Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Karen Fox, APCC
Karen Fox
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Waitlist for new clients
If you feel like a fish tasked with climbing a tree and you just can’t seem to ever get it right, it would make sense that our besties, Anxiety, Overwhelm, and that gnawing sensation of Not-Enoughness, tend to show up. They can be exhausting, but you don’t have to manage them alone. Healing happens when we feel seen and understood by another, which can ease the path towards greater self-acceptance, joy, authenticity, and a deeper connection with yourself and others.
If you feel like a fish tasked with climbing a tree and you just can’t seem to ever get it right, it would make sense that our besties, Anxiety, Overwhelm, and that gnawing sensation of Not-Enoughness, tend to show up. They can be exhausting, but you don’t have to manage them alone. Healing happens when we feel seen and understood by another, which can ease the path towards greater self-acceptance, joy, authenticity, and a deeper connection with yourself and others.
(916) 666-6347 View (916) 666-6347
Photo of Jenna Bell (Registered Associate #13251), MS
Jenna Bell (Registered Associate #13251)
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95821
Hello, and welcome to my page. Are you having a difficult time in your relationships or at work? Do you struggle with anxiety and/or depression? Is the teen or young adult in your life struggling and in need of support? Are you feeling overwhelmed with family or just with everything on your mind? Are you struggling with illness, trauma, or crisis? I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults, couples, families, parent/child relationships, coping with illness, relationship challenges, and pre and postpartum difficulties. I also see children, teens, and adults individually.
Hello, and welcome to my page. Are you having a difficult time in your relationships or at work? Do you struggle with anxiety and/or depression? Is the teen or young adult in your life struggling and in need of support? Are you feeling overwhelmed with family or just with everything on your mind? Are you struggling with illness, trauma, or crisis? I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults, couples, families, parent/child relationships, coping with illness, relationship challenges, and pre and postpartum difficulties. I also see children, teens, and adults individually.
Photo of Kelly Lloyd, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kelly Lloyd
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95817  (Online Only)
My approach is insight oriented, strengths-based, trauma-informed, client-centered and collaborative. I also like to incorporate practical tools to help my clients improve their daily lives. My communication style is warm, honest and direct. I encourage and value feedback from my clients. I specialize in working with people who wish to explore their gender identity and/or sexuality, are questioning their gender or are in the process of transitioning. My practice is identity affirming, fat-positive, kink-friendly and sex-worker friendly.
My approach is insight oriented, strengths-based, trauma-informed, client-centered and collaborative. I also like to incorporate practical tools to help my clients improve their daily lives. My communication style is warm, honest and direct. I encourage and value feedback from my clients. I specialize in working with people who wish to explore their gender identity and/or sexuality, are questioning their gender or are in the process of transitioning. My practice is identity affirming, fat-positive, kink-friendly and sex-worker friendly.
(415) 941-3832 View (415) 941-3832
Photo of Jake Clevenger, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Jake Clevenger
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816  (Online Only)
Break free from the chains of Narcissistic Abuse and Childhood Trauma! Are you constantly doubting yourself, walking on eggshells, and feeling lost? Gaslighting and emotional abuse can leave you feeling confused and powerless. As a therapist experienced in helping survivors of narcissistic abuse, I offer a safe space to rebuild your confidence, find your true self, and regain control over your life.
Break free from the chains of Narcissistic Abuse and Childhood Trauma! Are you constantly doubting yourself, walking on eggshells, and feeling lost? Gaslighting and emotional abuse can leave you feeling confused and powerless. As a therapist experienced in helping survivors of narcissistic abuse, I offer a safe space to rebuild your confidence, find your true self, and regain control over your life.
(530) 240-7415 View (530) 240-7415
Photo of Angie Gunn, LCSW, CST, CSTS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angie Gunn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST, CSTS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
When was the last time you felt deep pleasure, connection or acceptance within yourself or a relationship? Therapy works when you find someone who gets you. As one of only 10 AASECT certified sex therapists in Oregon, I'm training a team to provide inclusive sex positive treatment for individuals, couples, groups and LGBTQIPA+ folks. We focus on the treatment of trauma, sexuality challenges (arousal, performance, desire mismatch, healing abuse, pain), gender concerns including resources during the gender affirmation process and exploration of alternative sexualities or relationship configurations including non-monogamy and kink.
When was the last time you felt deep pleasure, connection or acceptance within yourself or a relationship? Therapy works when you find someone who gets you. As one of only 10 AASECT certified sex therapists in Oregon, I'm training a team to provide inclusive sex positive treatment for individuals, couples, groups and LGBTQIPA+ folks. We focus on the treatment of trauma, sexuality challenges (arousal, performance, desire mismatch, healing abuse, pain), gender concerns including resources during the gender affirmation process and exploration of alternative sexualities or relationship configurations including non-monogamy and kink.
