Therapists in San Jose, CA

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Photo of Saskia Salm, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Saskia Salm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95112  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello, and welcome. If you prefer to call me directly, I am happy to do a phone consult to determine if you would like to schedule a first session. I specialize in treating youth and adults who wish to improve their life outcomes in the following areas: breaking cycles of unhealthy relationships to self or others; overcoming trauma; reducing behavioral and emotional issues; improving relationship dynamics; sexual abuse history or offending; improving self-expression and social skills; and improving overall life satisfaction.
Hello, and welcome. If you prefer to call me directly, I am happy to do a phone consult to determine if you would like to schedule a first session. I specialize in treating youth and adults who wish to improve their life outcomes in the following areas: breaking cycles of unhealthy relationships to self or others; overcoming trauma; reducing behavioral and emotional issues; improving relationship dynamics; sexual abuse history or offending; improving self-expression and social skills; and improving overall life satisfaction.
(408) 539-2232 View (408) 539-2232
Photo of Alisa Flakes, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alisa Flakes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95111
Hello, my name is Alisa Flakes and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California. I work with individuals ages 13+, couples, and families in a variety of areas including addiction, anger management, anxiety, behavioral issues, coping skills, cultural stress, depression, relationship issues, family conflict, grief, and trauma & PTSD, amongst others. My approach is strength-based, solution focused and utilizes several modalities such as ACT, CBT, DBT, Family Systems, Gottman Method, Gestalt, and more.
Hello, my name is Alisa Flakes and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California. I work with individuals ages 13+, couples, and families in a variety of areas including addiction, anger management, anxiety, behavioral issues, coping skills, cultural stress, depression, relationship issues, family conflict, grief, and trauma & PTSD, amongst others. My approach is strength-based, solution focused and utilizes several modalities such as ACT, CBT, DBT, Family Systems, Gottman Method, Gestalt, and more.
(408) 539-8691 View (408) 539-8691
Photo of Donald B Dufford - Anxiety Treatment Services, PhD, Psychologist
Anxiety Treatment Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95124
Dr. Dufford received specialized training and experience in treating anxiety disorders at the Anxiety Treatment Center with Dr. Bourne, author of The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook. Since 1993 Dr. Dufford is director of Anxiety Treatment Services treating Generalized Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Panic Attacks, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, Social Anxiety and related issues: addiction, anger, depression, Trichotillomania/Excoriation, relationships, sleep/insomnia, grief and self-esteem. He is a professional member of the California Psychological Association, Obsessive Compulsive Foundation and EMDR International Association. Dr. Dufford is certified as a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist, Clinical Hypnotherapist, Expert in Traumatic Stress and Addictions Counselor.
Dr. Dufford received specialized training and experience in treating anxiety disorders at the Anxiety Treatment Center with Dr. Bourne, author of The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook. Since 1993 Dr. Dufford is director of Anxiety Treatment Services treating Generalized Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Panic Attacks, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, Social Anxiety and related issues: addiction, anger, depression, Trichotillomania/Excoriation, relationships, sleep/insomnia, grief and self-esteem. He is a professional member of the California Psychological Association, Obsessive Compulsive Foundation and EMDR International Association. Dr. Dufford is certified as a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist, Clinical Hypnotherapist, Expert in Traumatic Stress and Addictions Counselor.
(408) 384-9838 View (408) 384-9838
Photo of Jennifer Uribe-Sanchez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Uribe-Sanchez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95119  (Online Only)
Hola! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than half a decade of experience working with BIPOC youth, families and individuals with complex mental health struggles.
Hola! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than half a decade of experience working with BIPOC youth, families and individuals with complex mental health struggles.
(669) 219-8463 View (669) 219-8463
Photo of Holly Hopkins Shah, PsyD, Psychologist
Holly Hopkins Shah
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128
Thank you for visiting my profile. You're looking for a therapist because either you or a loved one is in some distress. I can help. I have experience in treating many issues one faces that produces some distress from relationship problems, trauma or family difficulties to depression, anxiety and grief.
Thank you for visiting my profile. You're looking for a therapist because either you or a loved one is in some distress. I can help. I have experience in treating many issues one faces that produces some distress from relationship problems, trauma or family difficulties to depression, anxiety and grief.
(408) 628-1618 View (408) 628-1618
Photo of Imelda Jones, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Imelda Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95117  (Online Only)
Hello my name is Imelda and I would love to support you in overcoming your life obstacles. Have you ever felt guilty about taking time for yourself? Or have worries you can’t turn off? I have years of experience supporting individuals over come life’s anxieties and supporting them in taking time to take care of their own needs. If you are worried about school, your relationships, home life and even their career I would love to support you with unexpected life events.
