Therapists in Saratoga, CA

Photo of Alisha Boley, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Alisha Boley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Struggling with a mental health or emotional issue? A difficult child/teen? In your relationship? Difficult life transitions? Addiction issues? Gender Identity? Family reunification? I can help you overcome your problems and embrace a healthier lifestyle. You deserve a therapist who will truly strive to understand the way you think. I will take the time to understand your thought processes, emotions, fears, and concerns. Of course, seeking therapy is not always easy; but you deserve to get the help you need to live a happy, fulfilling life.
Struggling with a mental health or emotional issue? A difficult child/teen? In your relationship? Difficult life transitions? Addiction issues? Gender Identity? Family reunification? I can help you overcome your problems and embrace a healthier lifestyle. You deserve a therapist who will truly strive to understand the way you think. I will take the time to understand your thought processes, emotions, fears, and concerns. Of course, seeking therapy is not always easy; but you deserve to get the help you need to live a happy, fulfilling life.
(408) 669-3640 View (408) 669-3640
Photo of Kristin R Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Kristin R Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
2 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Reaching out for support is a profound and courageous step. If you're here, you may be sensing that something in your internal or relational world no longer feels sustainable—and you no longer want to face it alone. That longing for change is meaningful, and it can lead us into deep, transformative work. I offer a warm collaborative space where we can explore the patterns, beliefs, and emotional wounds that often trace back to early relational experiences. These underlying dynamics can shape the way we relate to ourselves and others, often creating barriers to connection, fulfillment, and well-being.
Reaching out for support is a profound and courageous step. If you're here, you may be sensing that something in your internal or relational world no longer feels sustainable—and you no longer want to face it alone. That longing for change is meaningful, and it can lead us into deep, transformative work. I offer a warm collaborative space where we can explore the patterns, beliefs, and emotional wounds that often trace back to early relational experiences. These underlying dynamics can shape the way we relate to ourselves and others, often creating barriers to connection, fulfillment, and well-being.
(669) 322-8395 View (669) 322-8395
Photo of Annette Barnett, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Annette Barnett
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
FREE 30 min video call - email, call/text 408-357-9187. Learn about your relationship & gain skills in this one call! For Couples Therapy, you need a Couples Therapist. Not feeling heard or understood? Repetitive shaming & blaming? Often one person feels unsupported & unimportant & “pursues” the other for communication & connection, while the other feels like they’re never enough, can’t please their partner & usually withdraws & shuts down. Break this painful cycle & take your relationship to the next level - create a safe haven & secure base. Establish solid tools & skills, develop a WE not just ME mindset & reignite the spark!
FREE 30 min video call - email, call/text 408-357-9187. Learn about your relationship & gain skills in this one call! For Couples Therapy, you need a Couples Therapist. Not feeling heard or understood? Repetitive shaming & blaming? Often one person feels unsupported & unimportant & “pursues” the other for communication & connection, while the other feels like they’re never enough, can’t please their partner & usually withdraws & shuts down. Break this painful cycle & take your relationship to the next level - create a safe haven & secure base. Establish solid tools & skills, develop a WE not just ME mindset & reignite the spark!
(408) 684-5477 View (408) 684-5477
Photo of Lushi Zhang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Lushi Zhang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Are you feeling stuck? Maybe you’re facing a lot of stress, Maybe you’re struggling with your relationship, Maybe your anxiety and depression gets really unbearable, Maybe what happened in the past is still haunting you. It’s really overwhelming that you have tried so hard but couldn’t get out of the darkness. If this is you, you're in the right place. I am here to listen and help! I believe that everyone can change and grow even during the times you feel helpless and hopeless. I have witnessed powerful healing and growth in my presence. And I have the map to help you as well.
Are you feeling stuck? Maybe you’re facing a lot of stress, Maybe you’re struggling with your relationship, Maybe your anxiety and depression gets really unbearable, Maybe what happened in the past is still haunting you. It’s really overwhelming that you have tried so hard but couldn’t get out of the darkness. If this is you, you're in the right place. I am here to listen and help! I believe that everyone can change and grow even during the times you feel helpless and hopeless. I have witnessed powerful healing and growth in my presence. And I have the map to help you as well.
(408) 665-7651 View (408) 665-7651
Photo of Megan Gustlin, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Megan Gustlin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Welcome! It takes courage to seek help and confront the parts of ourselves that we are most afraid of. I will partner with you and support you so that you do not have to do it alone. I am an attentive and welcoming therapist who is honored to walk alongside you as you make positive changes in your life. I am passionate about helping others become the best versions of themselves and focus on providing tools that empower you to break unhealthy habits in your life.
