Therapists in Tempe, AZ

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Photo of Erika Berkley, Counselor, LAC
Erika Berkley
Counselor, LAC
2 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Hello! My name is Erika. I’m so happy you're here! Seeking support for your mental health can be overwhelming, so please know that you are recognized for taking the first courageous steps toward growth and healing. My priority as your therapist is to hold a trusting and collaborative space for you to explore your unique experiences while promoting empowerment, self-awareness, and resiliency to foster a reconnected sense of self.
Hello! My name is Erika. I’m so happy you're here! Seeking support for your mental health can be overwhelming, so please know that you are recognized for taking the first courageous steps toward growth and healing. My priority as your therapist is to hold a trusting and collaborative space for you to explore your unique experiences while promoting empowerment, self-awareness, and resiliency to foster a reconnected sense of self.
(928) 272-1909 View (928) 272-1909
Photo of William Santos, Counselor, MS
William Santos
Counselor, MS
1 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
My passion includes helping with issues related to LGBTQ+, marital and premarital, anxiety, addiction, trauma, grief, abuse and depression in all age groups. I also work with those suffering from eating disorders, dissociative disorders, impulse control, and personality, and thinking disorders. I enjoy helping clients learn coping skills, how to deal with school or work stress, and improving peer and intimate relationships. So whether you need life coaching, self-esteem building, guidance through life transitions or just a friendly face on your side, I’d love to meet you and help with your next breakthrough!
My passion includes helping with issues related to LGBTQ+, marital and premarital, anxiety, addiction, trauma, grief, abuse and depression in all age groups. I also work with those suffering from eating disorders, dissociative disorders, impulse control, and personality, and thinking disorders. I enjoy helping clients learn coping skills, how to deal with school or work stress, and improving peer and intimate relationships. So whether you need life coaching, self-esteem building, guidance through life transitions or just a friendly face on your side, I’d love to meet you and help with your next breakthrough!
(480) 685-9016 View (480) 685-9016
Photo of Alex Osorio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alex Osorio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85280
Now offering in-person sessions in Tempe, AZ. I believe that we have within us, the power to create the life we desire. We possess inner strengths and skills that can help us overcome challenges and live a fulfilled life. However, accessing this power can be an overwhelming task that may require support. Allow me to be an unbiased, compassionate and caring partner in your journey. I help individuals explore their thoughts and emotions, reframe distorted beliefs, replace unhealthy patterns and unblock past traumas. I use elements of CBT, IFS/Parts Work, EMDR, Brainspotting, and other modalities to help you achieve your goals.
Now offering in-person sessions in Tempe, AZ. I believe that we have within us, the power to create the life we desire. We possess inner strengths and skills that can help us overcome challenges and live a fulfilled life. However, accessing this power can be an overwhelming task that may require support. Allow me to be an unbiased, compassionate and caring partner in your journey. I help individuals explore their thoughts and emotions, reframe distorted beliefs, replace unhealthy patterns and unblock past traumas. I use elements of CBT, IFS/Parts Work, EMDR, Brainspotting, and other modalities to help you achieve your goals.
(562) 242-3353 View (562) 242-3353
Photo of Abby Bailly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Abby Bailly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Abby finds joy working with children ages 5-105. The way to healing is a unique trail from everyone and is not easy but you will be stronger through the process of healing. Abby is passionate about helping everyone grow into themselves and truly leave the past behind.
Abby finds joy working with children ages 5-105. The way to healing is a unique trail from everyone and is not easy but you will be stronger through the process of healing. Abby is passionate about helping everyone grow into themselves and truly leave the past behind.
(480) 808-3672 View (480) 808-3672
Photo of Olukemi Akinbusuyi - RightSteps Counseling and Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
RightSteps Counseling and Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
1 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Life brings challenges at every stage, whether parenting an infant, navigating the teen years, managing Autism or ADHD, balancing women’s health needs, transitioning to college or career, or coping with stress in adulthood. Our team provides integrative, lifespan counseling that blends CBT, Solution-Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Behavior Modification techniques. We specialize in a brief, solution-focused model where many clients experience progress within about 5 sessions, in line with SFBT principles. Our integrative and lifespan psychology approach emphasizes wellness, brain development, and trauma-informed care.