Hello my name is Imelda and I would love to support you in overcoming your life obstacles. Have you ever felt guilty about taking time for yourself? Or have worries you can’t turn off? I have years of experience supporting individuals over come life’s anxieties and supporting them in taking time to take care of their own needs. If you are worried about school, your relationships, home life and even their career I would love to support you with unexpected life events.
(408) 583-5172 View (408) 583-5172
Photo of Richard De La Garza, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Richard De La Garza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128  (Online Only)
Richard De La Garza is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2005. His educational background includes a Bachelor's degree from San Jose State University and a Master’s degree in Public Administration from Columbia University, and he is currently in pursuit of a Doctorate in Philosophy of Leadership from the University of San Diego. His research intersects multicultural facets of first-generation, non-traditional, veteran, and disabled persons, and is committed to social justice and culturally competent care.
Richard De La Garza is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2005. His educational background includes a Bachelor's degree from San Jose State University and a Master’s degree in Public Administration from Columbia University, and he is currently in pursuit of a Doctorate in Philosophy of Leadership from the University of San Diego. His research intersects multicultural facets of first-generation, non-traditional, veteran, and disabled persons, and is committed to social justice and culturally competent care.
(408) 676-2878 View (408) 676-2878
Photo of Lori Buelna, LCSW, GC-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lori Buelna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, GC-C
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95136
Perhaps you are overwhelmed with stress, dealing with anxiety/depression and poor sleep due to a life transition, or caregiver stress. Maybe you or a loved one is managing a serious health condition and hope to learn of coping skills and various resources. You may be a parent, a teen or young adult experiencing stress or loss of a loved one or a relationship. I believe people are insightful, resilient and have the innate ability to adapt and adjust to all types of challenging circumstances. You deserve to set aside time and space to think through your thoughts, values, identify feelings in order to move forward to find balance.
Perhaps you are overwhelmed with stress, dealing with anxiety/depression and poor sleep due to a life transition, or caregiver stress. Maybe you or a loved one is managing a serious health condition and hope to learn of coping skills and various resources. You may be a parent, a teen or young adult experiencing stress or loss of a loved one or a relationship. I believe people are insightful, resilient and have the innate ability to adapt and adjust to all types of challenging circumstances. You deserve to set aside time and space to think through your thoughts, values, identify feelings in order to move forward to find balance.
(408) 413-1402 View (408) 413-1402
Photo of Carrie Herbst, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carrie Herbst
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95118
I am here to listen to you. I work with children, teens, and adults to support exploration of difficult issues and life changes. Often what brings someone to seek counseling, either for themselves or for their child, is being faced with a challenge they need support navigating and resolving. This issue may result from an atypical experience or be more pervasive, and can bring about feelings of anger, depression, anxiety, low self-worth, or communication issues. Taking the risk to ask for help is the first step on the road toward healing and growth.
I am here to listen to you. I work with children, teens, and adults to support exploration of difficult issues and life changes. Often what brings someone to seek counseling, either for themselves or for their child, is being faced with a challenge they need support navigating and resolving. This issue may result from an atypical experience or be more pervasive, and can bring about feelings of anger, depression, anxiety, low self-worth, or communication issues. Taking the risk to ask for help is the first step on the road toward healing and growth.
(408) 617-8227 x101 View (408) 617-8227 x101
Photo of Adam Dorsay, PsyD, Psychologist
Adam Dorsay
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95125
"Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" This question, asked by poet Mary Oliver, cuts to the core of what our work is about. Put more simply, what do you want? This is a safe place where that question can be asked multiple times and from multiple angles to help you get clear on the life you want to live. I specialize in working with high-achieving men and women going through life transitions, stress at work, and those who are dealing with issues around relationships, depression, and anxiety. I am also the host of the SuperPsyched Podcast and you can learn a lot about me there.
"Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" This question, asked by poet Mary Oliver, cuts to the core of what our work is about. Put more simply, what do you want? This is a safe place where that question can be asked multiple times and from multiple angles to help you get clear on the life you want to live. I specialize in working with high-achieving men and women going through life transitions, stress at work, and those who are dealing with issues around relationships, depression, and anxiety. I am also the host of the SuperPsyched Podcast and you can learn a lot about me there.
