Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

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Photo of Jessica Gelfand, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jessica Gelfand
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hello! I'm Jessica, I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) working in New York State. I specialize in working with adults with a range of concerns from serious mental health diagnoses to addiction, to anxiety and relationship concerns. I typically work with adults dealing with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, and/or PTSD. I'm happy to discuss diagnoses and conditions not listed as well. I work with individuals of all gender identities, as well as everyone across the LGBTIQA+ spectrum.
Hello! I'm Jessica, I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) working in New York State. I specialize in working with adults with a range of concerns from serious mental health diagnoses to addiction, to anxiety and relationship concerns. I typically work with adults dealing with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, and/or PTSD. I'm happy to discuss diagnoses and conditions not listed as well. I work with individuals of all gender identities, as well as everyone across the LGBTIQA+ spectrum.
(332) 900-4104 View (332) 900-4104
Photo of Carolyn Ella McIntyre, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, EFT
Carolyn Ella McIntyre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, EFT
6 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11242
Are you and your partner becoming distant, like roommates? Are you longing for more closeness? Are you needing to pull away and not sure you can make your partner happy? I can help you and your partner find more emotional closeness and a safer more caring connection. I help many couples and found the best approach to couple counseling and marital therapy to be EFT, Emotionally Focused Therapy for couples by Dr Susan Johnson. Outcome studies show 75% see improvement in trust of their partner, and satisfaction. Improving relationships also decreases stress, enables one to feel safer and less alone.
Are you and your partner becoming distant, like roommates? Are you longing for more closeness? Are you needing to pull away and not sure you can make your partner happy? I can help you and your partner find more emotional closeness and a safer more caring connection. I help many couples and found the best approach to couple counseling and marital therapy to be EFT, Emotionally Focused Therapy for couples by Dr Susan Johnson. Outcome studies show 75% see improvement in trust of their partner, and satisfaction. Improving relationships also decreases stress, enables one to feel safer and less alone.
(917) 746-8666 View (917) 746-8666
Photo of Ayleen Alago, Counselor, LMHC, CRC, BCPC
Ayleen Alago
Counselor, LMHC, CRC, BCPC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of NY with 25+ years of experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents. I have extensive experience in treating anxiety and mood disorders, relationship issues, stress, major life changes, disabilities, career goals, military life, family, marital and couple’s struggles. I am an empathic counselor who uses a combination of therapies to help clients identify the root causes of their issues. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. My style with patients is always motivating, interactive and collaborative.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of NY with 25+ years of experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents. I have extensive experience in treating anxiety and mood disorders, relationship issues, stress, major life changes, disabilities, career goals, military life, family, marital and couple’s struggles. I am an empathic counselor who uses a combination of therapies to help clients identify the root causes of their issues. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. My style with patients is always motivating, interactive and collaborative.
(929) 581-8501 View (929) 581-8501
Photo of Ivan Ionkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Ivan Ionkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11213
Welcome—this is a space just for you. A place, where you can speak freely without fear of judgment, pressure or expectation. Whatever you're carrying you're not alone here. Together, we'll take the time to explore the challenges you're facing, at your own pace and in a way that feels safe and respectful. Part of our work will involve gently uncovering any false beliefs or inner narratives that may be influencing how you see yourself and see the world around you.
Welcome—this is a space just for you. A place, where you can speak freely without fear of judgment, pressure or expectation. Whatever you're carrying you're not alone here. Together, we'll take the time to explore the challenges you're facing, at your own pace and in a way that feels safe and respectful. Part of our work will involve gently uncovering any false beliefs or inner narratives that may be influencing how you see yourself and see the world around you.
(929) 297-9663 View (929) 297-9663
Photo of Tashana Joseph, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHC-LP
Tashana Joseph
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHC-LP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client feels emotionally overwhelmed or stuck and unsure how to move forward. They may be navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, identity concerns, or stress that’s impacting their relationships, work, or sense of self. Many appear high-functioning on the outside but feel burnt out, disconnected, or stretched thin inside. They’re seeking clarity, balance, and a nonjudgmental space to be honest, better understand their emotions, build healthier coping skills, and feel more grounded.
My ideal client feels emotionally overwhelmed or stuck and unsure how to move forward. They may be navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, identity concerns, or stress that’s impacting their relationships, work, or sense of self. Many appear high-functioning on the outside but feel burnt out, disconnected, or stretched thin inside. They’re seeking clarity, balance, and a nonjudgmental space to be honest, better understand their emotions, build healthier coping skills, and feel more grounded.