(916) 507-1903 View (916) 507-1903
Photo of Edgar A Ledezma Gallo, BA, MA, APCC
Edgar A Ledezma Gallo
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, BA, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95821
Throughout our life experiences we sometimes become clouded by the obstacles that life throws at us, which may cause for our inner voice, your true self, to get pushed down in the process. This ultimately can lead to making decisions that we’re not happy with. My goal is to assist you with guiding out that inner voice into the open and utilizing it to work together to tackle present challenges, while providing an accepting and safe environment for you to be yourself. I believe you have an array of strengths, abilities and skills that can be utilized to assist with the challenges at hand.
Throughout our life experiences we sometimes become clouded by the obstacles that life throws at us, which may cause for our inner voice, your true self, to get pushed down in the process. This ultimately can lead to making decisions that we’re not happy with. My goal is to assist you with guiding out that inner voice into the open and utilizing it to work together to tackle present challenges, while providing an accepting and safe environment for you to be yourself. I believe you have an array of strengths, abilities and skills that can be utilized to assist with the challenges at hand.
(916) 282-7775 View (916) 282-7775
Photo of Harry Jakobson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Harry Jakobson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
My name is Harry Jakobson 72495. My approach to therapy is to help people heal and work through their life experiences. My expertise is working with individuals, children, families, and couples. I work with clients of all ages. My experience comes from working in rural communities, providing 10 years of psychotherapy, training other clinicians, and providing integrative care. I use CBT, mindfulness, trauma-informed CBT, brain-spotting, EMDR, play therapy, and other modalities. Client centered communication. I focus on your needs for healing and change in your life.
My name is Harry Jakobson 72495. My approach to therapy is to help people heal and work through their life experiences. My expertise is working with individuals, children, families, and couples. I work with clients of all ages. My experience comes from working in rural communities, providing 10 years of psychotherapy, training other clinicians, and providing integrative care. I use CBT, mindfulness, trauma-informed CBT, brain-spotting, EMDR, play therapy, and other modalities. Client centered communication. I focus on your needs for healing and change in your life.
(949) 867-7967 View (949) 867-7967
Photo of Loretta Parker, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Loretta Parker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95834  (Online Only)
Are you open to trying new ways of gaining an understanding of yourself to feel empowered with making positive changes in your life? Each of us have our own unique story in life and at times, we can be challenged with how we deal with the ups and downs of life. Sometimes life events can have an impact on how we relate with others, view the world and ourselves. Sometimes these ups and downs can bring on feelings of sadness, confusion and frustration - when this happens, the expertise of a Marriage and Family Therapist can help.
Are you open to trying new ways of gaining an understanding of yourself to feel empowered with making positive changes in your life? Each of us have our own unique story in life and at times, we can be challenged with how we deal with the ups and downs of life. Sometimes life events can have an impact on how we relate with others, view the world and ourselves. Sometimes these ups and downs can bring on feelings of sadness, confusion and frustration - when this happens, the expertise of a Marriage and Family Therapist can help.
(530) 489-5764 View (530) 489-5764
Photo of Kendre Sanborn, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kendre Sanborn
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
I believe therapy is a collaborative process in which both my clients and I work as a team. The key to a successful practice is having trust, experience, and empathy. I work from a client-centered Strength-based therapeutic approach. This approach allows me to tailor each individual session towards a specific therapeutic need. My clinical experience includes working with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, and moderate to severe mental illness.
I believe therapy is a collaborative process in which both my clients and I work as a team. The key to a successful practice is having trust, experience, and empathy. I work from a client-centered Strength-based therapeutic approach. This approach allows me to tailor each individual session towards a specific therapeutic need. My clinical experience includes working with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, and moderate to severe mental illness.
(916) 510-0532 View (916) 510-0532
Photo of Dyamond Jackson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dyamond Jackson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
I recognize that seeking help may not be easy, whether you are just beginning or continuing your therapeutic journey. However, seeking help is a powerful and courageous step to take in your life. I provide an empathetic non-judgmental space that allows you to be vulnerable and share your experiences without fear of being judged. You would lead your session with what you would like to focus on, while I offer support, guidance, and structure. I believe that every person has the capacity within themselves for personal growth and change. My goal would be for us to work collaboratively to facilitate change in your life.
