Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Joey K Yamada, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Joey K Yamada
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95811
If you are reading this, take heart, as you've already demonstrated your courage. Many people, if not most, never seek the help they need, professionally or personally. As a therapist, my philosophy is that every person is unique in their own way, and this requires a unique solution to the challenges you face. People are incredibly complex, and many times this is why cookie cutter interventions often fall flat, because the client is not fully understood before interventions are prescribed.
If you are reading this, take heart, as you've already demonstrated your courage. Many people, if not most, never seek the help they need, professionally or personally. As a therapist, my philosophy is that every person is unique in their own way, and this requires a unique solution to the challenges you face. People are incredibly complex, and many times this is why cookie cutter interventions often fall flat, because the client is not fully understood before interventions are prescribed.
(916) 602-4690 View (916) 602-4690
Photo of Shelly Ware, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shelly Ware
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95826  (Online Only)
My therapy style is collaborative and down to earth. I believe in helping empower my clients to make healthy choices. I enjoy teaching and encouraging my clients to become curious about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I have experience working with BIPOC Women who are experiencing anxiety, grief and loss, perinatal mood, and anxiety disorders, as well as navigating and healing from relationship trauma and unhealthy relationships. I also have experience helping women discern if they should stay or leave a relationship that feels confusing or unsupportive.
My therapy style is collaborative and down to earth. I believe in helping empower my clients to make healthy choices. I enjoy teaching and encouraging my clients to become curious about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I have experience working with BIPOC Women who are experiencing anxiety, grief and loss, perinatal mood, and anxiety disorders, as well as navigating and healing from relationship trauma and unhealthy relationships. I also have experience helping women discern if they should stay or leave a relationship that feels confusing or unsupportive.
(279) 202-9585 View (279) 202-9585
Photo of Thomas Edward Secula, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Thomas Edward Secula
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95821  (Online Only)
I’m passionate about creating a supportive and empathetic space where you can openly explore your experiences and work towards positive change. My approach is deeply influenced by restorative justice principles, which emphasize understanding, healing, and personal growth.
I’m passionate about creating a supportive and empathetic space where you can openly explore your experiences and work towards positive change. My approach is deeply influenced by restorative justice principles, which emphasize understanding, healing, and personal growth.
(916) 619-3424 View (916) 619-3424
Photo of Kaylan Dias, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kaylan Dias
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95820  (Online Only)
Are you a woman whose life looks “good” from the outside, and yet it still feels like something is missing? You’ve accomplished a lot in life, but don’t feel the sense of fulfillment you expected. A big life change—maybe a breakup, new job, new marriage, change in family dynamic, or move—has highlighted the fact that you’re still not as happy or content as you want to be. Something is telling you that you need to make a shift (even if you’re not quite sure what it is). You want to gain deeper insight into yourself & your past experiences, and you’re ready to change your “default setting” and start creating new patterns in your life.
Are you a woman whose life looks “good” from the outside, and yet it still feels like something is missing? You’ve accomplished a lot in life, but don’t feel the sense of fulfillment you expected. A big life change—maybe a breakup, new job, new marriage, change in family dynamic, or move—has highlighted the fact that you’re still not as happy or content as you want to be. Something is telling you that you need to make a shift (even if you’re not quite sure what it is). You want to gain deeper insight into yourself & your past experiences, and you’re ready to change your “default setting” and start creating new patterns in your life.
(916) 510-0325 View (916) 510-0325
Photo of Sharon Vernon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sharon Vernon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95828
Whichever battle or challenge you may be facing, I can provide support to help you thrive rather than survive. During the valleys of our journey, support can be helpful to bring light and understanding. I like to highlight your inner strength in order to promote positive change. I'll help you through this time by building and celebrating your resiliency. I work from a variety of therapy models, and I like to match the style that will best fit your needs, including, but not limited to Solution-focused therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing.
Whichever battle or challenge you may be facing, I can provide support to help you thrive rather than survive. During the valleys of our journey, support can be helpful to bring light and understanding. I like to highlight your inner strength in order to promote positive change. I'll help you through this time by building and celebrating your resiliency. I work from a variety of therapy models, and I like to match the style that will best fit your needs, including, but not limited to Solution-focused therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing.