(929) 661-8079 View (929) 661-8079
Photo of Alana Vicentini - Alana Vicentini, LMH-C (Maternal Mental Health), Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, PMH-C
Alana Vicentini, LMH-C (Maternal Mental Health)
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, PMH-C
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11206
I work with new parents, expectant mothers, and hopeful parents who are navigating the emotional challenges of pregnancy, postpartum, infertility, or the grief of a miscarriage. Many of the clients who come to me are overwhelmed by anxiety or sadness after experiencing challenges during the parenthood journey, or just not feeling like themselves. My goal is to help you heal, find your footing again, and develop effective coping strategies that will serve you long-term.
I work with new parents, expectant mothers, and hopeful parents who are navigating the emotional challenges of pregnancy, postpartum, infertility, or the grief of a miscarriage. Many of the clients who come to me are overwhelmed by anxiety or sadness after experiencing challenges during the parenthood journey, or just not feeling like themselves. My goal is to help you heal, find your footing again, and develop effective coping strategies that will serve you long-term.
(332) 252-0945 View (332) 252-0945
Photo of Elena Conte, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Elena Conte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I enjoy working with clients that are curious and excited about what they could discover about themselves through therapy. I work with those struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and relationship issues. I hope to provide my clients with a non-judgmental space where you don’t have to "perform" or have it all figured out. If you are ready to untangle difficult memories and stop fighting an uphill battle against stress and trauma, I am here to help you do that work. We're a team!
I enjoy working with clients that are curious and excited about what they could discover about themselves through therapy. I work with those struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and relationship issues. I hope to provide my clients with a non-judgmental space where you don’t have to "perform" or have it all figured out. If you are ready to untangle difficult memories and stop fighting an uphill battle against stress and trauma, I am here to help you do that work. We're a team!
(929) 577-2634 View (929) 577-2634
Photo of Hillary Bowden, LMHC
Hillary Bowden
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you struggling in your relationships? Experiencing work stress? Unable to make time for yourself? I am happy to provide support, guidance, and feedback that may help in resolving issues that come up throughout life. I believe that therapy can not only help you heal from your past but also develop the tools needed to be the best version of yourself.
Are you struggling in your relationships? Experiencing work stress? Unable to make time for yourself? I am happy to provide support, guidance, and feedback that may help in resolving issues that come up throughout life. I believe that therapy can not only help you heal from your past but also develop the tools needed to be the best version of yourself.
(929) 810-4096 View (929) 810-4096
Photo of Naomi Cohen-Thompson, Art Therapist, MPS, ATR-BC, LCAT
Naomi Cohen-Thompson
Art Therapist, MPS, ATR-BC, LCAT
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11232
I work with people to support their emotional needs, offer tools for a life that feels less stressful and more fulfilling, and make space to process the uncomfortable and difficult feelings that often directly affect creativity, personal and professional relationships and growth.
I work with people to support their emotional needs, offer tools for a life that feels less stressful and more fulfilling, and make space to process the uncomfortable and difficult feelings that often directly affect creativity, personal and professional relationships and growth.
(929) 822-4520 View (929) 822-4520
Photo of Dr. Marissa Fruchter, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Marissa Fruchter
Psychologist, PsyD
Brooklyn, NY 11201
I’m a licensed clinical psychologist working with individuals and couples to help them better understand themselves, their feelings, and their relationships. I prioritize building trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationships. By creating a warm and nonjudgmental environment, I’ll help you feel safe and comfortable to be yourself, express the full range of your thoughts and feelings, and explore new ways of being. I don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all approach. You’re the expert on yourself, and my role is to help you identify what has made you you and what patterns might be holding you back.
I’m a licensed clinical psychologist working with individuals and couples to help them better understand themselves, their feelings, and their relationships. I prioritize building trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationships. By creating a warm and nonjudgmental environment, I’ll help you feel safe and comfortable to be yourself, express the full range of your thoughts and feelings, and explore new ways of being. I don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all approach. You’re the expert on yourself, and my role is to help you identify what has made you you and what patterns might be holding you back.
(347) 273-8687 View (347) 273-8687
Photo of Lisa Gladden, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lisa Gladden
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11233
Great News! You’ve made it. Way to go. Life can be so changing and demanding. Dealing with everyday stressors can get us down. However, I am here to help support you on your journey to healing and recovery. I have been working in the Social Service field for over 20 plus years. I have dealt with homelessness, domestic violence, adolescents, LGBTQIA+, mental health, sexual abuse, substance abuse and the criminal justice system. I am a therapist with my MSW under the supervision of Amira Crawford, LCSW at Amira For Her, a group practice dedicated to supporting BIPOC with their mental health.
