Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Elizabeth Rubino, Mental Health Counselor in New York, NY
Elizabeth Rubino
Mental Health Counselor, MA, RDT, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
“Someone I loved once gave me a box of darkness. It took years to realize that this, too, was a gift.”-Mary Oliver / My belief is that healing takes place in relationships. As your therapist, it is my hope that the journey we embark on together through your individual story, will offer you a solid foundation for healing, growth and positive change. I bring an authentic, humorous, empathetic warmth while also challenging you too show up fully and bring your most present self. Through our therapeutic relationship and with you, the expert of your own life at the helm, we will access your many strengths to navigate each given moment.
“Someone I loved once gave me a box of darkness. It took years to realize that this, too, was a gift.”-Mary Oliver / My belief is that healing takes place in relationships. As your therapist, it is my hope that the journey we embark on together through your individual story, will offer you a solid foundation for healing, growth and positive change. I bring an authentic, humorous, empathetic warmth while also challenging you too show up fully and bring your most present self. Through our therapeutic relationship and with you, the expert of your own life at the helm, we will access your many strengths to navigate each given moment.
(929) 930-6417 View (929) 930-6417
Photo of Cristina Vaccaro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Cristina Vaccaro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA, MFA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
We all come to therapy in our own way. Often because we've lost our way. Maybe there’s a current crisis or ongoing feelings of dissatisfaction, anger that gets the better of you, sadness that won’t go away or confusion about where you’re going. Whatever your reason, you know you want something different - greater spontaneity, deeper connections, more intimacy...with yourself and others. Together, we’ll explore where you come from, examine where you are and expand where you want to go.
We all come to therapy in our own way. Often because we've lost our way. Maybe there’s a current crisis or ongoing feelings of dissatisfaction, anger that gets the better of you, sadness that won’t go away or confusion about where you’re going. Whatever your reason, you know you want something different - greater spontaneity, deeper connections, more intimacy...with yourself and others. Together, we’ll explore where you come from, examine where you are and expand where you want to go.
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Photo of Thérèse Boyle, Counselor in New York, NY
Thérèse Boyle
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
My name is Thérèse Boyle, I am a licensed mental health counselor with a masters degree in mental health counseling and wellness from New York University. I specialize in treating eating disorders and PTSD, but have experience working with individuals experiencing a variety of mental health issues in both inpatient and outpatient settings. My approach is trauma-informed and relational in nature - through the use of radical empathy, affirmation, and a bit of humor, I support my clients in understanding and experiencing themselves and their lives more wholly.
My name is Thérèse Boyle, I am a licensed mental health counselor with a masters degree in mental health counseling and wellness from New York University. I specialize in treating eating disorders and PTSD, but have experience working with individuals experiencing a variety of mental health issues in both inpatient and outpatient settings. My approach is trauma-informed and relational in nature - through the use of radical empathy, affirmation, and a bit of humor, I support my clients in understanding and experiencing themselves and their lives more wholly.
(929) 822-4763 View (929) 822-4763
Photo of Audra Callo, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Audra Callo
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
You and your life circumstances are unique, so I am here to meet you where you currently are to help you achieve your individual goals. To accomplish these goals, we often have to lean into discomfort which requires bravery, perseverance, and patience. You are the expert of yourself and during therapy I am a helpful resource with a skill set that provides guidance and direction. My therapeutic orientations vary from individual Psychodynamic Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, DBT, and Executive Functioning for ADHD, along with Couples Therapy for individuals who are hoping to improve and/or repair their relationships.
You and your life circumstances are unique, so I am here to meet you where you currently are to help you achieve your individual goals. To accomplish these goals, we often have to lean into discomfort which requires bravery, perseverance, and patience. You are the expert of yourself and during therapy I am a helpful resource with a skill set that provides guidance and direction. My therapeutic orientations vary from individual Psychodynamic Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, DBT, and Executive Functioning for ADHD, along with Couples Therapy for individuals who are hoping to improve and/or repair their relationships.
(347) 679-6016 View (347) 679-6016
Sheila Berger Chazin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
I collaborate with my clients to identify their issues, goals & challenges so that our work together is targeted and effective.
I collaborate with my clients to identify their issues, goals & challenges so that our work together is targeted and effective.
(929) 538-3763 View (929) 538-3763
Nicole C Cocchiaro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10034
My goal for the individuals I work with to feel both empowered and supported while decreasing symptoms and stressors they are experiencing while increasing their self-resiliency. I work with individuals suffering from depression and/or anxiety and the various affected areas one’s lives such as relationships, self-esteem, work and grief. I take an integrated approach to help individuals find their unique path to a better life. I have over 15 years of experience working in the mental health field.
