Therapists in Omaha, NE

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Photo of Mitchell Berry, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Mitchell Berry
Counselor, MS, LMHP, CPC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68144
During times of stress and uncertainty, it may be difficult to get through the day, go to work, or be present with your loved ones. On top of that, these uncertain times can trigger anxiety, overwhelming emotions, and cause us to feel "stuck". Therapy provides an opportunity to find hope for the future, find joy and happiness, stability, and a sense of meaning or purpose in a rapidly changing world. I believe that everyone deserves a nonjudgmental, compassionate, and empathetic therapeutic experience.
During times of stress and uncertainty, it may be difficult to get through the day, go to work, or be present with your loved ones. On top of that, these uncertain times can trigger anxiety, overwhelming emotions, and cause us to feel "stuck". Therapy provides an opportunity to find hope for the future, find joy and happiness, stability, and a sense of meaning or purpose in a rapidly changing world. I believe that everyone deserves a nonjudgmental, compassionate, and empathetic therapeutic experience.
(531) 230-8010 x114 View (531) 230-8010 x114
Photo of Mary L Phillips, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Mary L Phillips
Counselor, LIMHP, CHT, CPC
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68144
Do you feel like there is something that keeps getting in the way of being able to live a life of fulfillment and joy? Is emotional pain or worry about the future making it hard to enjoy today? Sometimes even the strongest people need some help to work through some of life's more challenging problems. Overwhelm, stress, constant change, weight gain-these things can seem to be an inevitable part of life but that doesn't have to be the case. Everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, panic, depression, self-esteem, I want you to know there IS hope for a better tomorrow.
Do you feel like there is something that keeps getting in the way of being able to live a life of fulfillment and joy? Is emotional pain or worry about the future making it hard to enjoy today? Sometimes even the strongest people need some help to work through some of life's more challenging problems. Overwhelm, stress, constant change, weight gain-these things can seem to be an inevitable part of life but that doesn't have to be the case. Everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, panic, depression, self-esteem, I want you to know there IS hope for a better tomorrow.
(402) 389-8970 View (402) 389-8970
Photo of Rachel Losen Wolfe, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Rachel Losen Wolfe
Counselor, LIMHP
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68130
Not accepting new clients
“I can tell you because I know you won’t judge me”. Of all the feedback I have received over the years, this statement from clients is the most often said and the one that gives me the most pride as a professional. Therapy, to me, is a conversation. Through that conversation, you will likely learn more about yourself, your relationships with others, and how you view the world. We will work together to identify your goals and develop a roadmap to get you to your destination. We all have a story to tell and each story is important and valuable because you are important and valuable, too.
“I can tell you because I know you won’t judge me”. Of all the feedback I have received over the years, this statement from clients is the most often said and the one that gives me the most pride as a professional. Therapy, to me, is a conversation. Through that conversation, you will likely learn more about yourself, your relationships with others, and how you view the world. We will work together to identify your goals and develop a roadmap to get you to your destination. We all have a story to tell and each story is important and valuable because you are important and valuable, too.
(402) 769-2760 View (402) 769-2760
Photo of Krista D Humbard, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Krista D Humbard
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, CPC
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68124  (Online Only)
Not currently able to accept new clients (as of February 2024). I currently provide TELEtherapy only. I am able to work with individuals of all ages with concerns related to anxiety, unhealthy coping strategies, stress management, depression, and other mood disorders. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents, young adults, and adults who are experiencing anxiety.
Not currently able to accept new clients (as of February 2024). I currently provide TELEtherapy only. I am able to work with individuals of all ages with concerns related to anxiety, unhealthy coping strategies, stress management, depression, and other mood disorders. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents, young adults, and adults who are experiencing anxiety.