Welcome! It takes courage to seek help and confront the parts of ourselves that we are most afraid of. I will partner with you and support you so that you do not have to do it alone. I am an attentive and welcoming therapist who is honored to walk alongside you as you make positive changes in your life. I am passionate about helping others become the best versions of themselves and focus on providing tools that empower you to break unhealthy habits in your life.
(650) 670-3129 x180 View (650) 670-3129 x180
Photo of Julie Herman, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Julie Herman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Saratoga, CA 95070
If you are experiencing anxiety or depression, struggling with issues related to chemical dependency or chronic illness, hoping to heal from the trauma of past abuse, interested in creating healthier relationships, or simply wanting to work on your own personal growth, I am here to help. In my general psychotherapy practice, I have extensive experience helping adults, couples, and teens grapple with the many complexities of being human.
If you are experiencing anxiety or depression, struggling with issues related to chemical dependency or chronic illness, hoping to heal from the trauma of past abuse, interested in creating healthier relationships, or simply wanting to work on your own personal growth, I am here to help. In my general psychotherapy practice, I have extensive experience helping adults, couples, and teens grapple with the many complexities of being human.
(408) 805-3175 View (408) 805-3175
Photo of Nasrin Farr, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Nasrin Farr
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Hello, my name is Nasrin. For over a decade, I have had the privilege of working with adults, children/ adolescents, families, couples, LGBTQ, and Military/Veterans from a diverse population. What contributes to my work is the skill to utilize evidence-based therapies with the compassion and empathy needed to provide a therapeutic alliance.
Hello, my name is Nasrin. For over a decade, I have had the privilege of working with adults, children/ adolescents, families, couples, LGBTQ, and Military/Veterans from a diverse population. What contributes to my work is the skill to utilize evidence-based therapies with the compassion and empathy needed to provide a therapeutic alliance.
(323) 443-7274 View (323) 443-7274
Photo of Brendan Pratt, Psychologist, PhD
Brendan Pratt
Psychologist, PhD
Saratoga, CA 95070
As a father of two children, I know how important it is to seek the best education for our children. Being a compassionate psychologist with over ten years experience in supporting children who struggle with learning, inattention, anxiety and depression, I understand that learning, socializing and adapting to new environments can be difficult. Psychological testing can highlight a child's strengths, clarify areas of need and provide parents and teachers with practical steps they can take. I work with children with all levels of skill and areas of concern.
As a father of two children, I know how important it is to seek the best education for our children. Being a compassionate psychologist with over ten years experience in supporting children who struggle with learning, inattention, anxiety and depression, I understand that learning, socializing and adapting to new environments can be difficult. Psychological testing can highlight a child's strengths, clarify areas of need and provide parents and teachers with practical steps they can take. I work with children with all levels of skill and areas of concern.
(650) 209-7935 View (650) 209-7935
Photo of Dr. Dottie Larson, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Dottie Larson
Psychologist, PhD
Saratoga, CA 95070
Do you find yourself feeling things really deeply or “overthinking” what everything means? Do you find yourself wondering about how your past experiences have shaped you and search for patterns in your life, trying to get to the root of your struggles. Or perhaps, life just doesn’t feel the way you imagined it would, or it feels like something is missing. You want to change but nothing seems to work or it doesn't last very long. There is another way. You may have been trying to do this all on your own. Maybe that is how you have been doing it your whole life. But you don’t have to. Let’s get to the root of your struggles together.
Do you find yourself feeling things really deeply or “overthinking” what everything means? Do you find yourself wondering about how your past experiences have shaped you and search for patterns in your life, trying to get to the root of your struggles. Or perhaps, life just doesn’t feel the way you imagined it would, or it feels like something is missing. You want to change but nothing seems to work or it doesn't last very long. There is another way. You may have been trying to do this all on your own. Maybe that is how you have been doing it your whole life. But you don’t have to. Let’s get to the root of your struggles together.
(408) 539-3435 View (408) 539-3435
Photo of Paul Marcille, Psychologist, PhD
Paul Marcille
Psychologist, PhD
Saratoga, CA 95070
Dr. Marcille is a licensed psychologist with 35 years experience working as a therapist and university professor and administrator. Past president of the California and Santa Clara Psychological Associations and former Professor & Program Director at Palo Alto University, Dr. Marcille works with adolescents and adults helping them to achieve educational, professional and personal success. He is the former Dean of the American University of Paris and enjoys working with clients from international backgrounds. He uses evidence based therapeutic practices with a primarily cognitive behavioral focus and is very pragmatic.
Dr. Marcille is a licensed psychologist with 35 years experience working as a therapist and university professor and administrator. Past president of the California and Santa Clara Psychological Associations and former Professor & Program Director at Palo Alto University, Dr. Marcille works with adolescents and adults helping them to achieve educational, professional and personal success. He is the former Dean of the American University of Paris and enjoys working with clients from international backgrounds. He uses evidence based therapeutic practices with a primarily cognitive behavioral focus and is very pragmatic.