My goal for the individuals I work with to feel both empowered and supported while decreasing symptoms and stressors they are experiencing while increasing their self-resiliency. I work with individuals suffering from depression and/or anxiety and the various affected areas one’s lives such as relationships, self-esteem, work and grief. I take an integrated approach to help individuals find their unique path to a better life. I have over 15 years of experience working in the mental health field.
(646) 849-5235 View (646) 849-5235
Photo of Carlavee Ervas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Carlavee Ervas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life is difficult, you don't have to go through all of it alone. Feeling unsupported in your current environment, feeling stuck or stagnant, or feeling that you cannot move or grow, can be overwhelming. If you feel like you're going between two different worlds or multiple roles that are difficult to juggle, it can take a toll on one's self. If some of these things are true for you, therapy can be a place for you to be seen, heard & supported. This is the great thing about therapy, this space is completely for you.
Life is difficult, you don't have to go through all of it alone. Feeling unsupported in your current environment, feeling stuck or stagnant, or feeling that you cannot move or grow, can be overwhelming. If you feel like you're going between two different worlds or multiple roles that are difficult to juggle, it can take a toll on one's self. If some of these things are true for you, therapy can be a place for you to be seen, heard & supported. This is the great thing about therapy, this space is completely for you.
(929) 203-5189 View (929) 203-5189
Photo of Samuel Parton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Samuel Parton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10065
Working in schools and foster care settings for years, Sam is an expert in child and adolescent therapy. He utilizes two of the leading therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). With CBT, Sam helps clients change unhelpful thought processes and behavioral patterns and aids clients in bravely facing their fears. While with DBT, he helps clients learn better emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills. He is passionate about building connections and assists clients in finding strengths and skills within themselves to work through any struggles they might be experiencing.
Working in schools and foster care settings for years, Sam is an expert in child and adolescent therapy. He utilizes two of the leading therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). With CBT, Sam helps clients change unhelpful thought processes and behavioral patterns and aids clients in bravely facing their fears. While with DBT, he helps clients learn better emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills. He is passionate about building connections and assists clients in finding strengths and skills within themselves to work through any struggles they might be experiencing.
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Photo of Kristin Thomson Bader, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Kristin Thomson Bader
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
When someone in a relationship is an addict, unhealthy role shifts and power imbalances take hold. Once the substance abuser enters recovery, things begin to re-balance, and this power redistribution has potential for new problems. Couples and family treatment can help both partners or family members to work together to adapt to the challenges posed during this transition back to a fully-functioning relationships. Providing a safe therapeutic environment, I assist in navigating the challenges that face partners or family members once the addict enters recovery, including how to best to assist the recovering person and address life changes for loved ones.
When someone in a relationship is an addict, unhealthy role shifts and power imbalances take hold. Once the substance abuser enters recovery, things begin to re-balance, and this power redistribution has potential for new problems. Couples and family treatment can help both partners or family members to work together to adapt to the challenges posed during this transition back to a fully-functioning relationships. Providing a safe therapeutic environment, I assist in navigating the challenges that face partners or family members once the addict enters recovery, including how to best to assist the recovering person and address life changes for loved ones.
(347) 508-9242 View (347) 508-9242
Photo of Debra Flics, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Debra Flics
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Welcome. Reaching out to begin psychotherapy is an act of courage. Right now, you may be feeling caught in ways of being that don’t serve you. You may have already taken steps on your own to change. Psychotherapy can help by shedding light on how this came to be and transforming the patterns of thought and emotion that have led to feeling stuck. As this transformative process takes place, I will help you to develop new ways of being that are more in alignment with who you truly are so that you may live with more depth, self-compassion, and freedom.
Welcome. Reaching out to begin psychotherapy is an act of courage. Right now, you may be feeling caught in ways of being that don’t serve you. You may have already taken steps on your own to change. Psychotherapy can help by shedding light on how this came to be and transforming the patterns of thought and emotion that have led to feeling stuck. As this transformative process takes place, I will help you to develop new ways of being that are more in alignment with who you truly are so that you may live with more depth, self-compassion, and freedom.
(347) 808-3121 View (347) 808-3121
Photo of Liberation Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Liberation Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10020
Liberation Psychotherapy is a private LGBTQ-centered group therapy practice. Our foundational philosophy is based on the meaningful engagement between the therapist and client and achieved using Carl Rogers’ client-centered techniques of active-listening, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Liberation Psychotherapy’s primary mission is to help clients explore their experiences thereby clients can heal and grow and embrace their strengths and resiliencies. To honor and respect the uniqueness of our clients, we subscribe broadly to a liberation and integrative model.