(402) 538-8512 View (402) 538-8512
Photo of Liz Hessman, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Liz Hessman
Counselor, MA, PLMHP, NCC
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68137
Hi, my name is Liz! As a mental health counselor, I accompany individuals through life’s challenges and bear witness to their experiences. I work to provide children, teens, and young adults the tools and a safe space to grow and succeed. I have experience working in the behavioral health field in outpatient, partial care, and home settings. I specialize in addressing a variety of challenges, including anxiety, depression, trauma, attachment issues, ADHD, anger management, and other behavioral concerns.
Hi, my name is Liz! As a mental health counselor, I accompany individuals through life’s challenges and bear witness to their experiences. I work to provide children, teens, and young adults the tools and a safe space to grow and succeed. I have experience working in the behavioral health field in outpatient, partial care, and home settings. I specialize in addressing a variety of challenges, including anxiety, depression, trauma, attachment issues, ADHD, anger management, and other behavioral concerns.
(402) 741-4036 View (402) 741-4036
Photo of Kelsey Raymond, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Kelsey Raymond
Counselor, MS, LIMHP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68130
Does your child/teen exhibit challenging behaviors and are you struggling to manage them? Have you (or your child) experienced a traumatic event? Are you dealing with work stress or relationship issues? I can help! I believe in a positive therapeutic relationship and working collaboratively with my clients to help them reach their goals and feel success. I'm committed to providing you with a safe, non-judgmental environment as you work through your challenges. I strive to help children manage their emotions and strengthen a parents natural abilities. I'm committed to helping you take control of your life and feel empowered.
Does your child/teen exhibit challenging behaviors and are you struggling to manage them? Have you (or your child) experienced a traumatic event? Are you dealing with work stress or relationship issues? I can help! I believe in a positive therapeutic relationship and working collaboratively with my clients to help them reach their goals and feel success. I'm committed to providing you with a safe, non-judgmental environment as you work through your challenges. I strive to help children manage their emotions and strengthen a parents natural abilities. I'm committed to helping you take control of your life and feel empowered.
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Photo of Aaron Jarrels, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Aaron Jarrels
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, LIPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68144
Hello, I'm Aaron Jarrels. I specialize in relationship therapy. I assist my clients with the areas of their lives they are not happy with. Changing their minds in a way that allows them to see the world in a new way and from their distinct and unique perspective. I hold the belief that we are all born with innate wellbeing, and we mess it up with our thinking. Learning the true nature of thought will allow you to see the effect it has to shape reality.
Hello, I'm Aaron Jarrels. I specialize in relationship therapy. I assist my clients with the areas of their lives they are not happy with. Changing their minds in a way that allows them to see the world in a new way and from their distinct and unique perspective. I hold the belief that we are all born with innate wellbeing, and we mess it up with our thinking. Learning the true nature of thought will allow you to see the effect it has to shape reality.
(402) 495-0821 View (402) 495-0821
Photo of Allison Nye, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Allison Nye
Counselor, MS, LIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68144
Stress and anxiety can be a part of life. However, sometimes a person will find themselves drowning in feelings of loneliness, hopelessness and fear. Sometimes these feelings and thoughts become are so overwhelming that people literally feel held hostage by despair. People become paralyzed with fear unable to make a decision because of self-doubt. People lose the will to face the day stop taking care of themselves. My typical clients range from teenagers to adults with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, anger management issues, ADHD, PTSD, codependency, poor stress management or coping and other various mental health conditions.
Stress and anxiety can be a part of life. However, sometimes a person will find themselves drowning in feelings of loneliness, hopelessness and fear. Sometimes these feelings and thoughts become are so overwhelming that people literally feel held hostage by despair. People become paralyzed with fear unable to make a decision because of self-doubt. People lose the will to face the day stop taking care of themselves. My typical clients range from teenagers to adults with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, anger management issues, ADHD, PTSD, codependency, poor stress management or coping and other various mental health conditions.
