Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Domenica M Mondo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Domenica M Mondo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Are you and your spouse/partner having difficulty communicating? Is your sex life non-existant? Do you dread going home? Is your self-esteem suffering? Then come to talk about it in treatment and find new ways of reconnecting. These are tough times, with some individuals working two and three jobs to stay afloat financially. Keeping it together is a balancing act for couples - especially if you have children. I have worked in both inpatient and outpatient settings. My style is empathic and proactive.
Are you and your spouse/partner having difficulty communicating? Is your sex life non-existant? Do you dread going home? Is your self-esteem suffering? Then come to talk about it in treatment and find new ways of reconnecting. These are tough times, with some individuals working two and three jobs to stay afloat financially. Keeping it together is a balancing act for couples - especially if you have children. I have worked in both inpatient and outpatient settings. My style is empathic and proactive.
(646) 490-9977 View (646) 490-9977
Photo of Sandea Green-Stark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Sandea Green-Stark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I provide a non-judgmental and safe space to develop a greater understanding of your emotional experiences and discover new ways of thinking, being, and feeling about yourself, others, and the world. I have worked extensively with clients in the creative arts, professionals, adolescents, and older adults. I am licensed in NY and VT, and have over 13 years of experience in the field.
I provide a non-judgmental and safe space to develop a greater understanding of your emotional experiences and discover new ways of thinking, being, and feeling about yourself, others, and the world. I have worked extensively with clients in the creative arts, professionals, adolescents, and older adults. I am licensed in NY and VT, and have over 13 years of experience in the field.
(646) 921-3528 View (646) 921-3528
Photo of John Krachenfels, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
John Krachenfels
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Have you wondered whether you would benefit from in-person therapy? I offer a phone consultation to answer any questions you may have. I can assist you in resolving challenges and becoming your own therapist by teaching you how to overcome obstacles to succeed. I am skilled at helping high-functioning adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, career issues, addiction issues, academic issues, and goal attainment. My approach is solution-focused. Sessions are tailored to your specific needs. I am approachable and genuine. My clients usually see reduced symptoms and improved well-being early on in treatment.
Have you wondered whether you would benefit from in-person therapy? I offer a phone consultation to answer any questions you may have. I can assist you in resolving challenges and becoming your own therapist by teaching you how to overcome obstacles to succeed. I am skilled at helping high-functioning adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, career issues, addiction issues, academic issues, and goal attainment. My approach is solution-focused. Sessions are tailored to your specific needs. I am approachable and genuine. My clients usually see reduced symptoms and improved well-being early on in treatment.
(646) 906-9835 View (646) 906-9835
Photo of Aileen Silbert, Counselor in New York, NY
Aileen Silbert
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Not accepting new clients
I know how difficult and intimidating it can be to find the right therapist...and it is of the utmost importance to me that you feel comfortable, understood, and supported from the very beginning. Whether you are exploring the idea of therapy for the first time, or you're a therapy "veteran," you will appreciate my intuitive, empathic nature, and my ability to connect with you and what you need at this time in your life. I have great success in helping people manage anxiety, build self-esteem, and become more skilled at understanding and handling negative emotions (including sadness, fear, insecurity, loneliness, and anger).
I know how difficult and intimidating it can be to find the right therapist...and it is of the utmost importance to me that you feel comfortable, understood, and supported from the very beginning. Whether you are exploring the idea of therapy for the first time, or you're a therapy "veteran," you will appreciate my intuitive, empathic nature, and my ability to connect with you and what you need at this time in your life. I have great success in helping people manage anxiety, build self-esteem, and become more skilled at understanding and handling negative emotions (including sadness, fear, insecurity, loneliness, and anger).
(201) 345-1282 View (201) 345-1282
Photo of Taryn Santos, Counselor in New York, NY
Taryn Santos
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
Typically, I am a (brief) Solution Focused therapist. However, given the current complexities in the world around us today the therapeutic process can take longer than just a few short sessions. So,if you're ready to talk deeply about the issues that trouble you constantly, if you're ready to apply healthy coping skills, and if you want guidance to challenge those negative thoughts/feelings/behaviors that brought you here today - then let's work together. Will it be hard work? Of course. But I know you can do this. And I know I can help you through it.
Typically, I am a (brief) Solution Focused therapist. However, given the current complexities in the world around us today the therapeutic process can take longer than just a few short sessions. So,if you're ready to talk deeply about the issues that trouble you constantly, if you're ready to apply healthy coping skills, and if you want guidance to challenge those negative thoughts/feelings/behaviors that brought you here today - then let's work together. Will it be hard work? Of course. But I know you can do this. And I know I can help you through it.