I recognize that seeking help may not be easy, whether you are just beginning or continuing your therapeutic journey. However, seeking help is a powerful and courageous step to take in your life. I provide an empathetic non-judgmental space that allows you to be vulnerable and share your experiences without fear of being judged. You would lead your session with what you would like to focus on, while I offer support, guidance, and structure. I believe that every person has the capacity within themselves for personal growth and change. My goal would be for us to work collaboratively to facilitate change in your life.
(916) 908-3833 View (916) 908-3833
Photo of Gabrielle Maria Ordonez, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Gabrielle Maria Ordonez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95833  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Seeking support for mental health or general life troubles can be overwhelming and scary. I would like to highlight your bravery for taking the first step towards wellness by looking for a therapist. I also want to thank you for being on my profile and considering me to work with you. Therapy can be wonderful in helping you process through uncomfortable topics, traumas, or any other barriers that may be impacting your ability to live a happier/healthier life. Together we will build and establish a therapeutic relationship that will allow us to build trust, work collaboratively, and together be a dream team for your treatment!
Seeking support for mental health or general life troubles can be overwhelming and scary. I would like to highlight your bravery for taking the first step towards wellness by looking for a therapist. I also want to thank you for being on my profile and considering me to work with you. Therapy can be wonderful in helping you process through uncomfortable topics, traumas, or any other barriers that may be impacting your ability to live a happier/healthier life. Together we will build and establish a therapeutic relationship that will allow us to build trust, work collaboratively, and together be a dream team for your treatment!
(916) 526-3488 View (916) 526-3488
Photo of Kelsey Meraz Masten, ASW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kelsey Meraz Masten
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95811  (Online Only)
I work with a variety of clients including women, perinatal women, parents, families, adolescence/teens, college students, working professionals, and LGBTQ communities.
I work with a variety of clients including women, perinatal women, parents, families, adolescence/teens, college students, working professionals, and LGBTQ communities.
(916) 619-0660 View (916) 619-0660
Photo of Peter Michael Gaffney, MD
Peter Michael Gaffney
MD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Hi everyone. I'm an analytically-trained psychiatrist with a background in family medical practice and also in Buddhism. At this point my practice is adult psychotherapy and I am no longer treating patients who need medication, nor do I treat children. Although I'm trained in psychoanalytic therapy, my approach varies according to individual needs. I see depressed or anxious patients , those struggling with losses, stress, life events, or in their relationships and other issues as well. I have a particular interest in those with severe depression. I also offer individual training in psychodynamics to adult therapists.
Hi everyone. I'm an analytically-trained psychiatrist with a background in family medical practice and also in Buddhism. At this point my practice is adult psychotherapy and I am no longer treating patients who need medication, nor do I treat children. Although I'm trained in psychoanalytic therapy, my approach varies according to individual needs. I see depressed or anxious patients , those struggling with losses, stress, life events, or in their relationships and other issues as well. I have a particular interest in those with severe depression. I also offer individual training in psychodynamics to adult therapists.
(916) 553-2864 View (916) 553-2864
Photo of Jacqueline Boyd, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jacqueline Boyd
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
I welcome all aspects of yourself, and I respect your timing in introducing me to each of those parts. My clinical thinking and practice are through a Trauma-Informed and Psychodynamic lens. This perspective affords me the tools to help you explore how past traumas and negative experiences may be influencing your present. To encourage this process, my style is relational. During our time together, you can expect to work with a warm, intentional, empathetic, and humorous clinician. I meet you where you are at. I respect your pace while utilizing my intuitive and direct nature to gently push our process through stagnant times.
I welcome all aspects of yourself, and I respect your timing in introducing me to each of those parts. My clinical thinking and practice are through a Trauma-Informed and Psychodynamic lens. This perspective affords me the tools to help you explore how past traumas and negative experiences may be influencing your present. To encourage this process, my style is relational. During our time together, you can expect to work with a warm, intentional, empathetic, and humorous clinician. I meet you where you are at. I respect your pace while utilizing my intuitive and direct nature to gently push our process through stagnant times.
(916) 860-3948 View (916) 860-3948
Photo of Jordan Waite, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jordan Waite
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95821  (Online Only)
I am motivated to help individuals and families build healthier relationships with themselves and the people around them. Being open and vulnerable with someone new can be very scary! My goal is to create a meaningful relationship with my clients by providing support, respect, and a safe environment to help build confidence, compassion, and resilience. I support clients who experience anxiety, depression, past trauma, non-traditional relationships, and neurodivergence. I also support families who are struggling with parent-child conflicts, LGBTQ+ youth and how to support them, and young children with behavior problems.