(308) 737-4749 View (308) 737-4749
Photo of Heather Binns in Omaha, NE
Heather Binns
LIMPH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68102  (Online Only)
Heather Binns, LIMHP is licensed in the state of Nebraska as a Certified Professional Counselor (426) and a Licensed Independent Mental Health Practitioner (887). She holds a Bachelor's Degree with high honors in Psychology from the University of Saskatchewan, Canada and a Master's Degree in Mental Health Counseling from Chadron State College in Nebraska. She is also a certified life/care coach. Heather has been a therapist for over 30 years and has provided individual and group therapy in a number of settings including agency based, private practice, and hospital based IOPs. She is a life/care coach to companies such as Amazon.
Heather Binns, LIMHP is licensed in the state of Nebraska as a Certified Professional Counselor (426) and a Licensed Independent Mental Health Practitioner (887). She holds a Bachelor's Degree with high honors in Psychology from the University of Saskatchewan, Canada and a Master's Degree in Mental Health Counseling from Chadron State College in Nebraska. She is also a certified life/care coach. Heather has been a therapist for over 30 years and has provided individual and group therapy in a number of settings including agency based, private practice, and hospital based IOPs. She is a life/care coach to companies such as Amazon.
(402) 542-5980 View (402) 542-5980
Photo of Stephen J Abraham, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Stephen J Abraham
Counselor, MS, CGP, LIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68114
I work with individuals, couples, families, adolescents, children, and LGBTQs. I like to delve into the depression, anxiety, or whatever is troubling you to get at and transform, moving towards a productive satisfying life. I'm good at getting at the potential, power, genius, and strength which lies within, surfacing creativity, health, and well being. Usually, when one discovers their potential it is like dropping a pebble in the calm lake, rippling goodness for all around them.
I work with individuals, couples, families, adolescents, children, and LGBTQs. I like to delve into the depression, anxiety, or whatever is troubling you to get at and transform, moving towards a productive satisfying life. I'm good at getting at the potential, power, genius, and strength which lies within, surfacing creativity, health, and well being. Usually, when one discovers their potential it is like dropping a pebble in the calm lake, rippling goodness for all around them.
(402) 519-4063 View (402) 519-4063
Photo of Continuum Counseling & Consultants, LLC, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Continuum Counseling & Consultants, LLC
Counselor, LIMHP, LADC, CPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68154
The continuum of life can be complex. If you can agree, then you are not alone. In this journey there are definite cork screws that can leave us feeling overwhelmed, off track, and at a loss. Change presents challenge and your interest that brings you to view this page only acknowledges that at the core - you are competent. Seeking professional guidance can help provide clarity, turning challenges into personal opportunities for growth and development, getting you back on course in leading a healthier and happier life.
The continuum of life can be complex. If you can agree, then you are not alone. In this journey there are definite cork screws that can leave us feeling overwhelmed, off track, and at a loss. Change presents challenge and your interest that brings you to view this page only acknowledges that at the core - you are competent. Seeking professional guidance can help provide clarity, turning challenges into personal opportunities for growth and development, getting you back on course in leading a healthier and happier life.
(402) 765-0353 View (402) 765-0353
Photo of J Kipp Lanning, Counselor in Omaha, NE
J Kipp Lanning
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, CPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68137
I work with individuals/couples on relationship and sexual issues. Sexual and emotional satisfaction is nearly inseparable for both men and women! The defensiveness that damages relationships is often the same behavior that controls vulnerability and intimacy in the bedroom. Simple awareness of learned beliefs or unhelpful fears can create the space a healthy couple needs to heal. Sex and emotional connection shouldn't wait on the backburner until life gives us a break - emotional and sexual expression should mirror life! If that sounds challenging, remember, I don't suggest anyone to do anything they do not want to do!
I work with individuals/couples on relationship and sexual issues. Sexual and emotional satisfaction is nearly inseparable for both men and women! The defensiveness that damages relationships is often the same behavior that controls vulnerability and intimacy in the bedroom. Simple awareness of learned beliefs or unhelpful fears can create the space a healthy couple needs to heal. Sex and emotional connection shouldn't wait on the backburner until life gives us a break - emotional and sexual expression should mirror life! If that sounds challenging, remember, I don't suggest anyone to do anything they do not want to do!
