Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Alina Liu in New York, NY
Alina Liu
LPMHC, MA, ME
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Welcome to a therapeutic space dedicated to your well-being and growth. I am a bilingual mental health therapist in English and Mandarin and received my master’s degree from Teachers College, Columbia University. I have worked with individuals, adolescents, and families from diverse backgrounds, addressing a wide range of clinical issues such as anxiety, trauma, PTSD, mood disorders, family-of-origin issues, self-esteem, self-worth, and academic challenges. I am dedicated to creating an inclusive therapeutic space and welcoming individuals from LGBTQAI+ and BIPOC communities.
Welcome to a therapeutic space dedicated to your well-being and growth. I am a bilingual mental health therapist in English and Mandarin and received my master’s degree from Teachers College, Columbia University. I have worked with individuals, adolescents, and families from diverse backgrounds, addressing a wide range of clinical issues such as anxiety, trauma, PTSD, mood disorders, family-of-origin issues, self-esteem, self-worth, and academic challenges. I am dedicated to creating an inclusive therapeutic space and welcoming individuals from LGBTQAI+ and BIPOC communities.
(646) 956-3767 View (646) 956-3767
Photo of Kim Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kim Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10012
Finding a therapist can be a daunting process. I believe it is important to feel at ease in order to do the work therapy entails. I provide a comfortable, down-to-earth environment that will allow you to develop insight, find more choices in your life, and to build self confidence. I have advanced training in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, however unlike classical analysis I do not act as a blank screen and have a contemporary approach. I provide feedback and believe in mutual collaboration between patient and therapist.
Finding a therapist can be a daunting process. I believe it is important to feel at ease in order to do the work therapy entails. I provide a comfortable, down-to-earth environment that will allow you to develop insight, find more choices in your life, and to build self confidence. I have advanced training in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, however unlike classical analysis I do not act as a blank screen and have a contemporary approach. I provide feedback and believe in mutual collaboration between patient and therapist.
(917) 725-4007 View (917) 725-4007
Photo of Jessica Forem, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jessica Forem
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
As your therapist, my mission is to guide you towards a healthier life that feels more meaningful to you. I help individuals just like you to set realistic and attainable goals, and offer unwavering support to help you achieve these goals that pave the way for a more fulfilling life.
As your therapist, my mission is to guide you towards a healthier life that feels more meaningful to you. I help individuals just like you to set realistic and attainable goals, and offer unwavering support to help you achieve these goals that pave the way for a more fulfilling life.
(929) 383-6727 View (929) 383-6727
Photo of Stephanie King, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Stephanie King
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
I believe in the power of therapy to help individuals better understand themselves and their relationships. I specialize in providing therapy to individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, depression, family/relationship conflicts, life transitions, trauma, and racial/gender discrimination. I aim to create a secure and compassionate environment for individuals and couples from marginalized communities. Utilizing a therapeutic lens that involves integrating an individual's identity, culture, and lived experience while we address your concerns.
I believe in the power of therapy to help individuals better understand themselves and their relationships. I specialize in providing therapy to individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, depression, family/relationship conflicts, life transitions, trauma, and racial/gender discrimination. I aim to create a secure and compassionate environment for individuals and couples from marginalized communities. Utilizing a therapeutic lens that involves integrating an individual's identity, culture, and lived experience while we address your concerns.
(646) 490-1783 View (646) 490-1783
Photo of Susan Hein, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Susan Hein
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MPS, LP, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
As a psychoanalyst and psychotherapist, in clinical practice for 35+ years, I deal with issues of depression, anxiety, relationship and social life problems, aging, creative blocks, marital conflicts, parenting, divorce, child and school problems, loss, adoption, spousal and/or family member's dementia, etc... My practice includes adults of all ages -- from the young to the elderly. My clinical experience includes people from varying backgrounds and fields -- including the creative arts, law, media, education adults of all ages either in transition, or returning to school, as well as those who are stay-at-home mothers or fathers.
As a psychoanalyst and psychotherapist, in clinical practice for 35+ years, I deal with issues of depression, anxiety, relationship and social life problems, aging, creative blocks, marital conflicts, parenting, divorce, child and school problems, loss, adoption, spousal and/or family member's dementia, etc... My practice includes adults of all ages -- from the young to the elderly. My clinical experience includes people from varying backgrounds and fields -- including the creative arts, law, media, education adults of all ages either in transition, or returning to school, as well as those who are stay-at-home mothers or fathers.