(916) 659-7909 View (916) 659-7909
Photo of William Michael Henry Kleemann, ACSW
William Michael Henry Kleemann
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Having experienced my own issues with trauma and addiction I know first hand how difficult it is to seek help, that is why I aim to make therapy a streamlined process tailored to your specific needs and in a timeframe that works for you. Whether its trauma, depression, anxiety or any number of other mental health affliction I am here to help and support.
Having experienced my own issues with trauma and addiction I know first hand how difficult it is to seek help, that is why I aim to make therapy a streamlined process tailored to your specific needs and in a timeframe that works for you. Whether its trauma, depression, anxiety or any number of other mental health affliction I am here to help and support.
(916) 398-2602 View (916) 398-2602
Photo of Candace Henrikson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Candace Henrikson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Waitlist for new clients
I offer a therapeutic experience that aligns with core values. I am passionate about working with teens, adult individuals and families who are motivated to address pain that may be dictating their lives and sense of self. I want to help you work through that pain together to reveal strengths, values and inner wisdom that can empower you to feel that your best self is dictating your life instead of the problem saturated one.
I offer a therapeutic experience that aligns with core values. I am passionate about working with teens, adult individuals and families who are motivated to address pain that may be dictating their lives and sense of self. I want to help you work through that pain together to reveal strengths, values and inner wisdom that can empower you to feel that your best self is dictating your life instead of the problem saturated one.
(916) 378-1433 View (916) 378-1433
Photo of Sierra Burton - Sierra Family Therapy Centers, LMFT
Sierra Family Therapy Centers
LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
We are passionate and dedicated therapists from various backgrounds and theoretical orientations. We work with individuals, families, children and couples. Treating trauma, depression, anxiety and more. Many of us are trained in EMDR and brain spotting. We believe in removing barriers to treatment and therefore, take MediCal and sliding scale fee. Most of us are trained in brainspotting. This is a safe space for all.
We are passionate and dedicated therapists from various backgrounds and theoretical orientations. We work with individuals, families, children and couples. Treating trauma, depression, anxiety and more. Many of us are trained in EMDR and brain spotting. We believe in removing barriers to treatment and therefore, take MediCal and sliding scale fee. Most of us are trained in brainspotting. This is a safe space for all.
(916) 312-1060 View (916) 312-1060
Photo of Jaycie Wildermuth, MS, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Jaycie Wildermuth
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95826
“I am not what has happened to me, I am what I choose to become.” - Carl Jung. This quote is a foundational belief of my therapeutic process and approach. Meaning making is the process of reclaiming your life, your body, and your experiences to create the life that you want and deserve. Whether this is your first time in therapy or returning, you are so brave to take this first step of honoring and caring for yourself. I believe that each person is an expert of their own life experience and that behavior makes sense in context.
“I am not what has happened to me, I am what I choose to become.” - Carl Jung. This quote is a foundational belief of my therapeutic process and approach. Meaning making is the process of reclaiming your life, your body, and your experiences to create the life that you want and deserve. Whether this is your first time in therapy or returning, you are so brave to take this first step of honoring and caring for yourself. I believe that each person is an expert of their own life experience and that behavior makes sense in context.
(279) 759-0127 View (279) 759-0127
Photo of Stacia D. Ponce-Rodriguez, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Stacia D. Ponce-Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95841  (Online Only)
There are times in our lives when we need a compssionate ear with empathy and validation to sit with you during certain seasons of life. I have a wealth of experience working with diverse, evolved, economic social groups and varied ages of children and adults throughout my career. It is a pleasure to serve families as a whole as well as individuals as they need with my guided expertise to see people land where they desire and deserve to be. Therapy should be an opportunity to have someone you trust journey alongside your process with humilty, respect and encouragement. Together, we can achieve all that is possible.
There are times in our lives when we need a compssionate ear with empathy and validation to sit with you during certain seasons of life. I have a wealth of experience working with diverse, evolved, economic social groups and varied ages of children and adults throughout my career. It is a pleasure to serve families as a whole as well as individuals as they need with my guided expertise to see people land where they desire and deserve to be. Therapy should be an opportunity to have someone you trust journey alongside your process with humilty, respect and encouragement. Together, we can achieve all that is possible.