Life brings challenges at every stage, whether parenting an infant, navigating the teen years, managing Autism or ADHD, balancing women’s health needs, transitioning to college or career, or coping with stress in adulthood. Our team provides integrative, lifespan counseling that blends CBT, Solution-Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Behavior Modification techniques. We specialize in a brief, solution-focused model where many clients experience progress within about 5 sessions, in line with SFBT principles. Our integrative and lifespan psychology approach emphasizes wellness, brain development, and trauma-informed care.
(928) 272-5087 View (928) 272-5087
Photo of Cheryl Stevens Kirkland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Cheryl Stevens Kirkland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
4 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85284
NOW accepting NEW Clients! I believe no matter what someone is experiencing they are worthwhile, and with adequate support everyone can improve and grow in any area of life they choose. If you're looking for a therapist who’s kind, compassionate, and understanding I’m the therapist for you. You will be respected, heard, and validated when you are in session with me. I combine a person-centered approach and evidence-based techniques in order to keep your needs a priority, while also helping you develop the skills and resources to influence positive lifelong outcomes.
NOW accepting NEW Clients! I believe no matter what someone is experiencing they are worthwhile, and with adequate support everyone can improve and grow in any area of life they choose. If you're looking for a therapist who’s kind, compassionate, and understanding I’m the therapist for you. You will be respected, heard, and validated when you are in session with me. I combine a person-centered approach and evidence-based techniques in order to keep your needs a priority, while also helping you develop the skills and resources to influence positive lifelong outcomes.
(520) 348-3529 View (520) 348-3529
Photo of Kari Lantz, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Kari Lantz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
I believe everyone should be accepted and supported for being true to one's self and living life authentically. I strive to connect with my clients as they grow and heal from their trauma. The number 28 is all about balance, the power of potential, building your dream life, connecting with others, trusting your heart, welcoming abundance, living in the moment and learning to let go of old cycles to make way for spectacular new starts. My style is open, authentic, empathetic and direct. I look forward to being your biggest cheerleader.
I believe everyone should be accepted and supported for being true to one's self and living life authentically. I strive to connect with my clients as they grow and heal from their trauma. The number 28 is all about balance, the power of potential, building your dream life, connecting with others, trusting your heart, welcoming abundance, living in the moment and learning to let go of old cycles to make way for spectacular new starts. My style is open, authentic, empathetic and direct. I look forward to being your biggest cheerleader.
(928) 569-4090 View (928) 569-4090
Photo of Sarah Anderson, LMSW, CCTP
Sarah Anderson
Verified Verified
Tempe, AZ 85284
Accepting new clients- If you have experienced trauma, grief, or anxiety it is my personal goal to walk with you through those times and explore the most up to date trainings and modalities to prepare you to take back your life and experience true healing. With over 15 years experience in the trauma field, I combine my training both on scene and in classroom to meet my clients where they are currently and providing the tools to help them see the potential they have always had.
Accepting new clients- If you have experienced trauma, grief, or anxiety it is my personal goal to walk with you through those times and explore the most up to date trainings and modalities to prepare you to take back your life and experience true healing. With over 15 years experience in the trauma field, I combine my training both on scene and in classroom to meet my clients where they are currently and providing the tools to help them see the potential they have always had.
(520) 652-1003 View (520) 652-1003
Photo of Alexandra (Lexi) Monke, Pre-Licensed Professional, BS
Alexandra (Lexi) Monke
Pre-Licensed Professional, BS
2 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Call me Lexi! As a pre-licensed practicum student, I view therapy as a place to explore yourself and the world around you. I view the complexities of life as integral parts of one’s self-being: we are who we are in part because of the world around us. Therapy with me is a place to be able to evaluate the parts of oneself and how they affect the whole person, while integrating the outside parts that affect us as well. My style is an integrative approach that meets the person where they’re at with authenticity and helps build their perseverance.
