Therapists in San Jose, CA

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Photo of Benjamin Raskin, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Benjamin Raskin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95124  (Online Only)
I provide individual therapy to treat pornography/sexual addiction, anxiety, depression, and impulse control. I also provide couples therapy for healing through infidelity, communication issues, and other relationship struggles. I am currently accepting new clients. Schedule a free consultation to learn more.
I provide individual therapy to treat pornography/sexual addiction, anxiety, depression, and impulse control. I also provide couples therapy for healing through infidelity, communication issues, and other relationship struggles. I am currently accepting new clients. Schedule a free consultation to learn more.
(669) 219-2306 View (669) 219-2306
Photo of Catherine Anne Mathews, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Catherine Anne Mathews
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95126
Relationships are hard! It can feel like an endless struggle just to get along. Sometimes it seems as though we’ve hit a wall and just can’t make it work. Is it my partner? Is it me? What’s going on here? I love working with couples and families to begin to gently untangle the conflict. Couple or family therapy can be a caring space for each individual to be heard and respected, a place for you to identify your feelings and desires. Together we will learn how you can reduce conflict, communicate better and find your way back to the loving place you once shared.
Relationships are hard! It can feel like an endless struggle just to get along. Sometimes it seems as though we’ve hit a wall and just can’t make it work. Is it my partner? Is it me? What’s going on here? I love working with couples and families to begin to gently untangle the conflict. Couple or family therapy can be a caring space for each individual to be heard and respected, a place for you to identify your feelings and desires. Together we will learn how you can reduce conflict, communicate better and find your way back to the loving place you once shared.
(408) 418-2943 View (408) 418-2943
Photo of Nicole Bennett, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Bennett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
If you are struggling with anxiety, low self-worth, or impacts from the past, things can get better. In EMDR therapy, I guide my clients in working through inner challenges that feel stuck and getting to a place where change is truly felt. Together we can work toward finding more peace in your inner world to increase your capacity to relax, connect, and enjoy yourself and your life.
If you are struggling with anxiety, low self-worth, or impacts from the past, things can get better. In EMDR therapy, I guide my clients in working through inner challenges that feel stuck and getting to a place where change is truly felt. Together we can work toward finding more peace in your inner world to increase your capacity to relax, connect, and enjoy yourself and your life.
(408) 692-6792 View (408) 692-6792
Photo of Antonio Smith, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Antonio Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95126
Not accepting new clients
I help people with low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma/complex trauma, indecision/stuckness/failure to launch, find the roots of their condition, process them and transition to resilience, personal growth and fulfilment. I help couples connect with themselves, their values and intentions, communicate authentically & safely and either experience the peace, happiness, and satisfaction they once knew and more, or recognize the truth that it is not meant to be, part on the best terms possible and begin new lives. I have lived in three countries and have deep empathy for immigrants but use mainly English for sessions.
I help people with low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma/complex trauma, indecision/stuckness/failure to launch, find the roots of their condition, process them and transition to resilience, personal growth and fulfilment. I help couples connect with themselves, their values and intentions, communicate authentically & safely and either experience the peace, happiness, and satisfaction they once knew and more, or recognize the truth that it is not meant to be, part on the best terms possible and begin new lives. I have lived in three countries and have deep empathy for immigrants but use mainly English for sessions.
(408) 418-2446 View (408) 418-2446
Photo of Alison Tan, LCP, Psychologist
Alison Tan
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95127
My name is Alison, and I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. I specialize in anxiety and depression and work with clients to increase their self-efficacy through building their sense of control and self-understanding. I typically work with adults addressing anxiety and depression that may have become more apparent due to stressors, relationship difficulties, transitions, life experiences, health changes, and sometimes a compounding of all the above. I work to help my clients navigate these transition periods and to build skills to allow them to feel more confident about themselves and their ability to tackle future difficulties.
My name is Alison, and I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. I specialize in anxiety and depression and work with clients to increase their self-efficacy through building their sense of control and self-understanding. I typically work with adults addressing anxiety and depression that may have become more apparent due to stressors, relationship difficulties, transitions, life experiences, health changes, and sometimes a compounding of all the above. I work to help my clients navigate these transition periods and to build skills to allow them to feel more confident about themselves and their ability to tackle future difficulties.
(408) 413-2023 View (408) 413-2023
Photo of Kitte Anderson, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Kitte Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95129
Is excessive worry or anxiety limiting your life? Do you want to feel better and live a happier life? Helping our clients overcome social anxiety, public speaking fears, OCD, panic, excessive worry and depression is our primary focus. Visit us at www.paloaltotherapy.com. By using proven therapy methods (We are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy specialists) we will focus on specific problems, solutions, and reachable goals. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy and help you get results to improve your emotions and your life. By doing this we can help rather quickly. Call to schedule a free phone consultation.