Liberation Psychotherapy is a private LGBTQ-centered group therapy practice. Our foundational philosophy is based on the meaningful engagement between the therapist and client and achieved using Carl Rogers’ client-centered techniques of active-listening, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Liberation Psychotherapy’s primary mission is to help clients explore their experiences thereby clients can heal and grow and embrace their strengths and resiliencies. To honor and respect the uniqueness of our clients, we subscribe broadly to a liberation and integrative model.
(212) 710-2618 View (212) 710-2618
Photo of Sarah Levinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Sarah Levinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
I am passionate about relationship dynamics, sexuality, sexual orientation, gender identity, communication and intimacy with a focus on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. I counsel individuals, couples and moresomes on creative relationship structures such as consensual non-monogamy. I also work extensively with mood related challenges, including anxiety, depression and OCD, as well as career transitions. As a member of the polyamorous, LGBTQ, and burner communities, I share my extensive personal and professional experience with clients.
I am passionate about relationship dynamics, sexuality, sexual orientation, gender identity, communication and intimacy with a focus on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. I counsel individuals, couples and moresomes on creative relationship structures such as consensual non-monogamy. I also work extensively with mood related challenges, including anxiety, depression and OCD, as well as career transitions. As a member of the polyamorous, LGBTQ, and burner communities, I share my extensive personal and professional experience with clients.
(646) 941-5998 View (646) 941-5998
Photo of Anna Tseytlina, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Anna Tseytlina
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10075  (Online Only)
We will collaboratively work together to address your concerns and help you start building the life you desire. With more than 8 years of experience, I have helped clients dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, relationship issues, ADHD, Women's issues, and interpersonal conflicts. Clients feel encouraged to openly express their emotions while actively pursuing their goals. Ensuring confidentiality and safety, I offer unconditional positive regard, and my approach is characterized by warmth, care, and a nonjudgmental attitude.
We will collaboratively work together to address your concerns and help you start building the life you desire. With more than 8 years of experience, I have helped clients dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, relationship issues, ADHD, Women's issues, and interpersonal conflicts. Clients feel encouraged to openly express their emotions while actively pursuing their goals. Ensuring confidentiality and safety, I offer unconditional positive regard, and my approach is characterized by warmth, care, and a nonjudgmental attitude.
(347) 695-8454 View (347) 695-8454
Photo of Kate Zayko, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kate Zayko
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
As a licensed clinical social worker, I specialize in working with children, teens, and young adults, providing compassionate, thoughtful, and evidence-based therapies. Everyone who struggles with anxiety, depression, traumatic experiences and stresses deserves to be heard and treated with respect, and I want to help my clients and their families find realistic, practical solutions while we remain open to the emotional and social complexities of lives, the importance of listening and hearing, and a recognition that suffering can be addressed but defines nobody.
As a licensed clinical social worker, I specialize in working with children, teens, and young adults, providing compassionate, thoughtful, and evidence-based therapies. Everyone who struggles with anxiety, depression, traumatic experiences and stresses deserves to be heard and treated with respect, and I want to help my clients and their families find realistic, practical solutions while we remain open to the emotional and social complexities of lives, the importance of listening and hearing, and a recognition that suffering can be addressed but defines nobody.
(646) 982-0342 View (646) 982-0342
Photo of Barbara Simon, Counselor in New York, NY
Barbara Simon
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10024
After 25 years of experience, I've learned that successful psychotherapy begins with a genuine collaborative relationship and connection with my clients - one formed in an environment of trust and safety, but with enough challenge to promote change. I work from a psychodynamic and relational perspective, actively engaging with you to explore issues including relationship and career difficulties, anxiety, depression, self -esteem, as well as addictive behaviors such as eating disorders. I integrate behavioral strategies (CBT), life coaching techniques, and mindfulness practices as needed. I want my clients to know themselves better, be able to explore new options, and learn the tools needed to change.
After 25 years of experience, I've learned that successful psychotherapy begins with a genuine collaborative relationship and connection with my clients - one formed in an environment of trust and safety, but with enough challenge to promote change. I work from a psychodynamic and relational perspective, actively engaging with you to explore issues including relationship and career difficulties, anxiety, depression, self -esteem, as well as addictive behaviors such as eating disorders. I integrate behavioral strategies (CBT), life coaching techniques, and mindfulness practices as needed. I want my clients to know themselves better, be able to explore new options, and learn the tools needed to change.
(646) 681-7192 View (646) 681-7192
Photo of Eve Gordon, Psychologist in New York, NY
Eve Gordon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
As a clinical psychologist in practice for over twenty-five years, I have worked with individuals and couples who struggle with a wide range of issues. I view therapy as a collaborative and interactive process leading to real, lasting changes in long-standing problem areas, as well as greater engagement and fulfillment in all areas of life. My clinical expertise includes depression, anxiety, relationship and workplace issues, eating disorders and developmental/life stage transitions. My professional training is psychoanalytic, but I may also use a problem-centered approach to address more focused issues.