(408) 676-9994 View (408) 676-9994
Photo of Becca McCurdy, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Becca McCurdy
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Welcome, I’m Becca. It can be vulnerable to share your inner world. I invite a collaborative process in which we cultivate curious, kind attention toward your experience. Together, we can attune to your story, try out new ways of relating to your journey, and get to know your goals and dreams. I believe in holding and co-creating a space where you have the freedom to experience all of who you are, without judgement, and make authentic choices. It is important to me to understand each person in the context of intersecting identities and environments, and modalities I draw from are holistic, relational, and systems-oriented.
Welcome, I’m Becca. It can be vulnerable to share your inner world. I invite a collaborative process in which we cultivate curious, kind attention toward your experience. Together, we can attune to your story, try out new ways of relating to your journey, and get to know your goals and dreams. I believe in holding and co-creating a space where you have the freedom to experience all of who you are, without judgement, and make authentic choices. It is important to me to understand each person in the context of intersecting identities and environments, and modalities I draw from are holistic, relational, and systems-oriented.
(669) 348-3563 View (669) 348-3563
Photo of Randa El Jurdi, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MEd, BSN
Randa El Jurdi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MEd, BSN
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As a couples therapist, I strive to create a supportive and empathetic environment that fosters open and honest exploration of relationship dynamics, communication patterns, and individual needs. My goal is to cultivate a safe space where both partners feel genuinely heard, respected, and understood. I integrate evidence-based approaches—including the Gottman Method, Emotionally Focused Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy—to tailor interventions that align with the unique needs and goals of each couple.
As a couples therapist, I strive to create a supportive and empathetic environment that fosters open and honest exploration of relationship dynamics, communication patterns, and individual needs. My goal is to cultivate a safe space where both partners feel genuinely heard, respected, and understood. I integrate evidence-based approaches—including the Gottman Method, Emotionally Focused Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy—to tailor interventions that align with the unique needs and goals of each couple.
(408) 547-9179 View (408) 547-9179
Photo of Debra Rosenfeld, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Debra Rosenfeld
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Welcome. In our sessions, I listen closely and support you as you work through challenges. I help you gain insight into yourself and develop practical psychological skills, so you feel better, have more satisfying relationships, thrive at work, and live in alignment with your values. I work with people facing depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, life transitions, chronic or major health conditions, high-pressure careers, and the search for meaning. I also directed the career counseling program at Stanford School of Medicine for 10 years.
Welcome. In our sessions, I listen closely and support you as you work through challenges. I help you gain insight into yourself and develop practical psychological skills, so you feel better, have more satisfying relationships, thrive at work, and live in alignment with your values. I work with people facing depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, life transitions, chronic or major health conditions, high-pressure careers, and the search for meaning. I also directed the career counseling program at Stanford School of Medicine for 10 years.
(650) 412-6307 View (650) 412-6307
Photo of Therese Frey, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MAC
Therese Frey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MAC
Saratoga, CA 95070
Are you relying on unhealthy habits to cope with stress, anxiety, depression or life's challenges? Is it time to make some changes in your life but you feel stuck and don't know where to begin? Are you tired of feeling lonely, empty, sad or misunderstood? Do you struggle with allowing yourself to feel vulnerable with others? Does a healthy work-life balance seem impossible for you? If any of these questions ring true for you, some support might be just what you need.
Are you relying on unhealthy habits to cope with stress, anxiety, depression or life's challenges? Is it time to make some changes in your life but you feel stuck and don't know where to begin? Are you tired of feeling lonely, empty, sad or misunderstood? Do you struggle with allowing yourself to feel vulnerable with others? Does a healthy work-life balance seem impossible for you? If any of these questions ring true for you, some support might be just what you need.
(408) 762-5895 View (408) 762-5895
Photo of Randa El Jurdi, Marriage & Family Therapist, BSN, MEd, MA, LMFT
Randa El Jurdi
Marriage & Family Therapist, BSN, MEd, MA, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I help individuals heal from past experiences that continue to affect their present. Whether it’s anxiety, trauma, or feeling stuck in old patterns, our work together focuses on understanding your story and restoring a sense of balance. As a therapist trained in EMDR, I guide clients through evidence-based strategies that help the brain reprocess painful memories and create lasting emotional relief. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and focused on helping you move toward the life you want to live.
I help individuals heal from past experiences that continue to affect their present. Whether it’s anxiety, trauma, or feeling stuck in old patterns, our work together focuses on understanding your story and restoring a sense of balance. As a therapist trained in EMDR, I guide clients through evidence-based strategies that help the brain reprocess painful memories and create lasting emotional relief. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and focused on helping you move toward the life you want to live.