(914) 877-2177 x1 View (914) 877-2177 x1
Pamela Rubin Carter
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW, JD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
I work with the mind, body and spirit in a wholistic way to address anxiety, depression, trauma, and relational issues to find personal meaning and tools for daily living. Being a teacher of yoga, gyrotonic, meditation and reiki prior to becoming a psychotherapist I bring a set of skills for exploring the issues facing you from a wider perspective that includes the wisdom of your body and helps you uncover your deep knowing about an issue and personal meaning in your life and relationships.
I work with the mind, body and spirit in a wholistic way to address anxiety, depression, trauma, and relational issues to find personal meaning and tools for daily living. Being a teacher of yoga, gyrotonic, meditation and reiki prior to becoming a psychotherapist I bring a set of skills for exploring the issues facing you from a wider perspective that includes the wisdom of your body and helps you uncover your deep knowing about an issue and personal meaning in your life and relationships.
(914) 730-5778 View (914) 730-5778
Photo of Katie Dewey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Katie Dewey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10075
Psychotherapy can feel like a daunting journey to start but my goal is to help you feel supported, seen and understood each step of the way. Together, we will explore in detail what brings you to seek therapy and identify the problems that have become overwhelming, pervasive or limiting for you. I tailor my approach to each patient's individual needs and together we will work not only to reduce symptoms but to also address the underlying causes.
Psychotherapy can feel like a daunting journey to start but my goal is to help you feel supported, seen and understood each step of the way. Together, we will explore in detail what brings you to seek therapy and identify the problems that have become overwhelming, pervasive or limiting for you. I tailor my approach to each patient's individual needs and together we will work not only to reduce symptoms but to also address the underlying causes.
(332) 244-0958 View (332) 244-0958
Photo of Michelle Feder, Psychologist in New York, NY
Michelle Feder
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Experiencing aversive, unwanted thoughts and worries can be a scary and lonely experience. Attempts at trying to get rid of these thoughts can lead to further suffering and negatively impact relationships, jobs, and enjoyment of daily life. If you struggle with these types of thoughts or behaviors, you may long for compassionate support, helpful strategies for managing your thoughts, and a clear plan for how to implement more effective behaviors. I am committed to collaborating with you to achieve your goals and empowering you with skills for responding to painful thoughts and feelings.
Experiencing aversive, unwanted thoughts and worries can be a scary and lonely experience. Attempts at trying to get rid of these thoughts can lead to further suffering and negatively impact relationships, jobs, and enjoyment of daily life. If you struggle with these types of thoughts or behaviors, you may long for compassionate support, helpful strategies for managing your thoughts, and a clear plan for how to implement more effective behaviors. I am committed to collaborating with you to achieve your goals and empowering you with skills for responding to painful thoughts and feelings.
(332) 244-0514 View (332) 244-0514
Photo of Afifa Barone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Afifa Barone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10032
Hi, my name is Afifa, and I am an LCSW in NY and a LICSW in MA. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families through life's challenges. I have a passion for helping people feel empowered to make changes in their lives, and I am dedicated to providing evidence-based treatment tailored to each individual. My client-centered approach focuses on the present with an eye toward the future. If you are looking for someone to help guide you through your journey, please feel free to reach out. I look forward to hearing from you and helping you on your path toward true healing. Thank you.
Hi, my name is Afifa, and I am an LCSW in NY and a LICSW in MA. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families through life's challenges. I have a passion for helping people feel empowered to make changes in their lives, and I am dedicated to providing evidence-based treatment tailored to each individual. My client-centered approach focuses on the present with an eye toward the future. If you are looking for someone to help guide you through your journey, please feel free to reach out. I look forward to hearing from you and helping you on your path toward true healing. Thank you.
(929) 470-7155 View (929) 470-7155
Photo of Jonathan Kent, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jonathan Kent
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10022
Balance is fundemental to a life well-lived. I believe that we all strive for harmony within ourselves, our world, and our expectations for our future. We strive for self-fulfillment within these areas but at times, reaching them can beceome overwelming. Deciding to begin therapy is an important and extremely personal choice. I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in scientifically validated psychological treatments including cognitive behavior therapy, rational emotive psychotherapy, and dialectical behavior therapy. I work with adults, children, couples, to help them in their pursuit of a life well-lived.
Balance is fundemental to a life well-lived. I believe that we all strive for harmony within ourselves, our world, and our expectations for our future. We strive for self-fulfillment within these areas but at times, reaching them can beceome overwelming. Deciding to begin therapy is an important and extremely personal choice. I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in scientifically validated psychological treatments including cognitive behavior therapy, rational emotive psychotherapy, and dialectical behavior therapy. I work with adults, children, couples, to help them in their pursuit of a life well-lived.
