Therapists in New York, NY

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Bonnie Herskovitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, RN, BCD, CASAC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides psychotherapy for adults and couples.Although my speciality is treating clients who are in recovery from addictions; my practice also includes treatment which covers a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, relationship issues and self doubt. I provide a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your current concerns and discover solutions that are right for you. Choosing the right therapist that is experienced and empathic and with whom you can collaborate can be a life changing experience. I look forward to meeting with you and discussing how I can help.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides psychotherapy for adults and couples.Although my speciality is treating clients who are in recovery from addictions; my practice also includes treatment which covers a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, relationship issues and self doubt. I provide a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your current concerns and discover solutions that are right for you. Choosing the right therapist that is experienced and empathic and with whom you can collaborate can be a life changing experience. I look forward to meeting with you and discussing how I can help.
(646) 480-6612 View (646) 480-6612
Photo of Paul Hargrow, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paul Hargrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10031
For more than 20 years, therapy has been my profession, and my purpose has been helping people improve their lives by managing and maintaining mental and spiritual health. People of all ages and socioeconomic levels struggle with a variety of issues. It can be difficult to discuss our relationships, problems in school or our careers, life transitions, or past trauma. I provide a welcoming, non-judgmental environment to help you identify your feelings and navigate a positive path forward.
For more than 20 years, therapy has been my profession, and my purpose has been helping people improve their lives by managing and maintaining mental and spiritual health. People of all ages and socioeconomic levels struggle with a variety of issues. It can be difficult to discuss our relationships, problems in school or our careers, life transitions, or past trauma. I provide a welcoming, non-judgmental environment to help you identify your feelings and navigate a positive path forward.
(646) 992-4845 View (646) 992-4845
Photo of Asha De Costa, EdM, LMHC, Counselor
Asha De Costa
Counselor, EdM, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
My mission as a therapist is to create a world where emotional healing is accessible to everyone. I am here to support clients who are marginalized or experiencing difficulties in their life, but never found a safe space to heal or could not find an empathetic therapist. I am also well-versed in working with minority populations, Asian, South Asian, and anyone who identifies as multi-racial/ethnic. Additionally, I have extensive experience in supporting immigrants, international students, individuals with disabilities to overcome challenges and become more resilient. For more information about my approach please visit my website.
My mission as a therapist is to create a world where emotional healing is accessible to everyone. I am here to support clients who are marginalized or experiencing difficulties in their life, but never found a safe space to heal or could not find an empathetic therapist. I am also well-versed in working with minority populations, Asian, South Asian, and anyone who identifies as multi-racial/ethnic. Additionally, I have extensive experience in supporting immigrants, international students, individuals with disabilities to overcome challenges and become more resilient. For more information about my approach please visit my website.
(347) 783-6766 View (347) 783-6766
Photo of Ariel Hayat, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ariel Hayat
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Do you have feelings of anxiety, depression, instability, or codependency within your relationships? Do you want to find the right partner(s) or improve your current relationship but are stuck in cycles that aren't working? Are you grieving a breakup and wanting to find ways of healing and finding yourself again? Are you feeling disconnected and frustrated in your marriage but don't know if change is possible? Are you tired of having the same fights over and over again? Are you wanting to set boundaries with family but don't know how to? Something has to change and you want to find the right way to move forward.
Do you have feelings of anxiety, depression, instability, or codependency within your relationships? Do you want to find the right partner(s) or improve your current relationship but are stuck in cycles that aren't working? Are you grieving a breakup and wanting to find ways of healing and finding yourself again? Are you feeling disconnected and frustrated in your marriage but don't know if change is possible? Are you tired of having the same fights over and over again? Are you wanting to set boundaries with family but don't know how to? Something has to change and you want to find the right way to move forward.
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Photo of Ilona Kulesa, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ilona Kulesa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10029  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapist who specializes in treating adults with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, panic disorder and depression. I am currently working as a psychotherapist at the World Trade Center Mental Health Treatment Program at Mount Sinai where I obtained training in CBT, DBT, Trauma Focused CBT, Prolonged Exposure Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Interpersonal therapy and Meaning Centered Psychotherapy. Being trained in many modalities, allows me to tailor your treatment to individual needs, unique characteristics and preferences that make some therapeutic approaches more efficient than others.
I am a psychotherapist who specializes in treating adults with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, panic disorder and depression. I am currently working as a psychotherapist at the World Trade Center Mental Health Treatment Program at Mount Sinai where I obtained training in CBT, DBT, Trauma Focused CBT, Prolonged Exposure Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Interpersonal therapy and Meaning Centered Psychotherapy. Being trained in many modalities, allows me to tailor your treatment to individual needs, unique characteristics and preferences that make some therapeutic approaches more efficient than others.