(530) 364-5248 View (530) 364-5248
Photo of Kathryn Rabak, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathryn Rabak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Need change? If you’re searching for a safe space to explore your identities, learn how to manage life stressors, deal with emotional baggage that weighs you down, or equip yourself with tools to reach your goals, you’ve taken an important first step towards change. In the space we’ll build together during our work, I’ll strive to help you recognize patterns, learn about yourself, and develop skills, knowledge, and awareness that allow you to move towards the best version of your life and yourself.
Need change? If you’re searching for a safe space to explore your identities, learn how to manage life stressors, deal with emotional baggage that weighs you down, or equip yourself with tools to reach your goals, you’ve taken an important first step towards change. In the space we’ll build together during our work, I’ll strive to help you recognize patterns, learn about yourself, and develop skills, knowledge, and awareness that allow you to move towards the best version of your life and yourself.
(916) 571-9481 View (916) 571-9481
Photo of Leslie Kolb, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie Kolb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
My therapy style is warm, practical, and nonjudgmental. I have found that leading with authenticity and reserving judgment is key to building a safe, therapeutic relationship that will be the foundation for our work together. I prioritize your individual perspective and experiences and tailor our sessions to serve both your overarching goals and your needs in the moment. My approach to therapy is rooted in traditional psychodynamic practice while incorporating skills specifically targeted at supporting you in reaching your goals.
My therapy style is warm, practical, and nonjudgmental. I have found that leading with authenticity and reserving judgment is key to building a safe, therapeutic relationship that will be the foundation for our work together. I prioritize your individual perspective and experiences and tailor our sessions to serve both your overarching goals and your needs in the moment. My approach to therapy is rooted in traditional psychodynamic practice while incorporating skills specifically targeted at supporting you in reaching your goals.
(310) 924-6317 View (310) 924-6317
Photo of Heather L. Damon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Heather L. Damon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
(916) 619-5841 View (916) 619-5841
Photo of Justin Aaron Olson, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Justin Aaron Olson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you feel like you are stuck in your head ? Does it feel like you’re living a life that's not in sync with the person you are ? Do you too often dwell on the past and it keeps you feeling stuck ? I am a therapist who has been in the field for over 15 years and have worked with a diverse set of clientele. My background, Interpersonal Neurobiology of Attachment, focuses on how experiences and significant relationships influence how we react to internal cues and interpret the world. As we grow and change we continually interact with the stories we tell ourselves within our minds and this greatly impacts the essence of our thoughts.
Do you feel like you are stuck in your head ? Does it feel like you’re living a life that's not in sync with the person you are ? Do you too often dwell on the past and it keeps you feeling stuck ? I am a therapist who has been in the field for over 15 years and have worked with a diverse set of clientele. My background, Interpersonal Neurobiology of Attachment, focuses on how experiences and significant relationships influence how we react to internal cues and interpret the world. As we grow and change we continually interact with the stories we tell ourselves within our minds and this greatly impacts the essence of our thoughts.
(530) 454-8787 View (530) 454-8787
Photo of Lindsay Conner - Clinic for Healing and Change, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Clinic for Healing and Change
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Are you feeling overwhelmed by depression, anxiety or struggling to maintain a healthy relationship? Let us provide you with compassionate support and guidance that you need. As an experienced therapist, I specialize in helping individuals find relief from their mental health challenges and work collaboratively with couples to enhance their connection and understanding. Together, we can navigate the complexities of your emotions and relationships, empower you to lead a happier and more fulfilling life. Take the first step towards healing and reach out today.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by depression, anxiety or struggling to maintain a healthy relationship? Let us provide you with compassionate support and guidance that you need. As an experienced therapist, I specialize in helping individuals find relief from their mental health challenges and work collaboratively with couples to enhance their connection and understanding. Together, we can navigate the complexities of your emotions and relationships, empower you to lead a happier and more fulfilling life. Take the first step towards healing and reach out today.
(916) 432-4070 View (916) 432-4070
Photo of Veronika McQuiston, LPCC
Veronika McQuiston
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95826
Hello, my name is Veronika McQuiston. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with 8 years of experience. My areas of expertise are addiction, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, grief/loss, and trauma counseling. My approach to therapy is focusing on my clients' strengths to help them achieve the goals that they set for themselves in life. I have experience working with a wide variety of clients ranging from ages 5-99. The conditions that I am most comfortable treating are depression, anxiety, trauma, grief/loss, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction.