As a clinical psychologist in practice for over twenty-five years, I have worked with individuals and couples who struggle with a wide range of issues. I view therapy as a collaborative and interactive process leading to real, lasting changes in long-standing problem areas, as well as greater engagement and fulfillment in all areas of life. My clinical expertise includes depression, anxiety, relationship and workplace issues, eating disorders and developmental/life stage transitions. My professional training is psychoanalytic, but I may also use a problem-centered approach to address more focused issues.
(914) 935-7632 View (914) 935-7632
Photo of Pamela Rook, Psychologist in New York, NY
Pamela Rook
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018
Not accepting new clients
It is a privilege to provide individual therapy to adults of all ages and from all walks of life. I will work with you to address anxiety and panic, depression, grief, major life transitions, relationship and work challenges, family struggles, identity issues, acute and chronic medical conditions, trauma (sexual, physical and emotional abuse and neglect), and emotional/life stagnation. My primary aim is to cultivate an authentic connection, allowing you to feel genuinely heard, understood, and accepted, and ultimately allowing for greater self-understanding and positive growth and change.
It is a privilege to provide individual therapy to adults of all ages and from all walks of life. I will work with you to address anxiety and panic, depression, grief, major life transitions, relationship and work challenges, family struggles, identity issues, acute and chronic medical conditions, trauma (sexual, physical and emotional abuse and neglect), and emotional/life stagnation. My primary aim is to cultivate an authentic connection, allowing you to feel genuinely heard, understood, and accepted, and ultimately allowing for greater self-understanding and positive growth and change.
(929) 284-2327 View (929) 284-2327
Photo of Helen Bliman, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Helen Bliman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023  (Online Only)
I have been a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for a very long time. I have much experience working with people of all ages, backgrounds, sexual orientation, and relationship issues. I do this work because it is very satisfying. And it is “work” for my clients as well. I know that my clients need courage and self awareness to recognize when they need to reach out for help. I consider the goal of therapy is to empower my clients to find solutions to solve the problems in their life—to get unstuck from unhealthy patterns in their life—unresolved and repetitive conflicts.
I have been a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for a very long time. I have much experience working with people of all ages, backgrounds, sexual orientation, and relationship issues. I do this work because it is very satisfying. And it is “work” for my clients as well. I know that my clients need courage and self awareness to recognize when they need to reach out for help. I consider the goal of therapy is to empower my clients to find solutions to solve the problems in their life—to get unstuck from unhealthy patterns in their life—unresolved and repetitive conflicts.
(646) 791-1844 View (646) 791-1844
Photo of Smadar Leiserowitz, Psy.D., Psychologist in New York, NY
Smadar Leiserowitz, Psy.D.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I am a clinical psychologist, licensed in New York and New Jersey with over 20 years of counselling experience. I specialize in working with couples and individuals who struggle with communication skills as well as emotional and physical intimacy. In addition, I help individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, OCD and personality disorders. I am a certified Schema therapist and have taken multiple trainings in Acceptance and Commitment therapy as well as Emotionally Focused therapy.
I am a clinical psychologist, licensed in New York and New Jersey with over 20 years of counselling experience. I specialize in working with couples and individuals who struggle with communication skills as well as emotional and physical intimacy. In addition, I help individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, OCD and personality disorders. I am a certified Schema therapist and have taken multiple trainings in Acceptance and Commitment therapy as well as Emotionally Focused therapy.
(917) 828-5387 View (917) 828-5387
Photo of Alexandra Cattaruzza, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Alexandra Cattaruzza
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MS, LP, FIPA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
Pregnancy is a time of transformation as changes take place in the future mother’s body, relationship with her partner, social and work life and environment. Parents have to adjust to their rapidly changing world and to a new little human whose survival depends on them. They often feel inadequate because they are not quite sure what they are supposed to do in this new role, and having a baby can be a very challenging and isolating experience. Some parents experience anxiety and depression as well as difficulty bonding with their baby.
Pregnancy is a time of transformation as changes take place in the future mother’s body, relationship with her partner, social and work life and environment. Parents have to adjust to their rapidly changing world and to a new little human whose survival depends on them. They often feel inadequate because they are not quite sure what they are supposed to do in this new role, and having a baby can be a very challenging and isolating experience. Some parents experience anxiety and depression as well as difficulty bonding with their baby.
(646) 430-9134 View (646) 430-9134

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.