Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

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Photo of Melissa Thornburg, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Melissa Thornburg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ASAT, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85250
As a Counselor and Coach in long term recovery from both substance and process addictions, I've received support from some very special humans who've lit the way for me to peer into the areas of my path that I was either denying or just couldn't see from an objective perspective (yet). After a career as a marketing professional, I'm grateful to have transitioned into providing the work that's helped me come to terms with life and my place in it; work that feeds my soul and shines the light on those dark places so many of us are afraid to venture into alone. Together, we can explore and make meaning of what's happened for you.
As a Counselor and Coach in long term recovery from both substance and process addictions, I've received support from some very special humans who've lit the way for me to peer into the areas of my path that I was either denying or just couldn't see from an objective perspective (yet). After a career as a marketing professional, I'm grateful to have transitioned into providing the work that's helped me come to terms with life and my place in it; work that feeds my soul and shines the light on those dark places so many of us are afraid to venture into alone. Together, we can explore and make meaning of what's happened for you.
(480) 470-7167 View (480) 470-7167
Photo of Scottsdale Women's Psychology & Consulting, PLLC, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Scottsdale Women's Psychology & Consulting, PLLC
Psychologist, PsyD, JD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Welcome to Scottsdale Women's Psychology, a boutique psychology practice specializing in women's empowerment through the delivery of gender-sensitive, research-supported psychotherapy for women.
Welcome to Scottsdale Women's Psychology, a boutique psychology practice specializing in women's empowerment through the delivery of gender-sensitive, research-supported psychotherapy for women.
(480) 530-7622 View (480) 530-7622
Photo of Patrice Mudie, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Patrice Mudie
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251  (Online Only)
Hello and Welcome! I am accepting new clients and provide telehealth counseling. My services can be accessed through Headway.co. At this time, I accept Cigna, Aetna or private pay. As an independent therapist, I am committed to providing a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your inner world and find healing. I integrate evidence-based approaches to address the impact of trauma on your well-being. My unique blend of EMDR therapy and a person-centered approach ensures that you receive personalized care tailored to your specific needs.
Hello and Welcome! I am accepting new clients and provide telehealth counseling. My services can be accessed through Headway.co. At this time, I accept Cigna, Aetna or private pay. As an independent therapist, I am committed to providing a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your inner world and find healing. I integrate evidence-based approaches to address the impact of trauma on your well-being. My unique blend of EMDR therapy and a person-centered approach ensures that you receive personalized care tailored to your specific needs.
(623) 283-2194 View (623) 283-2194
Photo of Awakenly, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Awakenly, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254  (Online Only)
Welcome! We are a rapidly growing private practice serving clients in both Arizona and New York. At Awakenly we believe in the inherent potential and birthright of all individuals to lead healthy, happy, productive lives and our goal is to assist you in this process through individualized treatment plans and approaches created and curated specifically for you.
Welcome! We are a rapidly growing private practice serving clients in both Arizona and New York. At Awakenly we believe in the inherent potential and birthright of all individuals to lead healthy, happy, productive lives and our goal is to assist you in this process through individualized treatment plans and approaches created and curated specifically for you.
(845) 769-0159 View (845) 769-0159
Photo of Katie Lespron, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Katie Lespron
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW, OSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
Life is filled with challenges. It is not uncommon those hurdles you once were able to jump over, now seem unattainable to tackle. These challenges can leave us anxious, depressed or with a sense of loss. Grief and loss can feel heavy and isolating. Life transitions and change can be difficult to adapt to. Seeking support in someone who can truly listen and provide neutral guidance can make a large difference in how you navigate the crazy ride we call life.
Life is filled with challenges. It is not uncommon those hurdles you once were able to jump over, now seem unattainable to tackle. These challenges can leave us anxious, depressed or with a sense of loss. Grief and loss can feel heavy and isolating. Life transitions and change can be difficult to adapt to. Seeking support in someone who can truly listen and provide neutral guidance can make a large difference in how you navigate the crazy ride we call life.
(480) 660-4779 View (480) 660-4779
Photo of Karen Gordon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Karen Gordon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
I love walking alongside people as life can be difficult and no one should have to navigate challenges alone. If you're dealing with something that feels overwhelmingly daunting, I'm here to help you navigate through what might seem impossible. You may be seeking therapy as you feel lost in life on some level, unsure of how to find your way. With too much on your plate, life just feels like it’s too much. Maybe you're unmotivated to do anything in your free time or you're noticing that you often feel stressed, tired or unfulfilled. It's possible to feel better and live your life with less stress and more calm.