(424) 531-7680 View (424) 531-7680
Photo of Avital Wolfberg, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Avital Wolfberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist dedicated to supporting kids, teens, adults, couples, and families as they navigate life's stressors, transitions, and challenges. Clients come to me for many reasons — anxiety, trauma, parenting struggles, communication issues, or simply a desire for personal growth - and my role is to walk alongside them with compassion.
I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist dedicated to supporting kids, teens, adults, couples, and families as they navigate life's stressors, transitions, and challenges. Clients come to me for many reasons — anxiety, trauma, parenting struggles, communication issues, or simply a desire for personal growth - and my role is to walk alongside them with compassion.
(669) 206-1916 View (669) 206-1916
Photo of Yifan Wang, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Yifan Wang
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Are you feeling distanced, lack of connection with your partner? Feeling always being rejected, unloved, not important in your relationship, or perhaps feeling being criticized, never enough for your loved one? You want to feel valued, important, loved again, and restore or strengthen the relational bond with your significant one. If that resonates with your current situation in your couple relationship, I am here to support you with that as a couple. Or you are struggling with personal isssues related to culture, sexual identity, sexuality or some interpersonal trauma, which impacted your relationship and mood.
Are you feeling distanced, lack of connection with your partner? Feeling always being rejected, unloved, not important in your relationship, or perhaps feeling being criticized, never enough for your loved one? You want to feel valued, important, loved again, and restore or strengthen the relational bond with your significant one. If that resonates with your current situation in your couple relationship, I am here to support you with that as a couple. Or you are struggling with personal isssues related to culture, sexual identity, sexuality or some interpersonal trauma, which impacted your relationship and mood.
(408) 688-5642 View (408) 688-5642
Photo of Sharon Mead, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Sharon Mead
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in couple therapy because I believe your primary romantic attachment is the most important connection in your life. It can bring joy or misery depending on how well the relationship is going. If you are not getting along with your partner, life is just harder. I can help you find the friendship and love you once had. I can help you turn to each other for comfort and connection that will give you the strength to meet the challenges of every day.
I specialize in couple therapy because I believe your primary romantic attachment is the most important connection in your life. It can bring joy or misery depending on how well the relationship is going. If you are not getting along with your partner, life is just harder. I can help you find the friendship and love you once had. I can help you turn to each other for comfort and connection that will give you the strength to meet the challenges of every day.
(408) 844-4856 View (408) 844-4856
Photo of Cheryl Zatkin-Steres, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Cheryl Zatkin-Steres
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
I help patients solve their emotional and psychological problems. They learn tools to overcome depression, anxiety, and stress and are facilitated in stopping inappropriate use of food, alcohol and drugs. Parents and stepparents learn skills to become more effective. Patients acquire methods to re-parent themselves as well as techniques in how to be more satisfied in their personal and professional relationships. Individuals gain insights that enhance their ability to feel more confident and be more productive by setting goals to achieve positive results and outcomes. Children and adolescents learn to improve their relationships with themselves and build better social and interpersonal relationships.
I help patients solve their emotional and psychological problems. They learn tools to overcome depression, anxiety, and stress and are facilitated in stopping inappropriate use of food, alcohol and drugs. Parents and stepparents learn skills to become more effective. Patients acquire methods to re-parent themselves as well as techniques in how to be more satisfied in their personal and professional relationships. Individuals gain insights that enhance their ability to feel more confident and be more productive by setting goals to achieve positive results and outcomes. Children and adolescents learn to improve their relationships with themselves and build better social and interpersonal relationships.
(408) 769-5393 View (408) 769-5393
Photo of Preety Kaur, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Preety Kaur
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Saratoga, CA 95070
Clients often tell me they leave sessions feeling better because they finally have an understanding of what is happening inside of them and how to best move forward with the different obstacles they are facing. They essentially say, they feel “unstuck.” I love working with teens and adults. I aim to guide individuals in exploring their internal system, comprised of different parts that influence their thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. Have you ever said, “Well, a part of me thinks this, but another part thinks that?” It’s true that often we can see several sides to an issue.
Clients often tell me they leave sessions feeling better because they finally have an understanding of what is happening inside of them and how to best move forward with the different obstacles they are facing. They essentially say, they feel “unstuck.” I love working with teens and adults. I aim to guide individuals in exploring their internal system, comprised of different parts that influence their thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. Have you ever said, “Well, a part of me thinks this, but another part thinks that?” It’s true that often we can see several sides to an issue.
(408) 762-4396 View (408) 762-4396

See more therapy options for Saratoga

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saratoga, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Saratoga, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
68% Stress
63% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
63% Other
57% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saratoga, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saratoga?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.