(646) 863-7981 View (646) 863-7981
Photo of Jessica Meiman Psychotherapy in New York, NY
Jessica Meiman Psychotherapy
MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You’re looking for a therapist who will get you and help you feel unburdened by emotional pain. You're ready to heal and better understand who you are - to feel more comfortable, confident, and content. In our work together, you’ll gain awareness of your emotions, where they come from, and what to do with them. We’ll work to alleviate your pain by exploring your patterns of relating to yourself and to others.
You’re looking for a therapist who will get you and help you feel unburdened by emotional pain. You're ready to heal and better understand who you are - to feel more comfortable, confident, and content. In our work together, you’ll gain awareness of your emotions, where they come from, and what to do with them. We’ll work to alleviate your pain by exploring your patterns of relating to yourself and to others.
(914) 506-5705 View (914) 506-5705
Photo of Union Square Psychology, Psychologist in New York, NY
Union Square Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
Union Square Psychology is a diverse team of licensed psychologists and licensed social workers who are proud to serve the mental health needs of those who live in and around New York City. We provide high quality, personalized therapy for individuals, couples and groups. Our work is grounded in ongoing study of the latest research and theoretical literature examining psychology and human relationships.
Union Square Psychology is a diverse team of licensed psychologists and licensed social workers who are proud to serve the mental health needs of those who live in and around New York City. We provide high quality, personalized therapy for individuals, couples and groups. Our work is grounded in ongoing study of the latest research and theoretical literature examining psychology and human relationships.
(917) 979-9905 View (917) 979-9905
Photo of Beverly Amsel, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Beverly Amsel
Licensed Psychoanalyst
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023
As a psychotherapist for more than 30 years, I have seen how people get in their own way and prevent themselves from living the lives they want. I specialize in working on the issues and conflicts between adult children and their parents. I also work with individuals who have trouble in relationships with partners, children, friends, bosses. I focus on helping people to become more comfortable with themselves and with their own thoughts and feelings and with the way others feel about them. I have a special interest in working with parenting, couple and workplace issues.
As a psychotherapist for more than 30 years, I have seen how people get in their own way and prevent themselves from living the lives they want. I specialize in working on the issues and conflicts between adult children and their parents. I also work with individuals who have trouble in relationships with partners, children, friends, bosses. I focus on helping people to become more comfortable with themselves and with their own thoughts and feelings and with the way others feel about them. I have a special interest in working with parenting, couple and workplace issues.
(646) 583-3874 View (646) 583-3874
Photo of Haven of Revitalizing Support LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Haven of Revitalizing Support LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You've been searching for a therapist...many options available, yet so many factors to consider...it may be your first time and you don't know what to expect?...or you may be starting over?... Allow Haven of Revitalizing Support to provide you with the safe space to explore yourself and gain the tools to finally start addressing the problems or symptoms that are not allowing you to sleep well at night, causing you to feel worried, to over-think, feel sad, extreme anxiety, scattered, lacking confidence, or simply left feeling powerless.
You've been searching for a therapist...many options available, yet so many factors to consider...it may be your first time and you don't know what to expect?...or you may be starting over?... Allow Haven of Revitalizing Support to provide you with the safe space to explore yourself and gain the tools to finally start addressing the problems or symptoms that are not allowing you to sleep well at night, causing you to feel worried, to over-think, feel sad, extreme anxiety, scattered, lacking confidence, or simply left feeling powerless.
(347) 694-4729 View (347) 694-4729
Photo of Chloe Carmichael, Psychologist in New York, NY
Chloe Carmichael
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10075  (Online Only)
I work well with clients seeking help with stress management, relationship issues, goal attainment, or issues related to emotion and self-esteem. My ideal clients are professionals who are seeking results. In addition to my work with clients, I also provide practice building tools for clinicians. Although I am currently on sabbatical from psychotherapy clients, I do oversee my associates, Amanda Pelcher, LMFT and Grayson Stadler, LCSW. You can have a free consultation with my office to learn more. Send us an email or give us a call so we may assist you further!
I work well with clients seeking help with stress management, relationship issues, goal attainment, or issues related to emotion and self-esteem. My ideal clients are professionals who are seeking results. In addition to my work with clients, I also provide practice building tools for clinicians. Although I am currently on sabbatical from psychotherapy clients, I do oversee my associates, Amanda Pelcher, LMFT and Grayson Stadler, LCSW. You can have a free consultation with my office to learn more. Send us an email or give us a call so we may assist you further!
(929) 552-3456 View (929) 552-3456
Photo of Lauren Salazar in New York, NY
Lauren Salazar
MHC-LP
Not Verified Not Verified
New York, NY 10001
I aim to create a space that allows for clients to feel seen, heard, and learn tangible tools that can help them confidently navigate the challenges of life. As an Asian American, I understand how difficult it can be to seek help and open up when facing stigma against mental health and strive to cultivate a comfortable space to explore, learn, and heal. I recognize the immigrant bicultural experience and the impact of institutional injustices that may shape individuals’ lives.