Hello, my name is Veronika McQuiston. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with 8 years of experience. My areas of expertise are addiction, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, grief/loss, and trauma counseling. My approach to therapy is focusing on my clients' strengths to help them achieve the goals that they set for themselves in life. I have experience working with a wide variety of clients ranging from ages 5-99. The conditions that I am most comfortable treating are depression, anxiety, trauma, grief/loss, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction.
(916) 970-8093 View (916) 970-8093
Photo of Daisy Reese, LCSW, CGP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Daisy Reese
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95811
As a therapist and trainer/consultant for over 30 years, I’ve come to appreciate the power of stories - both individual and collective. Who am I? How do I build and sustain relationships that matter? How do I express what is making it hard to find my place in the world and express who I really am? These are questions that we all struggle with. Therapy offers a support for exploring these questions ad discovering our own answers. I am a Certified Relational Gestalt Therapist with training in Jungian, Object Relations and Family Systems. I look forward to the possibility of getting to know you.
As a therapist and trainer/consultant for over 30 years, I’ve come to appreciate the power of stories - both individual and collective. Who am I? How do I build and sustain relationships that matter? How do I express what is making it hard to find my place in the world and express who I really am? These are questions that we all struggle with. Therapy offers a support for exploring these questions ad discovering our own answers. I am a Certified Relational Gestalt Therapist with training in Jungian, Object Relations and Family Systems. I look forward to the possibility of getting to know you.
(510) 306-1737 View (510) 306-1737
Photo of Jason Briggs, LMFT, BSW, MHRS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jason Briggs
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BSW, MHRS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
What do you want? What are you doing to get it? Is it working, and if not, what can you do differently? Your personal goals for therapy, once defined, will be at the heart of our work together. I'll support you in applying your strengths, deepening your sense of connection to yourself and those you love, and finding healthy ways to relate to negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Suffering is part of the human condition, but together, we can learn to respond to it skillfully. Slowing down, healing and integrating life experiences will be our focus!
What do you want? What are you doing to get it? Is it working, and if not, what can you do differently? Your personal goals for therapy, once defined, will be at the heart of our work together. I'll support you in applying your strengths, deepening your sense of connection to yourself and those you love, and finding healthy ways to relate to negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Suffering is part of the human condition, but together, we can learn to respond to it skillfully. Slowing down, healing and integrating life experiences will be our focus!
(530) 723-1579 View (530) 723-1579
Photo of Danielle K Christy - Inclusively Minded, MA, LEP3165
Inclusively Minded
MA, LEP3165
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95834
I have spent the last 15 years working as a school psychologist, adjunct professor, and contractor. I have served students from preschool to high school aged and worked in the full range of settings from public schools, charter schools, to non-public schools. I am a proud graduate of the University of California, Davis and California State University, Sacramento. In 2010, I obtained my License as an Educational Psychologist (LEP # 3165).
I have spent the last 15 years working as a school psychologist, adjunct professor, and contractor. I have served students from preschool to high school aged and worked in the full range of settings from public schools, charter schools, to non-public schools. I am a proud graduate of the University of California, Davis and California State University, Sacramento. In 2010, I obtained my License as an Educational Psychologist (LEP # 3165).
(530) 322-5666 View (530) 322-5666
Photo of Paul Van Zeumeren, PsyD,  LMFT, Psychologist
Paul Van Zeumeren
Psychologist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Dr. Paul Van Zeumeren is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California who has been practicing since 2012. Dr. Paul uses the systems approach to inform individuals how familial experiences may be affecting current relationships and outlooks. He holds a PsyD in Clinical Psychology with a specialization in Family Systems/Dynamics. He held a C.A.T.C., which is a certified addiction treatment counselor while working towards his licensure and degrees, so he is a specialist in recovery from substance use disorders. Dr. Paul’s counseling style is pretty laid-back.
Dr. Paul Van Zeumeren is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California who has been practicing since 2012. Dr. Paul uses the systems approach to inform individuals how familial experiences may be affecting current relationships and outlooks. He holds a PsyD in Clinical Psychology with a specialization in Family Systems/Dynamics. He held a C.A.T.C., which is a certified addiction treatment counselor while working towards his licensure and degrees, so he is a specialist in recovery from substance use disorders. Dr. Paul’s counseling style is pretty laid-back.
(916) 884-6277 View (916) 884-6277
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
70% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills
63% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.