Is excessive worry or anxiety limiting your life? Do you want to feel better and live a happier life? Helping our clients overcome social anxiety, public speaking fears, OCD, panic, excessive worry and depression is our primary focus. Visit us at www.paloaltotherapy.com. By using proven therapy methods (We are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy specialists) we will focus on specific problems, solutions, and reachable goals. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy and help you get results to improve your emotions and your life. By doing this we can help rather quickly. Call to schedule a free phone consultation.
(408) 668-0259 View (408) 668-0259
Photo of Terrance Mclarnan, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Terrance Mclarnan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95126
In a way, life is a puzzle. With many pieces to choose from, we try to find those pieces that fit smoothly together. However, life becomes troubling when what we have chosen doesn't fit and the same problems seem to occur in one situation after another, making life seem even more frustrating and confusing. I am trained as both an artist and a psychotherapist and work in a collaborative style. After 20 years of experience, I bring a little humor and grace while learning to think creatively to move through the maze of life, it is an exciting possibility.
In a way, life is a puzzle. With many pieces to choose from, we try to find those pieces that fit smoothly together. However, life becomes troubling when what we have chosen doesn't fit and the same problems seem to occur in one situation after another, making life seem even more frustrating and confusing. I am trained as both an artist and a psychotherapist and work in a collaborative style. After 20 years of experience, I bring a little humor and grace while learning to think creatively to move through the maze of life, it is an exciting possibility.
(408) 659-8144 View (408) 659-8144
Photo of Jacqueline Morita, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jacqueline Morita
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
Do you struggle with feeling anxious and are affected by reminders from the past that impact your self-esteem, day-to-day life, and relationships? Do you feel lost trying to navigate your relationships and wonder why it's difficult for you to get close to people or why certain people upset you? Do you struggle to have hope that you’ll one day feel less alone and feel more self-compassion even on your difficult days? You're not alone, struggling with the effects of trauma and anxiety is very common. If this has resonated with you, this may be your sign to get the support that you deserve in feeling hopeful in your journey of healing.
Do you struggle with feeling anxious and are affected by reminders from the past that impact your self-esteem, day-to-day life, and relationships? Do you feel lost trying to navigate your relationships and wonder why it's difficult for you to get close to people or why certain people upset you? Do you struggle to have hope that you’ll one day feel less alone and feel more self-compassion even on your difficult days? You're not alone, struggling with the effects of trauma and anxiety is very common. If this has resonated with you, this may be your sign to get the support that you deserve in feeling hopeful in your journey of healing.
(408) 404-5368 View (408) 404-5368
Photo of Nicole Brunn, LMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nicole Brunn
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95129
Is excessive worry or anxiety limiting your life? Do you want to feel better and live a happier life? Helping our clients overcome social anxiety, public speaking fears, OCD, panic, excessive worry and depression is our primary focus. Visit us at www.paloaltotherapy.com. By using proven therapy methods (We are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy specialists) we will focus on specific problems, solutions, and reachable goals. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy and help you get results to improve your emotions and your life. By doing this we can help rather quickly. Call to schedule a free phone consultation.
Is excessive worry or anxiety limiting your life? Do you want to feel better and live a happier life? Helping our clients overcome social anxiety, public speaking fears, OCD, panic, excessive worry and depression is our primary focus. Visit us at www.paloaltotherapy.com. By using proven therapy methods (We are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy specialists) we will focus on specific problems, solutions, and reachable goals. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy and help you get results to improve your emotions and your life. By doing this we can help rather quickly. Call to schedule a free phone consultation.
(408) 741-9272 View (408) 741-9272
Photo of David S. Terry, PhD, Psychologist
David S. Terry
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125
Despite our evolutionary progress the essence of being human hasn’t changed. We require acceptance, understanding, compassion, love and connection. We struggle with our fears, hopes, dreams, and relationships. These are the common issues that bring people into therapy. The pathway to healing can be achieved in many ways. Each person has his/her own unique perception and emotional world and my first task is to understand yours. Together we can create your path to self acceptance, strength and resilience. Your first step is to accept responsibility, then to identify the critical components of your individuality and identity.