(516) 916-5603 View (516) 916-5603
Photo of Gloriane Roberson (w/ Mirielle Therapy Practice), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Gloriane Roberson (w/ Mirielle Therapy Practice)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Mirielle Therapy Practice is a group practice that specializes in helping early and mid-career stage women who are looking to make important changes in their lives. Our purpose is to work collaboratively with you so that you do not feel alone. As our client, it is important that you feel comfortable and accepted. We value working with women from a multitude of religious backgrounds, nationalities, sexual orientations, and ethnic/cultural identities.
Mirielle Therapy Practice is a group practice that specializes in helping early and mid-career stage women who are looking to make important changes in their lives. Our purpose is to work collaboratively with you so that you do not feel alone. As our client, it is important that you feel comfortable and accepted. We value working with women from a multitude of religious backgrounds, nationalities, sexual orientations, and ethnic/cultural identities.
(929) 207-5719 View (929) 207-5719
Photo of Javonne Faison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Javonne Faison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Life can throw so many curveballs your way! Some people feel like they were literally born into a struggle and I feel that! People need support, some more than others. I’m really passionate about people finding their voice, standing on their truth and writing their own story. I’m passionate about working with survivors (sexual abuse/assault, domestic violence), and overall just helping women deal with the challenges of life that they are faced with. Whether it’s dealing with the aftermath of an abusive relationship or coping with the day to day pressures, I’m here to provide support and guidance.
Life can throw so many curveballs your way! Some people feel like they were literally born into a struggle and I feel that! People need support, some more than others. I’m really passionate about people finding their voice, standing on their truth and writing their own story. I’m passionate about working with survivors (sexual abuse/assault, domestic violence), and overall just helping women deal with the challenges of life that they are faced with. Whether it’s dealing with the aftermath of an abusive relationship or coping with the day to day pressures, I’m here to provide support and guidance.
(646) 604-2491 View (646) 604-2491
Photo of Kendall Schellenger in New York, NY
Kendall Schellenger
PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018
I am a warm, compassionate and supportive postdoctoral psychologist. I provide individual, couples, and group psychotherapy to adolescents and adults of all ages. I provide services to people across the diverse spectrum of backgrounds, ethnic and racial origins, identities, and experiences. I work with such issues as anxiety, depression and trauma, major life transitions and adjustments, work, school, and relationship struggles, aimlessness and stagnation, self-esteem, self-exploration and expression, as well as issues related to maladaptive coping.
I am a warm, compassionate and supportive postdoctoral psychologist. I provide individual, couples, and group psychotherapy to adolescents and adults of all ages. I provide services to people across the diverse spectrum of backgrounds, ethnic and racial origins, identities, and experiences. I work with such issues as anxiety, depression and trauma, major life transitions and adjustments, work, school, and relationship struggles, aimlessness and stagnation, self-esteem, self-exploration and expression, as well as issues related to maladaptive coping.
(646) 969-9014 View (646) 969-9014
Photo of Maria Elena Lopez, Licensed Professional Counselor in New York, NY
Maria Elena Lopez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10040  (Online Only)
Life, with its inherent challenges, often brings forth pain and suffering, and if you've found your way to this page, you've taken a courageous step toward seeking relief. I commend you for that. As a therapist, my mission is to help you navigate the complexities of your experience, fostering bravery in facing the realities of your situation. Together, we can develop effective strategies to confront pain, fostering a path toward a more fulfilling and empowered life.
Life, with its inherent challenges, often brings forth pain and suffering, and if you've found your way to this page, you've taken a courageous step toward seeking relief. I commend you for that. As a therapist, my mission is to help you navigate the complexities of your experience, fostering bravery in facing the realities of your situation. Together, we can develop effective strategies to confront pain, fostering a path toward a more fulfilling and empowered life.
(914) 745-7944 View (914) 745-7944
Photo of Elizabeth Jarow Sytnik, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Elizabeth Jarow Sytnik
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
You are the expert of your own lived experiences. In therapy, we will collaborate to explore what hinders you, to set goals, and to build skills that will allow you to flourish. Reaching out for support and prioritizing yourself can feel difficult and overwhelming. I am here to provide you with nonjudgmental support, affirmation, and unconditional acceptance as you enter this journey of self-exploration. I believe that therapy should provide a positive space in which you feel safe in approaching the challenging work that we will take on together.
You are the expert of your own lived experiences. In therapy, we will collaborate to explore what hinders you, to set goals, and to build skills that will allow you to flourish. Reaching out for support and prioritizing yourself can feel difficult and overwhelming. I am here to provide you with nonjudgmental support, affirmation, and unconditional acceptance as you enter this journey of self-exploration. I believe that therapy should provide a positive space in which you feel safe in approaching the challenging work that we will take on together.