I love walking alongside people as life can be difficult and no one should have to navigate challenges alone. If you're dealing with something that feels overwhelmingly daunting, I'm here to help you navigate through what might seem impossible. You may be seeking therapy as you feel lost in life on some level, unsure of how to find your way. With too much on your plate, life just feels like it’s too much. Maybe you're unmotivated to do anything in your free time or you're noticing that you often feel stressed, tired or unfulfilled. It's possible to feel better and live your life with less stress and more calm.
(480) 409-3679 View (480) 409-3679
Photo of Lisa M Angelini, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Lisa M Angelini
Counselor, MAPC, LPC, ACCHT, CLC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260  (Online Only)
Frustrated? Out-of-control eating ? Feeling lost after divorce or breakup of a relationship? You try over and over again and say to yourself, "This time it will be different". But, inevitably the diet or relationship fails and you are back where you started feeling alone, overwhelmed and sad. Maybe you are confused about how this could happen again. If you are fed up with having the same experience and want to take your life to optimal levels, now is the time to take care of YOU first.
Frustrated? Out-of-control eating ? Feeling lost after divorce or breakup of a relationship? You try over and over again and say to yourself, "This time it will be different". But, inevitably the diet or relationship fails and you are back where you started feeling alone, overwhelmed and sad. Maybe you are confused about how this could happen again. If you are fed up with having the same experience and want to take your life to optimal levels, now is the time to take care of YOU first.
(602) 910-2379 View (602) 910-2379
Photo of Arienne Ford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Arienne Ford
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
So much can be achieved with the awareness that change is needed and the hope that change is possible. I would like to help you on your journey toward experiencing change, growth, and hope. In every setting and with each individual or couple my mission has been to cultivate and encourage a safe space for growth and healing to take place.
So much can be achieved with the awareness that change is needed and the hope that change is possible. I would like to help you on your journey toward experiencing change, growth, and hope. In every setting and with each individual or couple my mission has been to cultivate and encourage a safe space for growth and healing to take place.
(520) 523-7241 View (520) 523-7241
Photo of Francesca Nieves, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Francesca Nieves
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Hi, there! I work with clients between the ages of 5 and 55 which means I help clients cope with issues at different stages. Clients of mine include children, adolescents, young adults, couples, and families. My therapeutic work is solely based on a collaborative approach to ensure my clients feel they have autonomy in how the therapeutic journey navigates.
Hi, there! I work with clients between the ages of 5 and 55 which means I help clients cope with issues at different stages. Clients of mine include children, adolescents, young adults, couples, and families. My therapeutic work is solely based on a collaborative approach to ensure my clients feel they have autonomy in how the therapeutic journey navigates.
(520) 842-0101 View (520) 842-0101
Photo of Shelby Rouse, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Shelby Rouse
Counselor, LPC, EMDR , DBT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Hi! My name is Shelby Rouse, LPC, Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist. I am currently accepting new clients. I have experience with children and play therapy. I am also EMDR trained and trauma informed. I have experience in the behavioral health field and specialized in Applied Behavior Analytics with children, adolescents, and young adults on the Autism Spectrum. A solid therapeutic alliance is one of the most important factors in counseling and with the art of listening and collaboratively designing your treatment plan, I look forward to to building one with you.
Hi! My name is Shelby Rouse, LPC, Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist. I am currently accepting new clients. I have experience with children and play therapy. I am also EMDR trained and trauma informed. I have experience in the behavioral health field and specialized in Applied Behavior Analytics with children, adolescents, and young adults on the Autism Spectrum. A solid therapeutic alliance is one of the most important factors in counseling and with the art of listening and collaboratively designing your treatment plan, I look forward to to building one with you.
(480) 245-5573 View (480) 245-5573
Photo of Nancy Harkins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Nancy Harkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Let's be honest, each of us at times feels overwhelmed and/or disconnected from our usual selves. It may be a struggle to accept our feelings or lack of feeling in the midst of overwhelm. At this point, our thoughts generally tend to be more negative and self-deprecating than "normal". We can get caught in a downward spiral that affects our self-concept, physical health, emotional well-being, relationships, creativity, and work production. Most of us will, with time, be able to stop the spiral and start returning to the person we were before the initializing event.
Let's be honest, each of us at times feels overwhelmed and/or disconnected from our usual selves. It may be a struggle to accept our feelings or lack of feeling in the midst of overwhelm. At this point, our thoughts generally tend to be more negative and self-deprecating than "normal". We can get caught in a downward spiral that affects our self-concept, physical health, emotional well-being, relationships, creativity, and work production. Most of us will, with time, be able to stop the spiral and start returning to the person we were before the initializing event.