Great News! You’ve made it. Way to go. Life can be so changing and demanding. Dealing with everyday stressors can get us down. However, I am here to help support you on your journey to healing and recovery. I have been working in the Social Service field for over 20 plus years. I have dealt with homelessness, domestic violence, adolescents, LGBTQIA+, mental health, sexual abuse, substance abuse and the criminal justice system. I am a therapist with my MSW under the supervision of Amira Crawford, LCSW at Amira For Her, a group practice dedicated to supporting BIPOC with their mental health.
(347) 695-4785 View (347) 695-4785
Photo of Lisa Arnone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, AF-EMDR
Lisa Arnone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, AF-EMDR
Brooklyn, NY 11201
When the time comes to make a change, it takes courage to ask for support. To be one who can respond to that request is a privilege. Starting in community mental health (access for all) and moving into my private practice, I have had experience working with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, and grieving with adults, children, couples, and the LGBTQ community. I specialize in working with people who have a history of trauma, big and small, and varied relational issues. I integrate my psychodynamic and relational training with long- or short-term, problem focused psychotherapeutic work as well as EMDR treatment.
When the time comes to make a change, it takes courage to ask for support. To be one who can respond to that request is a privilege. Starting in community mental health (access for all) and moving into my private practice, I have had experience working with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, and grieving with adults, children, couples, and the LGBTQ community. I specialize in working with people who have a history of trauma, big and small, and varied relational issues. I integrate my psychodynamic and relational training with long- or short-term, problem focused psychotherapeutic work as well as EMDR treatment.
(646) 321-5549 View (646) 321-5549
Photo of Colette VandenEijnden, Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
Colette VandenEijnden
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi, my name is Colette. As a queer biracial woman, I understand the complexity of navigating multiple identities and the importance of having a therapist who truly sees you. I welcome clients of all backgrounds and identities.
Hi, my name is Colette. As a queer biracial woman, I understand the complexity of navigating multiple identities and the importance of having a therapist who truly sees you. I welcome clients of all backgrounds and identities.
(929) 828-4034 View (929) 828-4034
Photo of Erin Brienza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Erin Brienza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brooklyn, NY 11242
Seeking therapy is an act of strength and courage and the results can be life changing. Maybe you find yourself stuck in patterns that are negatively effecting your life, or you may have suffered a traumatic loss and just need a safe place to heal, or maybe you are experiencing challenges in your current relationships or with work/life balance. Whatever the reason, the therapeutic relationship offers the opportunity for positive change and growth. My goal is to help you on your journey by creating a safe, yet structured, environment for growth and healing.
Seeking therapy is an act of strength and courage and the results can be life changing. Maybe you find yourself stuck in patterns that are negatively effecting your life, or you may have suffered a traumatic loss and just need a safe place to heal, or maybe you are experiencing challenges in your current relationships or with work/life balance. Whatever the reason, the therapeutic relationship offers the opportunity for positive change and growth. My goal is to help you on your journey by creating a safe, yet structured, environment for growth and healing.
(347) 537-5405 View (347) 537-5405
Photo of Greyson Soukup, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Greyson Soukup
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brooklyn, NY 11209
As a licensed mental health professional, my dedication lies in supporting you to reach your personal goals through a personalized approach. I draw from a diverse range of therapeutic methods, carefully tailored to fit your unique preferences and needs. My areas of focus include aging, health and general anxiety, depression, substance use, self harm, eating disorders, and couples counseling. I understand that facing mental health can be challenging and at times daunting or uncomfortable.
As a licensed mental health professional, my dedication lies in supporting you to reach your personal goals through a personalized approach. I draw from a diverse range of therapeutic methods, carefully tailored to fit your unique preferences and needs. My areas of focus include aging, health and general anxiety, depression, substance use, self harm, eating disorders, and couples counseling. I understand that facing mental health can be challenging and at times daunting or uncomfortable.
(929) 405-1877 View (929) 405-1877
Photo of Malky Katz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Malky Katz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Life can feel heavy—whether you’re dealing with anxiety, grief, body image issues, PTSD or relationship stress. Maybe you’ve been holding it together for others but feel exhausted inside. You don’t have to go through it alone. I offer a warm, inclusive space where you can feel heard and supported. Together, we’ll explore what’s keeping you stuck, build coping tools, and help you reconnect with your strength, clarity, and resilience—at your own pace, with compassion.
Life can feel heavy—whether you’re dealing with anxiety, grief, body image issues, PTSD or relationship stress. Maybe you’ve been holding it together for others but feel exhausted inside. You don’t have to go through it alone. I offer a warm, inclusive space where you can feel heard and supported. Together, we’ll explore what’s keeping you stuck, build coping tools, and help you reconnect with your strength, clarity, and resilience—at your own pace, with compassion.