(914) 600-3290 View (914) 600-3290
Photo of Annette K Patella, LCSW, CEAP, Coach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Annette K Patella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEAP, Coach
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
As a Psychotherapist with 30+ years of experience, I am a catalyst for positive change in a client's life. I can assist a client in addressing anxiety, depression and other behavioral health symptoms that prevent a person from moving forward in life. In addition to Insight Oriented Therapies and CBT, I am trained in Emotional Freedom Techniques/Tapping (EFT) and Mindfulness practices.
As a Psychotherapist with 30+ years of experience, I am a catalyst for positive change in a client's life. I can assist a client in addressing anxiety, depression and other behavioral health symptoms that prevent a person from moving forward in life. In addition to Insight Oriented Therapies and CBT, I am trained in Emotional Freedom Techniques/Tapping (EFT) and Mindfulness practices.
(646) 351-1738 View (646) 351-1738
Photo of Nathan Feiles - Nathan Feiles, LCSW, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nathan Feiles, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10019
Therapy is a space for you. It’s a place to slow down, reflect, discover, heal, sort through emotions and thoughts, or simply just to have a safe, reliable, and confidential space for the conversations and support you need. There is no pressure or judgment here. We go at your pace as we engage in a process of healing and change together. I’ve worked with many people over time (whether in-person or virtually) who have come in feeling a range of difficult emotions, and through the process of our work together have become more emotionally settled, empowered, and have felt more in control of their lives.
Therapy is a space for you. It’s a place to slow down, reflect, discover, heal, sort through emotions and thoughts, or simply just to have a safe, reliable, and confidential space for the conversations and support you need. There is no pressure or judgment here. We go at your pace as we engage in a process of healing and change together. I’ve worked with many people over time (whether in-person or virtually) who have come in feeling a range of difficult emotions, and through the process of our work together have become more emotionally settled, empowered, and have felt more in control of their lives.
(917) 809-5323 View (917) 809-5323
Photo of Rachael Valler, LMSW
Rachael Valler
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
As your therapist, my goal is for you to feel comfortable as your authentic self in each session and to create a space for you to process what is going on in your world. You can expect a therapeutic environment that is supportive, warm, and judgment-free. I believe you are the expert on your life. Together, we will learn more about your emotions, beliefs, and behaviors to bolster long-term healing and growth in the ways that you are looking for.
As your therapist, my goal is for you to feel comfortable as your authentic self in each session and to create a space for you to process what is going on in your world. You can expect a therapeutic environment that is supportive, warm, and judgment-free. I believe you are the expert on your life. Together, we will learn more about your emotions, beliefs, and behaviors to bolster long-term healing and growth in the ways that you are looking for.
(646) 328-6848 View (646) 328-6848
Photo of Matty Rickard - Matty Rickard - Expansive Therapy, MHC-LP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Matty Rickard - Expansive Therapy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
As a counselor based in humanistic and relational cultural theory, I believe you are the person who knows yourself best. Throughout life, circumstances leading to disruptions in well-being can produce self-doubt, a negative view of self, and low self-worth. Even through these times, each person still has autonomy and the ability to make effective decisions that fit in accordance with their lives. One of my goals is to expand self-awareness so you can live in a more purposeful way that aligns with your values.
As a counselor based in humanistic and relational cultural theory, I believe you are the person who knows yourself best. Throughout life, circumstances leading to disruptions in well-being can produce self-doubt, a negative view of self, and low self-worth. Even through these times, each person still has autonomy and the ability to make effective decisions that fit in accordance with their lives. One of my goals is to expand self-awareness so you can live in a more purposeful way that aligns with your values.
(332) 262-2012 View (332) 262-2012
Photo of Robert Buck, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robert Buck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Therapy is a collaborative, creative, and re-creative journey in which we find and re-fine ourselves. It has been my pleasure and my passion to help people restore a sense of passion for living. In the safety of the therapeutic relationship we can come to be truly self-accepting and capable of rewarding relationships.
Therapy is a collaborative, creative, and re-creative journey in which we find and re-fine ourselves. It has been my pleasure and my passion to help people restore a sense of passion for living. In the safety of the therapeutic relationship we can come to be truly self-accepting and capable of rewarding relationships.