Call me Lexi! As a pre-licensed practicum student, I view therapy as a place to explore yourself and the world around you. I view the complexities of life as integral parts of one’s self-being: we are who we are in part because of the world around us. Therapy with me is a place to be able to evaluate the parts of oneself and how they affect the whole person, while integrating the outside parts that affect us as well. My style is an integrative approach that meets the person where they’re at with authenticity and helps build their perseverance.
(480) 454-1062 View (480) 454-1062
Photo of Jessica Hauser, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-153
Jessica Hauser
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-153
Online Only
I am an independently licensed counselor (LPC) and clinical supervisor. I have been a counselor for 15 years. I believe that change is possible and that therapy can be a very positive, healing, and rewarding experience for anyone. I work collaboratively with clients to identify goals and treatment options for a variety of presenting problems. The work I do with clients is important to me, and I provide only evidence-based practices, techniques, and interventions. Specialties include anxiety, self-esteem, coping skills, depression, and grief issues.
I am an independently licensed counselor (LPC) and clinical supervisor. I have been a counselor for 15 years. I believe that change is possible and that therapy can be a very positive, healing, and rewarding experience for anyone. I work collaboratively with clients to identify goals and treatment options for a variety of presenting problems. The work I do with clients is important to me, and I provide only evidence-based practices, techniques, and interventions. Specialties include anxiety, self-esteem, coping skills, depression, and grief issues.
(928) 403-6401 View (928) 403-6401
Photo of Jeffery Goff - Pacific Mental Health of Arizona, Licensed Professional Counselor
Pacific Mental Health of Arizona
Licensed Professional Counselor
1 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Pacific Mental Health is dedicated to serving the mental health needs of the Greater Seattle area. If you're looking for a new counselor or a fresh perspective in life, our team of psychotherapist can help you achieve the goals you're looking for.
Pacific Mental Health is dedicated to serving the mental health needs of the Greater Seattle area. If you're looking for a new counselor or a fresh perspective in life, our team of psychotherapist can help you achieve the goals you're looking for.
(602) 960-2489 View (602) 960-2489
Photo of Kat Schofield, Counselor, MA, LAC
Kat Schofield
Counselor, MA, LAC
1 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Accepting new clients! Kat’s background includes working with young adults who struggle with life transitions, self-esteem, chronic stress, anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Kat is experienced in DBT, CBT, Motivational Interviewing and utilizes using a holistic approach in her practice. Kat strives to provide a warm, empathetic and supportive environment for self-exploration and growth. She will be there to support her clients through their current struggles and past experiences.
Accepting new clients! Kat’s background includes working with young adults who struggle with life transitions, self-esteem, chronic stress, anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Kat is experienced in DBT, CBT, Motivational Interviewing and utilizes using a holistic approach in her practice. Kat strives to provide a warm, empathetic and supportive environment for self-exploration and growth. She will be there to support her clients through their current struggles and past experiences.
(928) 212-3157 View (928) 212-3157
Photo of Michele Chinichian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Michele Chinichian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tempe, AZ 85281
Hello and welcome! I believe everyone has the ability to lead a fulfilling life and create meaningful relationships. Relationships are at the heart of our lives, and when they’re strained - or when we’re longing for one that hasn’t yet come - it can leave us feeling stuck, anxious, or unsure how to move forward. To me, therapy is a healing conversation, offering a safe, non-judgmental space to explore challenges and reconnect with your strengths. Together, we’ll foster self-acceptance, meaningful change, and solutions that align with your values so you can move toward the healthiest version of yourself.