I aim to create a space that allows for clients to feel seen, heard, and learn tangible tools that can help them confidently navigate the challenges of life. As an Asian American, I understand how difficult it can be to seek help and open up when facing stigma against mental health and strive to cultivate a comfortable space to explore, learn, and heal. I recognize the immigrant bicultural experience and the impact of institutional injustices that may shape individuals’ lives.
(646) 849-5259 View (646) 849-5259
Photo of Elizabeth Armstrong, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Elizabeth Armstrong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
New York, NY 10024
I am an EMDR Trainer and Therapist, Certified Schema Therapist, and Certified Meditation Teacher with 20 years of experience helping clients heal and reclaim their lives. I received my training at Columbia University and The National Institute for The Psychotherapies (NIP). I provide a balance of empathy, gentle confrontation, and EMDR therapy to help my clients cope with painful past experiences, maximize their current potential, and set and achieve future goals..
I am an EMDR Trainer and Therapist, Certified Schema Therapist, and Certified Meditation Teacher with 20 years of experience helping clients heal and reclaim their lives. I received my training at Columbia University and The National Institute for The Psychotherapies (NIP). I provide a balance of empathy, gentle confrontation, and EMDR therapy to help my clients cope with painful past experiences, maximize their current potential, and set and achieve future goals..
(917) 525-2301 View (917) 525-2301
Photo of Joshua Dolman, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Joshua Dolman
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10036  (Online Only)
I am a psychodynamic and cognitive behaviorally oriented, trauma-informed therapist, with over ten years of experience working in the human services field. Through my many years of clinical practice, I have come to specialize in working with clients from diverse and marginalized populations, including veterans, young mothers, members of the LGBTQ+ community, adults with learning disabilities, adolescents, trauma survivors, and adults with severe/persistent mental illness. I believe in the importance of using self-exploration as an instrument to improve one's emotional wellbeing.
I am a psychodynamic and cognitive behaviorally oriented, trauma-informed therapist, with over ten years of experience working in the human services field. Through my many years of clinical practice, I have come to specialize in working with clients from diverse and marginalized populations, including veterans, young mothers, members of the LGBTQ+ community, adults with learning disabilities, adolescents, trauma survivors, and adults with severe/persistent mental illness. I believe in the importance of using self-exploration as an instrument to improve one's emotional wellbeing.
(646) 374-3025 x700 View (646) 374-3025 x700
Photo of Olivia Bergeron, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Olivia Bergeron
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
Everyone needs help from time to time. Parents, in particular, are faced with stress and pressures that reverberate throughout the family. It is a sign of strength to take action and reach out when things don't seem to be getting better on their own. You don't have time to waste, and I partner with you to get you feeling better quickly. Giving clients practical tools to make real, lasting changes is the hallmark of my work as a therapist and certified peaceful parenting coach.
Everyone needs help from time to time. Parents, in particular, are faced with stress and pressures that reverberate throughout the family. It is a sign of strength to take action and reach out when things don't seem to be getting better on their own. You don't have time to waste, and I partner with you to get you feeling better quickly. Giving clients practical tools to make real, lasting changes is the hallmark of my work as a therapist and certified peaceful parenting coach.
(917) 747-7017 View (917) 747-7017
Photo of Lexie L Braverman, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Lexie L Braverman
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
I want to foster a relationship with my clients where they feel comfortable discussing the possibilities of change. I have spent many years working in the creative arts, the restaurant industry, and with adolescents and families. I am no stranger to heightened levels of resilience, empathy, and patience. I wish to create a safe place where introspection and exploration leads you to asking more questions and clarifying your goals. The strength of our therapeutic relationship will foster your ability for growth and human connection. I very much look forward to working with you.
I want to foster a relationship with my clients where they feel comfortable discussing the possibilities of change. I have spent many years working in the creative arts, the restaurant industry, and with adolescents and families. I am no stranger to heightened levels of resilience, empathy, and patience. I wish to create a safe place where introspection and exploration leads you to asking more questions and clarifying your goals. The strength of our therapeutic relationship will foster your ability for growth and human connection. I very much look forward to working with you.
(929) 521-6636 View (929) 521-6636
Photo of Greg Hofmann, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Greg Hofmann
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10012
Respecting the uniqueness of each individual is at the core of my practice and I tailor my approach to meet your specific needs. I firmly believe that healing and growth occur within the context of a safe, authentic, and empathetic therapeutic relationship. I am currently completing my master’s degree in rehabilitation counseling at Rutgers University. I received my undergraduate psychology degree from Boston University, where I focused on women, gender, queer and sexuality studies, rendering me sensitive to the needs and issues affecting members of the LGBTQIA+ and other diverse communities.