Despite our evolutionary progress the essence of being human hasn’t changed. We require acceptance, understanding, compassion, love and connection. We struggle with our fears, hopes, dreams, and relationships. These are the common issues that bring people into therapy. The pathway to healing can be achieved in many ways. Each person has his/her own unique perception and emotional world and my first task is to understand yours. Together we can create your path to self acceptance, strength and resilience. Your first step is to accept responsibility, then to identify the critical components of your individuality and identity.
(408) 688-5916 View (408) 688-5916
Photo of Roby Shamas, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Roby Shamas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125
Waitlist for new clients
As a psychotherapist, I enjoy working with adults going through life-transitions, looking for better self-understanding, wanting to improve their relationships, or experiencing challenging stressors. While cultivating compassionate self-awareness, I'll guide you as we work together to navigate your struggles and goals. Whether you are pursuing therapy with a clear idea of what you want to accomplish or are coming in with uncertainty, I am deeply committed to understanding you, and being by your side on your unique journey.
As a psychotherapist, I enjoy working with adults going through life-transitions, looking for better self-understanding, wanting to improve their relationships, or experiencing challenging stressors. While cultivating compassionate self-awareness, I'll guide you as we work together to navigate your struggles and goals. Whether you are pursuing therapy with a clear idea of what you want to accomplish or are coming in with uncertainty, I am deeply committed to understanding you, and being by your side on your unique journey.
(408) 837-4786 View (408) 837-4786
Photo of Cynthia Yu, FNP-BC
Cynthia Yu
FNP-BC
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95134  (Online Only)
Cynthia Yu is an ANCC Board-Certified Nurse Practitioner for 20 years. She received her Master of Science in Nursing from San Jose State University. She has been working with underserved population and understands the need of mental health services. Cynthia believes everyone should receive access to quality mental health care. She also believe that everyone would have ups and downs in life. She will work together with clients to find the best solutions for the clients and their treatment goals.
Cynthia Yu is an ANCC Board-Certified Nurse Practitioner for 20 years. She received her Master of Science in Nursing from San Jose State University. She has been working with underserved population and understands the need of mental health services. Cynthia believes everyone should receive access to quality mental health care. She also believe that everyone would have ups and downs in life. She will work together with clients to find the best solutions for the clients and their treatment goals.
(408) 715-3597 View (408) 715-3597
Photo of Mae Conroy, ACSW
Mae Conroy
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95124
With deep listening, together we will collaborate to identify your unique therapy goals. Coming into connection with distressing symptoms, making meaning of parts of yourself and your life brings forward opportunity for growth and transformation. Individual adult clients and adolescent clients, couples and families are all welcome.
With deep listening, together we will collaborate to identify your unique therapy goals. Coming into connection with distressing symptoms, making meaning of parts of yourself and your life brings forward opportunity for growth and transformation. Individual adult clients and adolescent clients, couples and families are all welcome.
(669) 280-7905 View (669) 280-7905
Photo of Jeremiah Knight, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jeremiah Knight
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95112
In therapy, I facilitate a welcoming, explorative environment through the implementation of solution focused therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and existentialism. For that reason, my ideal client either comes knowing what that would like to get out of therapy or is willing to work together to determine possible areas in which they would like to see improvement. Some goals set by my clients have included being happier, feeling less anxious, improving their focus on a specific habit, building their awareness on their future, improving their relationships with their significant other, and increasing their connections with others.
In therapy, I facilitate a welcoming, explorative environment through the implementation of solution focused therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and existentialism. For that reason, my ideal client either comes knowing what that would like to get out of therapy or is willing to work together to determine possible areas in which they would like to see improvement. Some goals set by my clients have included being happier, feeling less anxious, improving their focus on a specific habit, building their awareness on their future, improving their relationships with their significant other, and increasing their connections with others.
(408) 763-4575 View (408) 763-4575
Photo of Alyssa Burgett, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alyssa Burgett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hi! I'm Alyssa and I specialize in working with individuals who need support working through anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-worth and trauma. When we are struggling with internal conflict, it can be challenging to have relationships with others and live a fulfilling life. I believe we are all capable of creating long-lasting and holistic change within ourselves, however, sometimes we need support from others to be able to get there.
Hi! I'm Alyssa and I specialize in working with individuals who need support working through anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-worth and trauma. When we are struggling with internal conflict, it can be challenging to have relationships with others and live a fulfilling life. I believe we are all capable of creating long-lasting and holistic change within ourselves, however, sometimes we need support from others to be able to get there.