(408) 758-6382 View (408) 758-6382
Photo of Daishea Poole, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Daishea Poole
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95125
Are anxiety and stress keeping you from living your life to your fullest potential? Are you feeling stress weighing on you internally or causing you to feel exhausted and hopeless? Together we will explore ways to grow, further develop self-acceptance and unearth traumatic experiences and daily stressors that are hindering you from achieving this potential. I will be available to provide an unbiased listening ear and warm spirit as you reimagine the life you want for yourself. In this safe and accepting environment, we will develop an action plan to better manage your unique symptoms and your life.
Are anxiety and stress keeping you from living your life to your fullest potential? Are you feeling stress weighing on you internally or causing you to feel exhausted and hopeless? Together we will explore ways to grow, further develop self-acceptance and unearth traumatic experiences and daily stressors that are hindering you from achieving this potential. I will be available to provide an unbiased listening ear and warm spirit as you reimagine the life you want for yourself. In this safe and accepting environment, we will develop an action plan to better manage your unique symptoms and your life.
(408) 351-0197 View (408) 351-0197
Photo of Shinyoung Ro, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Shinyoung Ro
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128
My passiion is in enabling you to encounter your real self. I share stories, metaphors, art and other resources in the process. I am rewarded when I help others develop communication skills. I will be with you as we walk through your journey toward recovery from our injuries and find joy in our lives.
My passiion is in enabling you to encounter your real self. I share stories, metaphors, art and other resources in the process. I am rewarded when I help others develop communication skills. I will be with you as we walk through your journey toward recovery from our injuries and find joy in our lives.
(408) 351-0408 View (408) 351-0408
Photo of Diane Ngoc Nguyen, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Diane Ngoc Nguyen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95110
Inexplicable anger, unshakable depression, unrelenting anxiety... This is the fallout of unmet needs like care, attention, respect, and presence happening now and probably had happened for significant lengths of time in our childhoods. As I work with people on these chronic and traumatic experiences, they have shown me how these past traumas can be resolved; that you too can get rid of distorted negative beliefs about yourself; that everyone can improve the quality and selection of their relationships; and when we connect to our bodies and minds with wisdom and tenderness, we become sovereign and healed.
Inexplicable anger, unshakable depression, unrelenting anxiety... This is the fallout of unmet needs like care, attention, respect, and presence happening now and probably had happened for significant lengths of time in our childhoods. As I work with people on these chronic and traumatic experiences, they have shown me how these past traumas can be resolved; that you too can get rid of distorted negative beliefs about yourself; that everyone can improve the quality and selection of their relationships; and when we connect to our bodies and minds with wisdom and tenderness, we become sovereign and healed.
(408) 412-7131 View (408) 412-7131
Photo of Teyhou Smyth, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Teyhou Smyth
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95127
Hi I am Dr. Teyhou Smyth and am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California Originally from the United Kingdom, I earned an M.A. in Marriage and Family Therapy at the California School of Professional Psychology and hold a doctorate degree in Education. I place a high value on personal development and allowing for the achievement of one’s full potential so that they may become the best version of themselves.
Hi I am Dr. Teyhou Smyth and am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California Originally from the United Kingdom, I earned an M.A. in Marriage and Family Therapy at the California School of Professional Psychology and hold a doctorate degree in Education. I place a high value on personal development and allowing for the achievement of one’s full potential so that they may become the best version of themselves.
(408) 676-3949 View (408) 676-3949
Photo of Simon Purse, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Simon Purse
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95126
Accepting NEW clients! I have always been passionate about the human story. I find it remarkable to listen to my clients’ journey and create a space together to pause, reflect and heal. My own healing journey has taught me that life gets hard, healing is messy, and also...that we don’t have to go through it alone. The therapy space is a valuable one and a protected process that allows you to honor the truth of your unique self while better understanding the systems and structures that we operate within, allowing us to bring more balance into the way we see ourselves and our interactions with the world.
Accepting NEW clients! I have always been passionate about the human story. I find it remarkable to listen to my clients’ journey and create a space together to pause, reflect and heal. My own healing journey has taught me that life gets hard, healing is messy, and also...that we don’t have to go through it alone. The therapy space is a valuable one and a protected process that allows you to honor the truth of your unique self while better understanding the systems and structures that we operate within, allowing us to bring more balance into the way we see ourselves and our interactions with the world.