(929) 481-3299 View (929) 481-3299
Photo of Natasha Pasternack, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Natasha Pasternack
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10036
Sometimes life’s hard moments don’t pass as quickly as we wish. This can be especially felt in the context of relationships with those whom we care deeply for: the connection may begin to feel stale; communication breaks down; one person’s growth doesn’t always align with another and relational dynamics may change.
Sometimes life’s hard moments don’t pass as quickly as we wish. This can be especially felt in the context of relationships with those whom we care deeply for: the connection may begin to feel stale; communication breaks down; one person’s growth doesn’t always align with another and relational dynamics may change.
(347) 480-1508 View (347) 480-1508
Photo of Hannah Rogawski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Hannah Rogawski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10028
I believe that therapy is both an art and a science, and that every individual is unique. I find that people often come to therapy with the hope of eliminating painful emotions, and with the belief that they cannot tolerate negative feelings. While I understand the desire to escape overwhelming emotions, my goal is not to help my clients suppress their emotions, but rather to help them develop the skills to co-exist and thrive with them. I partner with clients to help them develop practical tools to manage emotions, to feel better, and to overcome barriers which prevent them from achieving their personal goals.
I believe that therapy is both an art and a science, and that every individual is unique. I find that people often come to therapy with the hope of eliminating painful emotions, and with the belief that they cannot tolerate negative feelings. While I understand the desire to escape overwhelming emotions, my goal is not to help my clients suppress their emotions, but rather to help them develop the skills to co-exist and thrive with them. I partner with clients to help them develop practical tools to manage emotions, to feel better, and to overcome barriers which prevent them from achieving their personal goals.
(332) 239-6420 View (332) 239-6420
Photo of Stephanie Gomez, Counselor in New York, NY
Stephanie Gomez
Counselor, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Stephanie prefers to cater to her clients needs and incorporates several therapeutic modalities such as CBT, ACT, DBT, Mindfulness, and traditional Psychotherapy. Stephanie is a dedicated, compassionate, and empathic therapist who likes to foster a safe place and judgement free, welcoming environment for her clients where they have the freedom to express themselves and their needs while also feeling supported. Stephanie has interned with one of Zucker Hillside Hospital's outpatient programs where she gained experience treating adults in both individual and group therapy settings.
Stephanie prefers to cater to her clients needs and incorporates several therapeutic modalities such as CBT, ACT, DBT, Mindfulness, and traditional Psychotherapy. Stephanie is a dedicated, compassionate, and empathic therapist who likes to foster a safe place and judgement free, welcoming environment for her clients where they have the freedom to express themselves and their needs while also feeling supported. Stephanie has interned with one of Zucker Hillside Hospital's outpatient programs where she gained experience treating adults in both individual and group therapy settings.
(646) 904-4561 View (646) 904-4561
Photo of Eric Reid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Eric Reid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
We are defined by our relationships. Relationship to ourselves, to others and to the world. Relationship dynamics get formed in attempts to succeed in life. Though sometimes we may succeed in relationship at certain points in life, those same dynamics can also become unproductive. At that point we can use the dynamic to understand the problem and determine the adjustments that then lead to success once again.
We are defined by our relationships. Relationship to ourselves, to others and to the world. Relationship dynamics get formed in attempts to succeed in life. Though sometimes we may succeed in relationship at certain points in life, those same dynamics can also become unproductive. At that point we can use the dynamic to understand the problem and determine the adjustments that then lead to success once again.
(646) 906-8647 View (646) 906-8647
Photo of Laura L Jacobson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Laura L Jacobson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10021
Experienced, caring and highly-effective therapist with a warm, interactive and positive approach to deeply understand your most important issues. Using a creative and empathic approach, I focus on quickly understanding your strengths and look to develop and use them to successfully overcome impediments in your path. I am very experienced with a wide range of issues including personal and family relationships, work and career-related issues and dealing with loss and grief. I work with individuals and couples across all life-stages, backgrounds and cultures. Commitment to your well-being is my foremost concern.
Experienced, caring and highly-effective therapist with a warm, interactive and positive approach to deeply understand your most important issues. Using a creative and empathic approach, I focus on quickly understanding your strengths and look to develop and use them to successfully overcome impediments in your path. I am very experienced with a wide range of issues including personal and family relationships, work and career-related issues and dealing with loss and grief. I work with individuals and couples across all life-stages, backgrounds and cultures. Commitment to your well-being is my foremost concern.
(646) 430-9278 View (646) 430-9278

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.