Respecting the uniqueness of each individual is at the core of my practice and I tailor my approach to meet your specific needs. I firmly believe that healing and growth occur within the context of a safe, authentic, and empathetic therapeutic relationship. I am currently completing my master’s degree in rehabilitation counseling at Rutgers University. I received my undergraduate psychology degree from Boston University, where I focused on women, gender, queer and sexuality studies, rendering me sensitive to the needs and issues affecting members of the LGBTQIA+ and other diverse communities.
(347) 652-2554 View (347) 652-2554
Photo of Meredith Prescott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Meredith Prescott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017
The world is changing at an unprecedented pace, and we all need to find ways of navigating the changes in our lives. Though it can be difficult and uncomfortable, change is an opportunity to reevaluate your priorities and find a greater sense of balance and calm. And as a therapist, I specialize in supporting young adults and premarital and marital couples who experience challenges in their relationships, chronic illness, grief, or everyday life. I will help you develop tools to navigate life more effectively through trying and uncertain times while also defining your wants and needs - no matter how big those desires might be!
The world is changing at an unprecedented pace, and we all need to find ways of navigating the changes in our lives. Though it can be difficult and uncomfortable, change is an opportunity to reevaluate your priorities and find a greater sense of balance and calm. And as a therapist, I specialize in supporting young adults and premarital and marital couples who experience challenges in their relationships, chronic illness, grief, or everyday life. I will help you develop tools to navigate life more effectively through trying and uncertain times while also defining your wants and needs - no matter how big those desires might be!
(551) 999-6073 View (551) 999-6073
Photo of Adam Jakub Biec, Counselor in New York, NY
Adam Jakub Biec
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Navigating life's emotional or relational challenges requires both support and expertise. With a specialty in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), I offer targeted interventions for those grappling with anxiety and depression, equipping you with tools to find balance. In couples counseling, we work collaboratively to nurture understanding and restore harmony. For individuals confronting panic-related disorders, I provide a compassionate approach rooted in deep expertise. What truly distinguishes our practice is the fusion of evidence-based techniques with genuine empathy. Together, we'll pave your way toward holistic well-being.
Navigating life's emotional or relational challenges requires both support and expertise. With a specialty in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), I offer targeted interventions for those grappling with anxiety and depression, equipping you with tools to find balance. In couples counseling, we work collaboratively to nurture understanding and restore harmony. For individuals confronting panic-related disorders, I provide a compassionate approach rooted in deep expertise. What truly distinguishes our practice is the fusion of evidence-based techniques with genuine empathy. Together, we'll pave your way toward holistic well-being.
(347) 897-0551 View (347) 897-0551
Photo of Benn Grodin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Benn Grodin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
As a strengths based and patient centered clinician, my existential approach allows patients to discover a stronger and more fitting identity, and identify the obstacles that hinder self-actualization in a nonjudgmental, open-minded forum. I counsel individual adults and couples facing many issues including anxiety, depression, relationship discord, sexuality issues, occupational distress and substance related problems.
As a strengths based and patient centered clinician, my existential approach allows patients to discover a stronger and more fitting identity, and identify the obstacles that hinder self-actualization in a nonjudgmental, open-minded forum. I counsel individual adults and couples facing many issues including anxiety, depression, relationship discord, sexuality issues, occupational distress and substance related problems.
(646) 956-1186 View (646) 956-1186
Michael P Noth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CASAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017
Perhaps you're consuming drugs/alcohol at an increasing level, and you've tried but can't stop; Or perhaps you're existentially lost, scared, adrift and rudderless; Or you're haunted by a trauma that will not release its grip on your mind..? I offer a compassionate, supportive and direct approach and skills to help you find and achieve your goals in life. If you're ready to explore the underlying negative beliefs that weigh you down and fuel chronic negative thoughts and behaviors then call me. We will work together to rediscover your authentic self, that person you somehow left behind and who is waiting for you to come back.
Perhaps you're consuming drugs/alcohol at an increasing level, and you've tried but can't stop; Or perhaps you're existentially lost, scared, adrift and rudderless; Or you're haunted by a trauma that will not release its grip on your mind..? I offer a compassionate, supportive and direct approach and skills to help you find and achieve your goals in life. If you're ready to explore the underlying negative beliefs that weigh you down and fuel chronic negative thoughts and behaviors then call me. We will work together to rediscover your authentic self, that person you somehow left behind and who is waiting for you to come back.
(917) 746-1981 View (917) 746-1981

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.