. I offer a welcoming space where safety and trust are imperative, inviting my clients to be truly heard and seen in a non-judgmental environment. By aligning with your innate wisdom, I offer space for clients to feel heard, empowered and supported to work through trauma and relational wounds. Together we set out on a journey to find greater flexibility and ease in life and to feel freedom and confidence to have a life worth living. Psychedelic/Peak experience integration also offered.
(720) 708-7718 View (720) 708-7718
Photo of Rachel Kelley, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Rachel Kelley
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
2 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
You're not alone if you long for intimacy, experience painful communication with your loved ones, or hope to nurture more stable and meaningful relationships. You may even be torn about whether to stay or go. Conflict, emotional shutdown, and misunderstanding often manifest from underlying fears or trauma histories. In our work together, I’ll help you tune into the subtle cues of your body, mind, and emotions. You are not broken; you are just carrying patterns that want care and attention as you're guided back into connection.
You're not alone if you long for intimacy, experience painful communication with your loved ones, or hope to nurture more stable and meaningful relationships. You may even be torn about whether to stay or go. Conflict, emotional shutdown, and misunderstanding often manifest from underlying fears or trauma histories. In our work together, I’ll help you tune into the subtle cues of your body, mind, and emotions. You are not broken; you are just carrying patterns that want care and attention as you're guided back into connection.
(720) 514-9738 View (720) 514-9738
Photo of Clarissa Gallegos, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Clarissa Gallegos
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Boulder, CO 80303
As a licensed professional counselor, I'm here to support you through whatever life is bringing your way. I work with children, teens and adults to help build resilience, strengthen coping skills, and navigate challenges with greater confidence and clarity. I offer a calm, steady space where kindness and respect are the foundation of our work together. My approach is flexible and tailored to your unique needs. I draw from a wide range of therapeutic tools—cognitive strategies, somatic therapy, creative interventions, play therapy, and more—with a strong focus on building self-worth, healthy habits, and emotional balance.
As a licensed professional counselor, I'm here to support you through whatever life is bringing your way. I work with children, teens and adults to help build resilience, strengthen coping skills, and navigate challenges with greater confidence and clarity. I offer a calm, steady space where kindness and respect are the foundation of our work together. My approach is flexible and tailored to your unique needs. I draw from a wide range of therapeutic tools—cognitive strategies, somatic therapy, creative interventions, play therapy, and more—with a strong focus on building self-worth, healthy habits, and emotional balance.
(720) 594-6993 View (720) 594-6993
Photo of Eric Novikoff, Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCC
Eric Novikoff
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCC
3 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80301
If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, difficulty in personal or work relationships, longtime patterns of not getting what you need in life despite trying really hard, and maybe feeling confused, exhausted, hopeless, abandoned, or that life has no meaning, I'd like to help. I've overcome many of these challenges myself and would like to use my experience and training to walk alongside you on a new path of healing, one step at a time, to build a life that brings you peace, happiness, and fulfillment of your needs and dreams. I enjoy working with clients of all ages, genders, sexuality as well as couples and families.
If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, difficulty in personal or work relationships, longtime patterns of not getting what you need in life despite trying really hard, and maybe feeling confused, exhausted, hopeless, abandoned, or that life has no meaning, I'd like to help. I've overcome many of these challenges myself and would like to use my experience and training to walk alongside you on a new path of healing, one step at a time, to build a life that brings you peace, happiness, and fulfillment of your needs and dreams. I enjoy working with clients of all ages, genders, sexuality as well as couples and families.
(970) 387-6718 View (970) 387-6718
Photo of Lori Diane Flower, LPC, MA
Lori Diane Flower
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80305
It takes support to change habits and to heal trauma. If you are seeking new ways of doing things, with greater alignment on your true path, therapy offers mindful support to navigate life’s ups and downs. I have 25 years experience guiding embodied transformational practices. Using somatic, nature based therapy & CBT, I offer clients compassion & unconditional positive regard while reflecting back the heart of the matter. I provide my clients with wholistic skills to face hard issues. Through creating strong internal foundations, my clients are supported in meeting life challenges with resiliency and a flexible mindset.
It takes support to change habits and to heal trauma. If you are seeking new ways of doing things, with greater alignment on your true path, therapy offers mindful support to navigate life’s ups and downs. I have 25 years experience guiding embodied transformational practices. Using somatic, nature based therapy & CBT, I offer clients compassion & unconditional positive regard while reflecting back the heart of the matter. I provide my clients with wholistic skills to face hard issues. Through creating strong internal foundations, my clients are supported in meeting life challenges with resiliency and a flexible mindset.
(720) 802-0364 View (720) 802-0364
Photo of Kim Emmert, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Kim Emmert
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Boulder, CO 80304