(929) 470-3987 View (929) 470-3987
Photo of Samantha Denise Lebo, Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Samantha Denise Lebo
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I’m Dr. Samantha Lebo (she/her/hers), a postdoctoral fellow with an emphasis in health psychology providing services for clients in New York. I work strive to create a collaborative, empowering, and non-judgmental safe space for my clients. I provide therapy for anxiety, depression, grief, caregiver fatigue, burnout, sleep concerns, memory concerns, forming health habits and lifestyle changes, life transitions, identity stress/LGBTQIA+ community, health concerns, race-based trauma, and trauma-informed cases. My aim is to help you navigate difficult experiences while working towards better health and overall mood.
I’m Dr. Samantha Lebo (she/her/hers), a postdoctoral fellow with an emphasis in health psychology providing services for clients in New York. I work strive to create a collaborative, empowering, and non-judgmental safe space for my clients. I provide therapy for anxiety, depression, grief, caregiver fatigue, burnout, sleep concerns, memory concerns, forming health habits and lifestyle changes, life transitions, identity stress/LGBTQIA+ community, health concerns, race-based trauma, and trauma-informed cases. My aim is to help you navigate difficult experiences while working towards better health and overall mood.
(347) 934-6366 View (347) 934-6366
Photo of Yonette Eversley, Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Yonette Eversley
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
You may be the one who holds everything together for your family, your relationships, and your career while quietly carrying anxiety, emotional stress, or unresolved hurt. On the outside, you appear capable. On the inside, you feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or stretched thin. You might be navigating relationship conflict, communication breakdowns, co parenting stress, foster or adoptive parenting challenges, or a major life transition. What you want is relief, clarity, and support that feels grounded, culturally responsive, and genuinely safe.
You may be the one who holds everything together for your family, your relationships, and your career while quietly carrying anxiety, emotional stress, or unresolved hurt. On the outside, you appear capable. On the inside, you feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or stretched thin. You might be navigating relationship conflict, communication breakdowns, co parenting stress, foster or adoptive parenting challenges, or a major life transition. What you want is relief, clarity, and support that feels grounded, culturally responsive, and genuinely safe.
(929) 717-4895 View (929) 717-4895
Photo of Nicole Agostini Robinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Nicole Agostini Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Online Only
Greetings! While achieving wellness can take time, my goal is to collaborate with you at every encounter. It takes a tremendous amount of courage to seek professional help and an even greater amount to make change. I applaud you! I am ready to open my psychotherapy toolkit and journey with you. As a seasoned clinician, I come to you with more than twenty-five years of experience. I have worked with a range of conditions from depression, anxiety, stress and trauma; whether related to family, career, life/role transitions, chronic medical/terminal illnesses, to name a few. So let's get started!
Greetings! While achieving wellness can take time, my goal is to collaborate with you at every encounter. It takes a tremendous amount of courage to seek professional help and an even greater amount to make change. I applaud you! I am ready to open my psychotherapy toolkit and journey with you. As a seasoned clinician, I come to you with more than twenty-five years of experience. I have worked with a range of conditions from depression, anxiety, stress and trauma; whether related to family, career, life/role transitions, chronic medical/terminal illnesses, to name a few. So let's get started!
(914) 814-6786 View (914) 814-6786
Photo of Quincy Adams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSEd, LCSW
Quincy Adams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSEd, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11205
Feeling stuck, unfulfilled, or overwhelmed can make life feel like a difficult journey. Our struggles often surface in relationships—whether with partners, family, or friends—as well as in our professional life. Even after trying many approaches, you may still find it difficult to make lasting shifts. In our work together, we can aim to find the hidden baggage that burdens your walk through life. My approach focuses on helping you tap into your innate capacity for healing and growth so you can create the changes you are seeking and build a life centered on living, loving and creating more fully.
Feeling stuck, unfulfilled, or overwhelmed can make life feel like a difficult journey. Our struggles often surface in relationships—whether with partners, family, or friends—as well as in our professional life. Even after trying many approaches, you may still find it difficult to make lasting shifts. In our work together, we can aim to find the hidden baggage that burdens your walk through life. My approach focuses on helping you tap into your innate capacity for healing and growth so you can create the changes you are seeking and build a life centered on living, loving and creating more fully.
(347) 809-6153 View (347) 809-6153

See more therapy options for Brooklyn

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Brooklyn, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
94% Social Anxiety
94% Health Anxiety
94% Driving Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
78% Relationship Anxiety

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Brooklyn, NY see their clients

53% Online Only
47% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
18% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brooklyn?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.