(402) 603-5129 View (402) 603-5129
Photo of Dr. Joshua M Brown, Psychologist in Omaha, NE
Dr. Joshua M Brown
Psychologist, PhD, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68106
Dr. Brown is a Licensed Psychologist in Omaha, Nebraska, focusing on couples/individual counseling and Military/Veteran/first responder therapy. He specializes in relationship issues (new, strained, separation, divorce, parenting), depression and anxiety-related concerns, adjustment disorders and life transitions, memory and aging, grief, loss, and bereavement, communication related concerns and anxieties, trauma/PTSD (military and non military), sexual traumas, personality disorders, including borderline, antisocial, OCPD, and addictions.
Dr. Brown is a Licensed Psychologist in Omaha, Nebraska, focusing on couples/individual counseling and Military/Veteran/first responder therapy. He specializes in relationship issues (new, strained, separation, divorce, parenting), depression and anxiety-related concerns, adjustment disorders and life transitions, memory and aging, grief, loss, and bereavement, communication related concerns and anxieties, trauma/PTSD (military and non military), sexual traumas, personality disorders, including borderline, antisocial, OCPD, and addictions.
(402) 577-0357 View (402) 577-0357
Photo of Krista Borgwardt, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Krista Borgwardt
Counselor, LIMHP, LICSW, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68136  (Online Only)
Are your life experiences challenging, painful and/or overwhelming? Struggling with your self-worth? Concerned about sex issues with a partner? We'll focus on you learning to identify and heal from painful experiences that prevent you from living your best quality of life. In a safe, nurturing and non-judgmental environment we will address your healing, strength discovery and relationships. Everyone is unique, so I use a holistic approach to work closely with you to create a customized treatment plan. I am here to help you fully recover and have a better relationship with yourself and others.
Are your life experiences challenging, painful and/or overwhelming? Struggling with your self-worth? Concerned about sex issues with a partner? We'll focus on you learning to identify and heal from painful experiences that prevent you from living your best quality of life. In a safe, nurturing and non-judgmental environment we will address your healing, strength discovery and relationships. Everyone is unique, so I use a holistic approach to work closely with you to create a customized treatment plan. I am here to help you fully recover and have a better relationship with yourself and others.
(480) 418-8694 View (480) 418-8694
Photo of Evelynn Freeman, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Evelynn Freeman
Counselor, MSEd, LIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68114
Waitlist for new clients
Hey, I'm Evelynn! I enjoy working with a variety of issues, but I'm especially passionate about working with gender expansive clients! I'm a transgender woman, and my experiences absolutely inform how I approach working with my clients. I will provide space to explore which aspects of expression, pronouns, sexuality, and other elements you want to incorporate into your gender. There are no wrong answers, but we'll work together to find one you are comfortable with! I also have found neurodiversity (Autism Spectrum & ADHD) and eating disorders as additional specialties through working with the LGBTQIA2S+ community.
Hey, I'm Evelynn! I enjoy working with a variety of issues, but I'm especially passionate about working with gender expansive clients! I'm a transgender woman, and my experiences absolutely inform how I approach working with my clients. I will provide space to explore which aspects of expression, pronouns, sexuality, and other elements you want to incorporate into your gender. There are no wrong answers, but we'll work together to find one you are comfortable with! I also have found neurodiversity (Autism Spectrum & ADHD) and eating disorders as additional specialties through working with the LGBTQIA2S+ community.
(402) 256-7367 View (402) 256-7367
Photo of Liz Shields, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Liz Shields
Counselor, MS, PLMHP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68144
Do you desire to be able to freely live your life, to reach your fullest potential, and to be able to feel fully accepted and cared for in the process of doing so? I would be happy to support you and walk beside you, as you discover who the "real you" might be, and what you are wanting in life. Your story is your story- and I want to help you to own that story. To feel genuine pride in how far you have come, and continue to go. To have a feeling of hope for better days to come, strength to let go of what may no longer serve you and what has been holding you back from living the ultimate life of your wildest dreams.