Are you feeling alone and isolated during this time of profound change and uncertainty happening all around us? Do you generally feel that you’re doing okay but sometimes you just need to let down the walls and cry or just be heard in all your fears and worries? If you need or want support, please know that you are not alone and please reach out to me or someone else. In my work as a Psychotherapist, a great deal of what I do when working with my clients is to just be there to care, listen and offer support however you most need it. When I use the word “support” what I mean is that hopefully you will feel less alone in your world.
Are you feeling alone and isolated during this time of profound change and uncertainty happening all around us? Do you generally feel that you’re doing okay but sometimes you just need to let down the walls and cry or just be heard in all your fears and worries? If you need or want support, please know that you are not alone and please reach out to me or someone else. In my work as a Psychotherapist, a great deal of what I do when working with my clients is to just be there to care, listen and offer support however you most need it. When I use the word “support” what I mean is that hopefully you will feel less alone in your world.
(617) 826-5942 View (617) 826-5942
Photo of Moana Kruschwitz, Psychologist, PhD
Moana Kruschwitz
Psychologist, PhD
Boulder, CO 80302
I believe that there is great power in developing a deeper understanding of who you are, your strengths and weakness, and how your brain functions and adapts-and applying this information to develop ways to manage and communicate your emotions and needs to the important people in your life. I have been working with kids, teens, adults and families for the last 15 years, and find it very meaningful and rewarding. I specialize in anxiety, depression, attachment and neurodevelopmental disorders, using cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, solution-oriented and family systems based approaches.
I believe that there is great power in developing a deeper understanding of who you are, your strengths and weakness, and how your brain functions and adapts-and applying this information to develop ways to manage and communicate your emotions and needs to the important people in your life. I have been working with kids, teens, adults and families for the last 15 years, and find it very meaningful and rewarding. I specialize in anxiety, depression, attachment and neurodevelopmental disorders, using cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, solution-oriented and family systems based approaches.
(303) 951-4779 View (303) 951-4779
Photo of Stephanie Cosca, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephanie Cosca
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80301
I am a psychodynamic therapist who draws on relational psychoanalysis. In simpler terms, I am deeply interested in you—your history, your relationships, your inner world, and the patterns that have shaped your life. In our work together, we will go beyond learning how to cope and look at how past relationships influence how you feel, behave, and relate now in order to fully understand each part of yourself and create meaningful change. I work with individuals and couples and my approach is always collaborative, paced, and attuned.
I am a psychodynamic therapist who draws on relational psychoanalysis. In simpler terms, I am deeply interested in you—your history, your relationships, your inner world, and the patterns that have shaped your life. In our work together, we will go beyond learning how to cope and look at how past relationships influence how you feel, behave, and relate now in order to fully understand each part of yourself and create meaningful change. I work with individuals and couples and my approach is always collaborative, paced, and attuned.
(720) 738-5733 View (720) 738-5733
Photo of Suzanne Palmer, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Suzanne Palmer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80301
Hi, I am passionate about providing counseling services. Have you lost your balance in relationships, work etc and need to recalibrate? I am here to help you. Together we can find understanding, relief, ways to cope and improve your life. My practice focuses on helping individuals and couples. Using a direct and interactive approach, my goal is to foster increased self-awareness and insight. Suggesting alternative approaches, I help clients develop skills needed to function in their lives more wholly. In the most empathetic way, I am going to challenge your thinking so you start to feel better.
Hi, I am passionate about providing counseling services. Have you lost your balance in relationships, work etc and need to recalibrate? I am here to help you. Together we can find understanding, relief, ways to cope and improve your life. My practice focuses on helping individuals and couples. Using a direct and interactive approach, my goal is to foster increased self-awareness and insight. Suggesting alternative approaches, I help clients develop skills needed to function in their lives more wholly. In the most empathetic way, I am going to challenge your thinking so you start to feel better.
(720) 743-5903 View (720) 743-5903
Photo of Zainab Alyasseri, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Zainab Alyasseri
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80301
“Your remedy is within you, but you do not sense it. You presume you are a small entity, but within you is enfolded the entire universe. What you seek is within you, if only you reflect.” - Imam Ali (AS)
“Your remedy is within you, but you do not sense it. You presume you are a small entity, but within you is enfolded the entire universe. What you seek is within you, if only you reflect.” - Imam Ali (AS)
(720) 897-0354 x104 View (720) 897-0354 x104

See more therapy options for Boulder

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Boulder, CO

2,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Boulder, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
84% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
71% Life Transitions
70% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Boulder, CO see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
22% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Boulder?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.