I am motivated to help individuals and families build healthier relationships with themselves and the people around them. Being open and vulnerable with someone new can be very scary! My goal is to create a meaningful relationship with my clients by providing support, respect, and a safe environment to help build confidence, compassion, and resilience. I support clients who experience anxiety, depression, past trauma, non-traditional relationships, and neurodivergence. I also support families who are struggling with parent-child conflicts, LGBTQ+ youth and how to support them, and young children with behavior problems.
(858) 293-8021 View (858) 293-8021
Photo of Melissa Frazier, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Frazier
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
My ideal client is an individual seeking powerful change and who is also willing to look beyond traditional talk therapy to achieve it. I combine both insight-oriented talk therapy and body based therapies such as the Safe and Sound Protocol, EMDR Flash Technique, and EFT Tapping for optimal, rapid, results.
My ideal client is an individual seeking powerful change and who is also willing to look beyond traditional talk therapy to achieve it. I combine both insight-oriented talk therapy and body based therapies such as the Safe and Sound Protocol, EMDR Flash Technique, and EFT Tapping for optimal, rapid, results.
(916) 571-0095 View (916) 571-0095
Photo of Josh Ellis, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Josh Ellis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
Through connection, empathy and a non-judgmental approach, I offer ways to help you discover what may be blocking you from finding your true path in life. By not seeing an individual for what symptoms they have or what is affecting them, I am more interested in helping you find what is the cause of symptoms and how to process them. I provide a safe space for anyone who is looking to improve their lives, build better relationships with family, friends or partners and learn to let go of the things that are holding you back from your goals.
Through connection, empathy and a non-judgmental approach, I offer ways to help you discover what may be blocking you from finding your true path in life. By not seeing an individual for what symptoms they have or what is affecting them, I am more interested in helping you find what is the cause of symptoms and how to process them. I provide a safe space for anyone who is looking to improve their lives, build better relationships with family, friends or partners and learn to let go of the things that are holding you back from your goals.
(530) 270-4176 View (530) 270-4176
Photo of Cindy Phun (Morrison And Associates Counseling Center), ACSW, MSW
Cindy Phun (Morrison And Associates Counseling Center)
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95828
Supervised by Markise Morrison LMFT 98455. I am open to seeing any clients that feel that they can benefit from engaging in weekly therapy sessions with me via telehealth. I would encourage that all of the patients that I see to be able to find time in their schedule to commit to 1 session weekly during the start of their treatment plan.
Supervised by Markise Morrison LMFT 98455. I am open to seeing any clients that feel that they can benefit from engaging in weekly therapy sessions with me via telehealth. I would encourage that all of the patients that I see to be able to find time in their schedule to commit to 1 session weekly during the start of their treatment plan.
(916) 269-5054 View (916) 269-5054
Photo of Adreena C Lowe-Island - Breaking Chains Through Change, LCSW, EdD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Breaking Chains Through Change
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EdD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814
Hello my name is Dr. Adreena Lowe- Island. I have a Clinical background, which entails over 27 years of Social and Mental Health Services, working for a wide range of programs in the State of California. I have a keen focus on ensuring the highest quality of care and seeking to make a difference in the lives of the individuals I serve. As a Licensed Therapist, I am focused on helping individuals to find their purpose in life. My Motto is to treat through empowerment and support.
Hello my name is Dr. Adreena Lowe- Island. I have a Clinical background, which entails over 27 years of Social and Mental Health Services, working for a wide range of programs in the State of California. I have a keen focus on ensuring the highest quality of care and seeking to make a difference in the lives of the individuals I serve. As a Licensed Therapist, I am focused on helping individuals to find their purpose in life. My Motto is to treat through empowerment and support.
(279) 800-4768 View (279) 800-4768
Photo of Annisa Exline, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Annisa Exline
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Over the past several years, my focus has been on completing comprehensive and advanced training in working with the perinatal population, women who have transitioned to motherhood, as well as women who have experienced perinatal grief and loss. I am passionate about providing a safe, supportive, and nonjudgmental space for women and mothers, and their families. Therapy can be a vulnerable and unique process, and I strive to create a safe and supportive space throughout this process that fosters each person's desired healing and growth.
Over the past several years, my focus has been on completing comprehensive and advanced training in working with the perinatal population, women who have transitioned to motherhood, as well as women who have experienced perinatal grief and loss. I am passionate about providing a safe, supportive, and nonjudgmental space for women and mothers, and their families. Therapy can be a vulnerable and unique process, and I strive to create a safe and supportive space throughout this process that fosters each person's desired healing and growth.
(310) 448-1638 View (310) 448-1638
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
70% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills
63% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.