Hello and welcome! I believe everyone has the ability to lead a fulfilling life and create meaningful relationships. Relationships are at the heart of our lives, and when they’re strained - or when we’re longing for one that hasn’t yet come - it can leave us feeling stuck, anxious, or unsure how to move forward. To me, therapy is a healing conversation, offering a safe, non-judgmental space to explore challenges and reconnect with your strengths. Together, we’ll foster self-acceptance, meaningful change, and solutions that align with your values so you can move toward the healthiest version of yourself.
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Photo of Daniel Warner, Pre-Licensed Professional
Daniel Warner
Pre-Licensed Professional
2 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85283
I work in a collaborative therapeutic space with individuals navigating life transitions, anxiety, depression, and trauma who want to connect to their inner wisdom and capacity for healing. One of the most powerful and needed experiences for anyone is to be seen and understood without judgement, especially in the expression of vulnerability in the journey of healing, navigating difficulty family dynamics, and personal identity development. I'm here to hold space for all of the pain and possibility in navigating the path to wholeness, authenticity, and empowerment.
I work in a collaborative therapeutic space with individuals navigating life transitions, anxiety, depression, and trauma who want to connect to their inner wisdom and capacity for healing. One of the most powerful and needed experiences for anyone is to be seen and understood without judgement, especially in the expression of vulnerability in the journey of healing, navigating difficulty family dynamics, and personal identity development. I'm here to hold space for all of the pain and possibility in navigating the path to wholeness, authenticity, and empowerment.
(602) 932-0785 View (602) 932-0785
Photo of Rebecca Branstetter, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTS-I
Rebecca Branstetter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTS-I
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! Are you feeling overwhelmed with your past? Worried about the future? Struggling with self-doubt? I utilize a person-centered approach to create a non-judgmental, warm, and individualized space for each client to process the past, meet problems as they arise in the present, and prepare for the future. Throughout my experience as a counselor, I have observed each of my client's innate wisdom and resiliency. I believe my role as your therapist is to provide support and guidance to elicit answers that align with your values and life experiences.
Welcome! Are you feeling overwhelmed with your past? Worried about the future? Struggling with self-doubt? I utilize a person-centered approach to create a non-judgmental, warm, and individualized space for each client to process the past, meet problems as they arise in the present, and prepare for the future. Throughout my experience as a counselor, I have observed each of my client's innate wisdom and resiliency. I believe my role as your therapist is to provide support and guidance to elicit answers that align with your values and life experiences.
(480) 712-5998 View (480) 712-5998
Photo of Irvin Nunez, Counselor, MA, LPC
Irvin Nunez
Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Hello, my name is Irvin Nunez! I seek to help clients find hope & strength in themselves and in their relationships by providing them a safe place to share their thoughts, feelings, concerns, and goals. I use empathetic and nonjudgmental listening while also using a directive and coaching approach to help you get over those stuck points and get to work! You may be struggling with self-esteem, anxiety, depression, or relationship problems. You may have a nagging feeling of being worthless, alone, not enough, or not measuring up. You are not alone! Reach out!
Hello, my name is Irvin Nunez! I seek to help clients find hope & strength in themselves and in their relationships by providing them a safe place to share their thoughts, feelings, concerns, and goals. I use empathetic and nonjudgmental listening while also using a directive and coaching approach to help you get over those stuck points and get to work! You may be struggling with self-esteem, anxiety, depression, or relationship problems. You may have a nagging feeling of being worthless, alone, not enough, or not measuring up. You are not alone! Reach out!
(480) 210-6246 View (480) 210-6246
Photo of Maraeca Butler - Hope Rebuilt, LLC, Counselor, MC, LPC-S
Hope Rebuilt, LLC
Counselor, MC, LPC-S
6 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Accepting New Clients! Nervous to take the first step towards change? We get it! While you may be unsure how to create that change, seeking therapy is a courageous choice in that direction. We believe therapy can be fun & life-changing work. The providers at Hope Rebuilt are passionate about assisting our clients in meeting their goals and finding the courage to heal. Our clinicians hold training and experience in treating a wide variety of mental health issues, including anxiety, trauma, life stressors, relationship issues & eating disorders. We work with clients across the lifespan starting at age 6 years and on.