(602) 737-3631 View (602) 737-3631
Photo of Jennifer Beall, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Jennifer Beall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260  (Online Only)
Did you know that trauma doesn't consist only of the obvious things like being in a war or a car accident? Those are called "big T" traumas, and not everyone experiences them. Everyone experiences "little t" traumas, though, like being teased in school or growing up in an unhappy family. "Little t" traumas add up; they contribute to depression, anxiety, addictions, codependency, low self-esteem, and other mental health issues. Chances are that "big T" and/or "little t" traumas have something to do with why you're seeking therapy. After a while, you get tired of trying to cope with these things on your own.
Did you know that trauma doesn't consist only of the obvious things like being in a war or a car accident? Those are called "big T" traumas, and not everyone experiences them. Everyone experiences "little t" traumas, though, like being teased in school or growing up in an unhappy family. "Little t" traumas add up; they contribute to depression, anxiety, addictions, codependency, low self-esteem, and other mental health issues. Chances are that "big T" and/or "little t" traumas have something to do with why you're seeking therapy. After a while, you get tired of trying to cope with these things on your own.
(480) 405-5147 View (480) 405-5147
Richard Zelhof
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85262  (Online Only)
I have been fortunate to be asked by people of all backgrounds and ages to work with them in psychotherapy. For some people, there is an urgent need to tell someone they trust about their untold conflicts and fears, as well as their aspirations. For others, psychotherapy is a necessary vehicle to re-establish and/or maintain inner peace and stability. Psychotherapy begins with a clear understanding of what is most important to that person and helping them achieve it.
I have been fortunate to be asked by people of all backgrounds and ages to work with them in psychotherapy. For some people, there is an urgent need to tell someone they trust about their untold conflicts and fears, as well as their aspirations. For others, psychotherapy is a necessary vehicle to re-establish and/or maintain inner peace and stability. Psychotherapy begins with a clear understanding of what is most important to that person and helping them achieve it.
(623) 304-5963 View (623) 304-5963
Photo of Brittany Londer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Scottsdale, AZ
Brittany Londer
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Self-schedule with me on our website today, get help fast, www.BrainBodyWellnessAZ.com/schedule-now. Throughout our life we go through different obstacles with some being harder than others. Sometimes we can get through it on our own and sometimes we need a little help and encouragement along the way. Whatever challenge you are facing you don’t have to go through it alone. Life can be challenging and with help and guidance your future will be on a patch that works for you. I stay present and together as we find ways that can help you transform through your difficult experience.
Self-schedule with me on our website today, get help fast, www.BrainBodyWellnessAZ.com/schedule-now. Throughout our life we go through different obstacles with some being harder than others. Sometimes we can get through it on our own and sometimes we need a little help and encouragement along the way. Whatever challenge you are facing you don’t have to go through it alone. Life can be challenging and with help and guidance your future will be on a patch that works for you. I stay present and together as we find ways that can help you transform through your difficult experience.
(480) 289-6806 View (480) 289-6806
Photo of Kenzie Weiler, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Kenzie Weiler
Counselor, MC, LAC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
I have a belief that the core of bettering our performances in sports, careers, and relationships is to have deeper understanding and likeness of who we are. I think our human struggles are often fueled in power by disconnects between our innate ability, our potential, and our internal dialogue that tells us a lot about how well our brains and bodies are connecting, and a lot about how much we believe in the first two. You know yourself better than anyone ever could, and I want you to trust in that. I am here to help guide you into believing in and accessing what you already know.
I have a belief that the core of bettering our performances in sports, careers, and relationships is to have deeper understanding and likeness of who we are. I think our human struggles are often fueled in power by disconnects between our innate ability, our potential, and our internal dialogue that tells us a lot about how well our brains and bodies are connecting, and a lot about how much we believe in the first two. You know yourself better than anyone ever could, and I want you to trust in that. I am here to help guide you into believing in and accessing what you already know.
(480) 741-1739 View (480) 741-1739
Photo of Zebunnessa “Zebby” M Ahmed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Zebunnessa “Zebby” M Ahmed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
Waitlist for new clients
The greatest power we have is our ability to choose one thought over another. It’s not the situation that affects us, it’s our interpretation. Sometimes it’s hard to take control and begin the process of change, but together we can work to bring mental clarity and mindfulness to begin experiencing life in a whole new light. There is resilience in us all and in our darkest moments we lose sight of our capabilities. No matter where you are in your journey, know there is always another way.