(650) 668-3538 View (650) 668-3538
Photo of Jorge Wong, Ph D, Psychologist
Jorge Wong
Psychologist, Ph D
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95117
After decades in the healthcare field as a staff, student, psychologist, educator and executive leader, I am embracing a new chapter by providing psychological and consultation services. Over time, I have worked, supervised, taught, and mentored successful individuals who have called me, “visionary, strategic, results oriented, culturally and emotionally attuned, practical, funny and caring” among many others. I appreciate the fact that no one size fits all. I also understand that cultural, environmental, and contextual factors are integral in our decisions whenever we come to a fork on the road and must be make one.
After decades in the healthcare field as a staff, student, psychologist, educator and executive leader, I am embracing a new chapter by providing psychological and consultation services. Over time, I have worked, supervised, taught, and mentored successful individuals who have called me, “visionary, strategic, results oriented, culturally and emotionally attuned, practical, funny and caring” among many others. I appreciate the fact that no one size fits all. I also understand that cultural, environmental, and contextual factors are integral in our decisions whenever we come to a fork on the road and must be make one.
View
Photo of Victoria Ferdinand-Gant, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Victoria Ferdinand-Gant
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95121
My name is Victoria Ferdinand-Gant, I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been licensed since 2018 in California and have worked in the field of psychology and child and family services since 1997 (US and Internationally). The primary population I work with is in the treatment of anxiety and trauma. I also enjoy working with veterans since I am military raised. I am an eclectic therapist and will meet clients where they're at but my primary modalities are Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Solution focused skills, and Motivational work. I also enjoy working with couples.
My name is Victoria Ferdinand-Gant, I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been licensed since 2018 in California and have worked in the field of psychology and child and family services since 1997 (US and Internationally). The primary population I work with is in the treatment of anxiety and trauma. I also enjoy working with veterans since I am military raised. I am an eclectic therapist and will meet clients where they're at but my primary modalities are Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Solution focused skills, and Motivational work. I also enjoy working with couples.
(669) 239-2576 View (669) 239-2576
Photo of Maria Ayala, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maria Ayala
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128  (Online Only)
My maternal grandfather taught me at a young age the importance of helping others heal through the art of listening, empathy, and understanding. His wisdom and great influence made me gravitate toward psychology and counseling. I believe in serving clients to thrive and achieve their full potential free of stigma and prejudice. My professional areas of interest include gerontology, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, stress, burnout, depression, and grief. Most of my professional experience has been working with underserved and underrepresented populations such as the elderly, homeless, and Spanish-speaking.
My maternal grandfather taught me at a young age the importance of helping others heal through the art of listening, empathy, and understanding. His wisdom and great influence made me gravitate toward psychology and counseling. I believe in serving clients to thrive and achieve their full potential free of stigma and prejudice. My professional areas of interest include gerontology, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, stress, burnout, depression, and grief. Most of my professional experience has been working with underserved and underrepresented populations such as the elderly, homeless, and Spanish-speaking.
(510) 573-7111 View (510) 573-7111
Photo of Dr. Sarah Strader, LPCC, MFT, REAT
Dr. Sarah Strader
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, MFT, REAT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95117
Do you get easily overwhelmed? Do you experience your emotions and senses more intensely than others? Are you deeply empathic and intuitive? Do you need help figuring out your purpose or how to navigate a challenge in your life? I love supporting individuals in reaching their goals and would be honored to work with you. I offer individual counseling sessions to those living in California. Please feel free to send me a message or call me for a free consultation. I'm looking forward to connecting with you and supporting you :).
Do you get easily overwhelmed? Do you experience your emotions and senses more intensely than others? Are you deeply empathic and intuitive? Do you need help figuring out your purpose or how to navigate a challenge in your life? I love supporting individuals in reaching their goals and would be honored to work with you. I offer individual counseling sessions to those living in California. Please feel free to send me a message or call me for a free consultation. I'm looking forward to connecting with you and supporting you :).
(408) 413-4347 View (408) 413-4347
Photo of Maria Medvedev, LMFT, CHT, CFRC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maria Medvedev
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CHT, CFRC
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95125
Everyone deserves clarity, positivity, and happiness in their lives. I am here to explore and collaboratively work with clients. The goal is to empower and teach tools to assist in coping with challenges and transitions in life. Furthermore, I work at the pace of each person to ensure they feel safe when processing difficult material.
Everyone deserves clarity, positivity, and happiness in their lives. I am here to explore and collaboratively work with clients. The goal is to empower and teach tools to assist in coping with challenges and transitions in life. Furthermore, I work at the pace of each person to ensure they feel safe when processing difficult material.
(408) 409-8497 View (408) 409-8497
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Jose, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$181

Therapists in San Jose, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
70% Stress
67% Coping Skills
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Jose, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Jose?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.