Accepting New Clients! Nervous to take the first step towards change? We get it! While you may be unsure how to create that change, seeking therapy is a courageous choice in that direction. We believe therapy can be fun & life-changing work. The providers at Hope Rebuilt are passionate about assisting our clients in meeting their goals and finding the courage to heal. Our clinicians hold training and experience in treating a wide variety of mental health issues, including anxiety, trauma, life stressors, relationship issues & eating disorders. We work with clients across the lifespan starting at age 6 years and on.
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Photo of Libby Howell, Psychologist, EdD, MFT, SEP
Libby Howell
Psychologist, EdD, MFT, SEP
Tempe, AZ 85283
My approach to therapy is collaborative and relational. I'm truly interested in you as a person. My work is based on the assumption that all people have strengths and inner resources that can be accessed by asking creative questions that generate new possibilities. This enhances life choices, and develops stories that allow for new ways of being in the world. I draw on cognitive behavior therapy, social construction, narrative therapy, systems therapy, and mindfulness in counseling to support clients in meeting their goals. Somatic experiencing is another specialty area for me, working with the nervous system for healing.
My approach to therapy is collaborative and relational. I'm truly interested in you as a person. My work is based on the assumption that all people have strengths and inner resources that can be accessed by asking creative questions that generate new possibilities. This enhances life choices, and develops stories that allow for new ways of being in the world. I draw on cognitive behavior therapy, social construction, narrative therapy, systems therapy, and mindfulness in counseling to support clients in meeting their goals. Somatic experiencing is another specialty area for me, working with the nervous system for healing.
(520) 675-4794 View (520) 675-4794
Photo of Zach Lucero, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Zach Lucero
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Have you ever worried about your relationship? Your child? Your own well-being? You are not alone, especially during these times. Change is constant in our life, but seeking help is a beneficial step in finding direction on your journey. I work with couples and families experiencing discord and individuals seeking solace during times of strife. My empathic and mindful style aids in my ability to establish a solid foundation of trust and rapport necessary for a healing relationship. We will work together as I believe in a collaborative approach as you are the expert on you, and I am here to offer clinical guidance to nurture growth.
Have you ever worried about your relationship? Your child? Your own well-being? You are not alone, especially during these times. Change is constant in our life, but seeking help is a beneficial step in finding direction on your journey. I work with couples and families experiencing discord and individuals seeking solace during times of strife. My empathic and mindful style aids in my ability to establish a solid foundation of trust and rapport necessary for a healing relationship. We will work together as I believe in a collaborative approach as you are the expert on you, and I am here to offer clinical guidance to nurture growth.
(623) 745-2675 View (623) 745-2675
Photo of Sarah Hernandez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sarah Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85282
Accepting New Clients, Saturday and Sunday Availability. I believe one of the best thing you can do for yourself is to understand your story. You are a fully formed person, including your physical health, family, social group, spirituality, and daily activities. Your therapist need to understand and engage in the many aspects of you to understand who you are and what you need to grow. If you are feeling stressed about life, worried about the future, stuck in the past, or focused on failure, I can help you find the peace you are seeking.
Accepting New Clients, Saturday and Sunday Availability. I believe one of the best thing you can do for yourself is to understand your story. You are a fully formed person, including your physical health, family, social group, spirituality, and daily activities. Your therapist need to understand and engage in the many aspects of you to understand who you are and what you need to grow. If you are feeling stressed about life, worried about the future, stuck in the past, or focused on failure, I can help you find the peace you are seeking.
(480) 400-0169 x2 View (480) 400-0169 x2

See more therapy options for Tempe

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tempe, AZ

900+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Tempe, AZ who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
75% Stress
72% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
76% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Tempe, AZ see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tempe?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.