The greatest power we have is our ability to choose one thought over another. It’s not the situation that affects us, it’s our interpretation. Sometimes it’s hard to take control and begin the process of change, but together we can work to bring mental clarity and mindfulness to begin experiencing life in a whole new light. There is resilience in us all and in our darkest moments we lose sight of our capabilities. No matter where you are in your journey, know there is always another way.
(480) 685-8844 View (480) 685-8844
Photo of Lindsy Redman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Lindsy Redman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, SEP, (EMDR)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260  (Online Only)
Have you been feeling stressed or overwhelmed? You may feel 'stuck' and frustrated. Your life may be becoming unmanageable due to anxiety, depression or addiction. You may think that you should be able to handle this yourself. You may feel like you've tried everything to feel better and may even wonder if you'll ever feel 'normal' again. I can help! Imagine facing the day with more clarity, peace and joy. Imagine having more of a sense that you'll be able to handle everything that you need to each day and that you'll have a support team ready to help. You can do this. I can help!
Have you been feeling stressed or overwhelmed? You may feel 'stuck' and frustrated. Your life may be becoming unmanageable due to anxiety, depression or addiction. You may think that you should be able to handle this yourself. You may feel like you've tried everything to feel better and may even wonder if you'll ever feel 'normal' again. I can help! Imagine facing the day with more clarity, peace and joy. Imagine having more of a sense that you'll be able to handle everything that you need to each day and that you'll have a support team ready to help. You can do this. I can help!
(480) 418-7136 View (480) 418-7136
Photo of Ryan M. Sheade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Ryan M. Sheade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Therapy is an interesting thing - many people have preconceived notions of what therapy is or should be. Therapy, to me, is simple. You have some issues in your life that are bothering you - maybe you feel down, maybe you can't get your relationships to work. Everything that you've tried hasn't been helpful or, ultimately, hasn't gotten you where you want to be. That's where I come in. I can help you pick up your issue, turn it to an angle that maybe you haven't seen yet, and brainstorm new ways to address it.
Therapy is an interesting thing - many people have preconceived notions of what therapy is or should be. Therapy, to me, is simple. You have some issues in your life that are bothering you - maybe you feel down, maybe you can't get your relationships to work. Everything that you've tried hasn't been helpful or, ultimately, hasn't gotten you where you want to be. That's where I come in. I can help you pick up your issue, turn it to an angle that maybe you haven't seen yet, and brainstorm new ways to address it.
(480) 646-4671 View (480) 646-4671
Photo of Allie Newell in Scottsdale, AZ
Allie Newell
MS, BCBA, LBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
My ideal clients are 5+, including both children and adults who are looking to align their lives with their values, are struggling to overcome challenges, and need someone to provide guidance toward meaningful chang. While my speciality lies within neurodivergent community, ALL are welcome here! If you are seeking understanding, are open to acknowledging your strengths/challenges and are ready to commit to change, my services are right for you. I take a holistic, mindful and human centered approach, focused on amplifying one’s experience through learning to work with discomfort and gain the tools needed to live life, your way.
My ideal clients are 5+, including both children and adults who are looking to align their lives with their values, are struggling to overcome challenges, and need someone to provide guidance toward meaningful chang. While my speciality lies within neurodivergent community, ALL are welcome here! If you are seeking understanding, are open to acknowledging your strengths/challenges and are ready to commit to change, my services are right for you. I take a holistic, mindful and human centered approach, focused on amplifying one’s experience through learning to work with discomfort and gain the tools needed to live life, your way.
(520) 502-6262 View (520) 502-6262
Photo of Jessica Ann Elder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Jessica Ann Elder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
I specialize in supporting individuals of all ages through life challenges and transitions. Some challenges I help with include stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, illness, and grief. I also help clients with parenting challenges and personal goal setting. I use play therapy to help children. I believe that it can sometimes be helpful to look back and process the influences of our strengths, internal challenges, thoughts, emotions, and triggers. Therapy provides an opportunity for improved mental and physical health. It can empower others to use their natural strengths and build upon their skills as they navigate challenges.
I specialize in supporting individuals of all ages through life challenges and transitions. Some challenges I help with include stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, illness, and grief. I also help clients with parenting challenges and personal goal setting. I use play therapy to help children. I believe that it can sometimes be helpful to look back and process the influences of our strengths, internal challenges, thoughts, emotions, and triggers. Therapy provides an opportunity for improved mental and physical health. It can empower others to use their natural strengths and build upon their skills as they navigate challenges.
(480) 405-7453 View (480) 405-7453

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Aetna
64% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scottsdale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.