Do you desire to be able to freely live your life, to reach your fullest potential, and to be able to feel fully accepted and cared for in the process of doing so? I would be happy to support you and walk beside you, as you discover who the "real you" might be, and what you are wanting in life. Your story is your story- and I want to help you to own that story. To feel genuine pride in how far you have come, and continue to go. To have a feeling of hope for better days to come, strength to let go of what may no longer serve you and what has been holding you back from living the ultimate life of your wildest dreams.
(402) 242-5612 View (402) 242-5612
Photo of Kelsey Tourek, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Kelsey Tourek
Counselor, PLMHP
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68127
Life can be challenging sometimes - I'm here to support you through the ebbs & flows. I believe it’s important to create a positive therapeutic relationship based on trust and authenticity, that is non-judgmental and supportive in nature. I tailor therapeutic models to create a holistic approach to healing. This approach will allow us to find and remove barriers that may be holding you back from connecting with your true, authentic self.
Life can be challenging sometimes - I'm here to support you through the ebbs & flows. I believe it’s important to create a positive therapeutic relationship based on trust and authenticity, that is non-judgmental and supportive in nature. I tailor therapeutic models to create a holistic approach to healing. This approach will allow us to find and remove barriers that may be holding you back from connecting with your true, authentic self.
(402) 608-9435 View (402) 608-9435
Photo of Jacob Ignagni, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Jacob Ignagni
Counselor, MS, PLMHP
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68114
Life can be difficult and overwhelming, especially when we feel most alone. Counseling provides a collaborative space to meaningfully explore our thoughts, feelings, and experiences with another person.
Life can be difficult and overwhelming, especially when we feel most alone. Counseling provides a collaborative space to meaningfully explore our thoughts, feelings, and experiences with another person.
(402) 662-6194 View (402) 662-6194
Photo of Joy Wallar, Counselor in Omaha, NE
Joy Wallar
Counselor, MS, LIMHP, LPC
Verified Verified
Omaha, NE 68144
Days can move slow, but life often moves fast. It is easy to get stuck in the scripts of our life roles and feel as if we have lost our unique identity. Do you want to be more engaged in life, feel more at peace, and be more deeply connected to yourself and your loved ones? I am here to help.
Days can move slow, but life often moves fast. It is easy to get stuck in the scripts of our life roles and feel as if we have lost our unique identity. Do you want to be more engaged in life, feel more at peace, and be more deeply connected to yourself and your loved ones? I am here to help.
(402) 227-6835 View (402) 227-6835
Photo of Jeanna Karloff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Omaha, NE
Jeanna Karloff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMHP, CMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Omaha, NE 68130
As a previous Employee Assistance Counselor and having a masters degree in social work for over 20 years, I am well versed in supporting adult clients who are struggling with work life balance, life transitions, goal setting, depression, or anxiety. I am known as a compassionate listener dedicated towards helping clients grow to be the best version of themselves. My work in the school systems has given me extensive experience in problem solving and collaboration, both of those traits important in the therapeutic partnership.
As a previous Employee Assistance Counselor and having a masters degree in social work for over 20 years, I am well versed in supporting adult clients who are struggling with work life balance, life transitions, goal setting, depression, or anxiety. I am known as a compassionate listener dedicated towards helping clients grow to be the best version of themselves. My work in the school systems has given me extensive experience in problem solving and collaboration, both of those traits important in the therapeutic partnership.
(402) 809-9473 View (402) 809-9473

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Omaha, NE

900+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Omaha, NE who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
91% Depression
78% Self Esteem
76% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Aetna

How Therapists in Omaha, NE see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Omaha?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.