(669) 206-1759 View (669) 206-1759
Photo of Emmylou Chua Cancino, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Emmylou Chua Cancino
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128
Hi, my name is Emmylou and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist with many years of experience working with families, children, and adolescents including foster youths and adoptees providing individual, family and group therapy. Over the last 5 years, I have also had the pleasure of working with adults in both community-based and hospital settings. I have extensive experience in the areas of trauma, depression, anxiety, family/parent and child concerns, behavioral issues, adjustments, and parenting. My working style is interactive, authentic, culturally sensitive, trauma-informed, and collaborative.
Hi, my name is Emmylou and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist with many years of experience working with families, children, and adolescents including foster youths and adoptees providing individual, family and group therapy. Over the last 5 years, I have also had the pleasure of working with adults in both community-based and hospital settings. I have extensive experience in the areas of trauma, depression, anxiety, family/parent and child concerns, behavioral issues, adjustments, and parenting. My working style is interactive, authentic, culturally sensitive, trauma-informed, and collaborative.
(408) 648-2505 View (408) 648-2505
Photo of Christine Minakakis, Marriage & Family Therapist
Christine Minakakis
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95126  (Online Only)
Have you struggled to get and stay organized - despite trying every possible planner, routine, and system? Have you noticed that you have difficulty relaxing, even when you have time to yourself? Have you ever been told that you move around or space out a lot? I specialize in working with adults with ADHD and I can help. You might have been diagnosed with ADHD as a child or you might have gotten diagnosed just last week. Our work together can help you process any anxiety or shame around ADHD symptoms. I can help you navigate social, relationship, and work settings, and help you better understand your brilliant neurodivergent brain.
Have you struggled to get and stay organized - despite trying every possible planner, routine, and system? Have you noticed that you have difficulty relaxing, even when you have time to yourself? Have you ever been told that you move around or space out a lot? I specialize in working with adults with ADHD and I can help. You might have been diagnosed with ADHD as a child or you might have gotten diagnosed just last week. Our work together can help you process any anxiety or shame around ADHD symptoms. I can help you navigate social, relationship, and work settings, and help you better understand your brilliant neurodivergent brain.
(408) 676-5158 View (408) 676-5158
Photo of Debra Gionet, MSSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Debra Gionet
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95124
Looking for therapy? Are you feeling overwhelmed by emotions or can't make the changes you or had something painful happen to you? With more than 25 years of experience counseling, perhaps I can help you heal & develop tools! I love to help people heal, gain greater insight into themselves, help them change undesirable habits, and process tough and painful issues. It takes courage to seek the life you long for & it is possible! I'd love to hear from you today!
Looking for therapy? Are you feeling overwhelmed by emotions or can't make the changes you or had something painful happen to you? With more than 25 years of experience counseling, perhaps I can help you heal & develop tools! I love to help people heal, gain greater insight into themselves, help them change undesirable habits, and process tough and painful issues. It takes courage to seek the life you long for & it is possible! I'd love to hear from you today!
(408) 676-9997 View (408) 676-9997
Photo of Douglas Drucker, PhD, QME, Psychologist
Douglas Drucker
Psychologist, PhD, QME
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95124
I work with adults in a private practice setting specializing in pain managagement and health psychology. I offer biofeedback, EMDR, treatment for mood disorders and PTSD. I am on staff at El Camino Hospital and accept insurance and Medicare. I am a qualified medical evaluator and provide forensic evaluations for surgical screenings and for legal settings.
I work with adults in a private practice setting specializing in pain managagement and health psychology. I offer biofeedback, EMDR, treatment for mood disorders and PTSD. I am on staff at El Camino Hospital and accept insurance and Medicare. I am a qualified medical evaluator and provide forensic evaluations for surgical screenings and for legal settings.
(408) 215-9454 View (408) 215-9454
Chauncey Chatman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95113  (Online Only)
Is life becoming unmanageable? Looking for real answers? Seeking the best group of clinicians who accept your insurance? Welcome to WellPsyche Medical Group! WellPsyche providers are experts in Wellness and Mental Health. Our providers take a Thoughtful, Practical, and Caring approach to therapy and can help you balance your life. WellPsyche is also a leader in Telemedicine. Now you can visit with your provider from the privacy and convenience of your home or work.
Is life becoming unmanageable? Looking for real answers? Seeking the best group of clinicians who accept your insurance? Welcome to WellPsyche Medical Group! WellPsyche providers are experts in Wellness and Mental Health. Our providers take a Thoughtful, Practical, and Caring approach to therapy and can help you balance your life. WellPsyche is also a leader in Telemedicine. Now you can visit with your provider from the privacy and convenience of your home or work.
(408) 317-7262 View (408) 317-7262
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Jose, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$181

Therapists in San Jose, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
70% Stress
67% Coping Skills
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Jose, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Jose?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.