(646) 351-1988 View (646) 351-1988
Photo of Jaime Henle, PsyD, Psychologist
Jaime Henle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10027  (Online Only)
Please send email if intersted in services. Jaime Henle provides individual therapy w/adults & trained in EMDR. Dr. Henle also treats chronic pain & uses Nicole Sachs/John Sarno's mind-body work which believes your brain & nervous system creates pain symptoms to aid in the repression of unconscious thoughts/ feelings. The goal of this work is to express repressed emotions which will help your nervous system go from fight or flight to rest & repair. Dr Henle is licensed in NY & provides virtual therapy.
Please send email if intersted in services. Jaime Henle provides individual therapy w/adults & trained in EMDR. Dr. Henle also treats chronic pain & uses Nicole Sachs/John Sarno's mind-body work which believes your brain & nervous system creates pain symptoms to aid in the repression of unconscious thoughts/ feelings. The goal of this work is to express repressed emotions which will help your nervous system go from fight or flight to rest & repair. Dr Henle is licensed in NY & provides virtual therapy.
(646) 466-6217 View (646) 466-6217
Photo of Jennifer Silvershein Teplin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Silvershein Teplin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
Jennifer Silvershein, LCSW specializes in supporting individuals who experience self-doubt, difficulty in relationships, anxiety, eating disorders and low self-esteem. Jennifer helps her clients to recognize and make the changes necessary to create a life they love. Through several years of clinical experience, Jennifer has found that therapy is most effective when grounded in understanding, collaboration, and motivation. She prioritizes creating a supportive environment in which individuals feel both safe and inspired to make powerful strides towards a more fulfilled self.
Jennifer Silvershein, LCSW specializes in supporting individuals who experience self-doubt, difficulty in relationships, anxiety, eating disorders and low self-esteem. Jennifer helps her clients to recognize and make the changes necessary to create a life they love. Through several years of clinical experience, Jennifer has found that therapy is most effective when grounded in understanding, collaboration, and motivation. She prioritizes creating a supportive environment in which individuals feel both safe and inspired to make powerful strides towards a more fulfilled self.
(908) 617-0153 View (908) 617-0153
Photo of Ariel Tomback, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ariel Tomback
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
I support clients facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, and identity struggles, helping them navigate complex emotions and life transitions. Through a combination of empathy, creative problem-solving, and active listening, we’ll collaborate to explore your concerns and uncover solutions tailored to your unique needs. Therapy can provide the clarity needed to understand yourself more deeply, invite personal growth, and build lasting resilience. My goal is to empower you to lead a more balanced and fulfilling life as we work together toward achieving your personal goals.
I support clients facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, and identity struggles, helping them navigate complex emotions and life transitions. Through a combination of empathy, creative problem-solving, and active listening, we’ll collaborate to explore your concerns and uncover solutions tailored to your unique needs. Therapy can provide the clarity needed to understand yourself more deeply, invite personal growth, and build lasting resilience. My goal is to empower you to lead a more balanced and fulfilling life as we work together toward achieving your personal goals.
(332) 286-3817 View (332) 286-3817
Photo of Dr. Mario Sandoval - Mario Sandoval, PhD, PhD, Psychologist
Mario Sandoval, PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012  (Online Only)
I am skilled in providing therapy to high-level professionals in tech, science, medical, pharmaceutical, business and law industries, specializing in depression, anxiety, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, LGBTQ-issues, and addictions. Challenges related to professional development, harnessing managerial skills, career and educational transitions, work-life balance, primary relationships, and intentional and curated living are most often the focus of the work with those I serve. I see patients in New York State and the State of California.
I am skilled in providing therapy to high-level professionals in tech, science, medical, pharmaceutical, business and law industries, specializing in depression, anxiety, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, LGBTQ-issues, and addictions. Challenges related to professional development, harnessing managerial skills, career and educational transitions, work-life balance, primary relationships, and intentional and curated living are most often the focus of the work with those I serve. I see patients in New York State and the State of California.
(415) 439-3795 View (415) 439-3795
Photo of Leslie B. Becker, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie B. Becker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life is complex, and at some point, we all experience heartache. Emotions right now can be heightened or numbed. Stress, loss, or a feeling of being stuck may be compounded. I believe, however, that mitigating suffering and creating meaningful change is possible — even amidst difficult circumstances. It is my hope as your therapist to best support you through this process.
Life is complex, and at some point, we all experience heartache. Emotions right now can be heightened or numbed. Stress, loss, or a feeling of being stuck may be compounded. I believe, however, that mitigating suffering and creating meaningful change is possible — even amidst difficult circumstances. It is my hope as your therapist to best support you through this process.
(646) 663-5500 View (646) 663-5500
Photo of Kel Maisenbacher, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kel Maisenbacher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Taking the first step to seek therapy can be scary, but the fact that you are taking that first step shows courage and strength. I will collaborate with you to increase the strengths you already have, build new coping techniques and improve your self-esteem. I work in a thoughtful and non-judgmental way. My aim is to give clients the tools necessary to build their inner strength and resilience.
Taking the first step to seek therapy can be scary, but the fact that you are taking that first step shows courage and strength. I will collaborate with you to increase the strengths you already have, build new coping techniques and improve your self-esteem. I work in a thoughtful and non-judgmental way. My aim is to give clients the tools necessary to build their inner strength and resilience.
(347) 830-7170 View (347) 830-7170
Photo of Alaina Malik, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Alaina Malik
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
New York is a loud and bustling city - and sometimes it can be hard to reconnect with yourself. As an attachment-focused therapist or a ‘relationship therapist for the individual’, I work to help my clients feel grounded in the true sentiment of self-love and compassion. Our therapeutic work together may focus on nourishing your inner child, identifying and redefining unhealthy attachment patterns, and rewriting personal narratives to reconnect with your own sense of empowerment and self-confidence.
New York is a loud and bustling city - and sometimes it can be hard to reconnect with yourself. As an attachment-focused therapist or a ‘relationship therapist for the individual’, I work to help my clients feel grounded in the true sentiment of self-love and compassion. Our therapeutic work together may focus on nourishing your inner child, identifying and redefining unhealthy attachment patterns, and rewriting personal narratives to reconnect with your own sense of empowerment and self-confidence.
(929) 538-3332 View (929) 538-3332
Photo of Ava Cobleigh, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ava Cobleigh
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10007  (Online Only)
You may be going through life changes that are causing internal conflict, struggling with depression and anxiety that is impacting your day to day, or having a hard time finding the motivation to make changes within yourself. I believe it is inevitable that life will throw challenges our way, and it is in the way that we respond to these that will help us reach our goals. Everyone holds the ‘answers’ to their problems somewhere within them, and through guided talk-therapy, I can assist you in enhancing your innate repertoire of skills to find the meaning and motivation within yourself, even when it may seem impossible.
You may be going through life changes that are causing internal conflict, struggling with depression and anxiety that is impacting your day to day, or having a hard time finding the motivation to make changes within yourself. I believe it is inevitable that life will throw challenges our way, and it is in the way that we respond to these that will help us reach our goals. Everyone holds the ‘answers’ to their problems somewhere within them, and through guided talk-therapy, I can assist you in enhancing your innate repertoire of skills to find the meaning and motivation within yourself, even when it may seem impossible.
(646) 860-0364 View (646) 860-0364
Photo of Olga Radecka, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Olga Radecka
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10031  (Online Only)
Beginning therapy can be scary, intimidating, and stressful, but can also make a big difference in your life. There are times we feel stuck, lost, confused, angry, or hurt. Periods when relationships feel like they’re falling apart, life feels aimless, or we feel unhappy and can’t quite pinpoint why. For some this is new, while for others it can be a lifelong struggle. Therapy provides a safe space for processing thoughts and feelings, for exploring the past and its influence over the present, and for risking change. Therapy can help you cope with challenges and make sense of what has happened so you can gather the skills to grow.
Beginning therapy can be scary, intimidating, and stressful, but can also make a big difference in your life. There are times we feel stuck, lost, confused, angry, or hurt. Periods when relationships feel like they’re falling apart, life feels aimless, or we feel unhappy and can’t quite pinpoint why. For some this is new, while for others it can be a lifelong struggle. Therapy provides a safe space for processing thoughts and feelings, for exploring the past and its influence over the present, and for risking change. Therapy can help you cope with challenges and make sense of what has happened so you can gather the skills to grow.
(646) 679-5893 View (646) 679-5893
Photo of Yanique Cox, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Yanique Cox
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10014
Have you lost interest in activities you used to find enjoyable, have trouble concentrating and making decisions, or find it hard to sleep at night due to racing thoughts? You may have noticed that you haven’t been feeling like yourself lately, and life has begun to feel overwhelming.
Have you lost interest in activities you used to find enjoyable, have trouble concentrating and making decisions, or find it hard to sleep at night due to racing thoughts? You may have noticed that you haven’t been feeling like yourself lately, and life has begun to feel overwhelming.
(929) 298-9726 View (929) 298-9726
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.