Photo of Joan Determann - Joan Determann, LCSW at Dr. Fallon's Practice, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joan Determann, LCSW at Dr. Fallon's Practice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
Joan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker whose wealth of lived experience and deep respect for spirituality and diversity informs her approach to person-centered therapy. Joan is extremely skilled in helping people who struggle with anxiety, depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and challenging life transitions. Joan draws from a variety of therapies to best meet the needs of each individual client, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, and systematic desensitization. Joan’s approachable style and genuine desire to help others live more fully is at the heart of her clinical work.
Joan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker whose wealth of lived experience and deep respect for spirituality and diversity informs her approach to person-centered therapy. Joan is extremely skilled in helping people who struggle with anxiety, depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and challenging life transitions. Joan draws from a variety of therapies to best meet the needs of each individual client, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, and systematic desensitization. Joan’s approachable style and genuine desire to help others live more fully is at the heart of her clinical work.
(646) 693-3039 View (646) 693-3039
Photo of Christopher Lorraine, LCSW, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher Lorraine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I help with issues including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma and post-traumatic stress, identity issues, self-sabotaging behavior, and major life transitions.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, sad, anxious or angry? Are you dealing with the pain of past experiences that continue to impact your life and relationships? Therapy untangles difficult emotions and helps to inspire the insight and understanding that can lead to a more meaningful life, a healthier sense of self, and improved relationships. In our sessions, we can create a safe space for you to feel understood and empowered. We will actively collaborate together: to deepen your understanding of yourself, reduce emotional distress, create better ways of coping, and promote enduring healing.
I help with issues including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma and post-traumatic stress, identity issues, self-sabotaging behavior, and major life transitions.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, sad, anxious or angry? Are you dealing with the pain of past experiences that continue to impact your life and relationships? Therapy untangles difficult emotions and helps to inspire the insight and understanding that can lead to a more meaningful life, a healthier sense of self, and improved relationships. In our sessions, we can create a safe space for you to feel understood and empowered. We will actively collaborate together: to deepen your understanding of yourself, reduce emotional distress, create better ways of coping, and promote enduring healing.
(646) 681-2530 View (646) 681-2530
Photo of Michaela D'Urso, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Michaela D'Urso
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Michaela is a passionate Cognitive Behavioral therapist (which is the most effective, researched, and validated therapy to date). She will work with you to identify and change overly negative thinking and unhelpful behaviors that interfere with your mood, reaching your goals, or hampering interpersonal relationships. She works with those struggling with depression, anxiety, worry, phobias, stress, body image issues, performance anxiety, defiant behavior in children, relationship struggles, and work/school issues.
Michaela is a passionate Cognitive Behavioral therapist (which is the most effective, researched, and validated therapy to date). She will work with you to identify and change overly negative thinking and unhelpful behaviors that interfere with your mood, reaching your goals, or hampering interpersonal relationships. She works with those struggling with depression, anxiety, worry, phobias, stress, body image issues, performance anxiety, defiant behavior in children, relationship struggles, and work/school issues.
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Photo of Tracy Nemecek, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Tracy Nemecek
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14618
I have worked in private practice and school settings for over 20 years, applying cognitive-behavioral principles and social-emotional skill building to support adults, teens, and tweens through symptoms of anxiety and depression, grief and loss, relationship challenges, stress management, life transitions, self doubt, inflexibility, and somatic concerns.
Counseling can be a responsive process, as clients receive support and work toward an understanding of how present-day concerns may relate to past experiences. It can also be a preventive process, allowing clients to clarify and build on their own internal strengths that promote balance, wellness, and resiliency. My treatment approach is both cognitive-behavioral (focused on the links between events, thoughts, feelings, and actions) and psychoeducational (promoting the building of social and emotional skills). From a foundation of self-awareness, we can collaborate to expand your coping strategies and improve your relationships.
I have worked in private practice and school settings for over 20 years, applying cognitive-behavioral principles and social-emotional skill building to support adults, teens, and tweens through symptoms of anxiety and depression, grief and loss, relationship challenges, stress management, life transitions, self doubt, inflexibility, and somatic concerns.
Counseling can be a responsive process, as clients receive support and work toward an understanding of how present-day concerns may relate to past experiences. It can also be a preventive process, allowing clients to clarify and build on their own internal strengths that promote balance, wellness, and resiliency. My treatment approach is both cognitive-behavioral (focused on the links between events, thoughts, feelings, and actions) and psychoeducational (promoting the building of social and emotional skills). From a foundation of self-awareness, we can collaborate to expand your coping strategies and improve your relationships.
(585) 268-1598 View (585) 268-1598
Photo of Billy Ritchey, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Billy Ritchey
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I approach counseling from a practical, client-centered approach. I believe in meeting people where they are at, setting attainable therapeutic goals, and fostering intentional self-exploration. My experience with clients focuses on changing behavioral patterns, dealing with interpersonal issues, exploring new coping skills, and addressing symptoms of depression and anxiety. I have worked facilitating group therapy for people diagnosed as HIV+, as well as individual counseling for LGBT+ people. I have a history of working with people experiencing substance use from both abstinence and harm reduction approaches.
I approach counseling from a practical, client-centered approach. I believe in meeting people where they are at, setting attainable therapeutic goals, and fostering intentional self-exploration. My experience with clients focuses on changing behavioral patterns, dealing with interpersonal issues, exploring new coping skills, and addressing symptoms of depression and anxiety. I have worked facilitating group therapy for people diagnosed as HIV+, as well as individual counseling for LGBT+ people. I have a history of working with people experiencing substance use from both abstinence and harm reduction approaches.
(332) 334-8730 View (332) 334-8730
Photo of Cerene Prince, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cerene Prince
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Jamaica, NY 11434
Is your child struggling with anxiety or teen seem distant and agitated? Are you dealing with relationship issues or sudden mood changes? I am, Cerene Prince a holistic psychotherapist dedicated to delivering therapy with deep sensitivity with understanding using my clinical expertise in child, adult and family issues of involving anxieties, depression, ADHD, anger issues, life transitions, trauma, -isms and relationships struggles.
Is your child struggling with anxiety or teen seem distant and agitated? Are you dealing with relationship issues or sudden mood changes? I am, Cerene Prince a holistic psychotherapist dedicated to delivering therapy with deep sensitivity with understanding using my clinical expertise in child, adult and family issues of involving anxieties, depression, ADHD, anger issues, life transitions, trauma, -isms and relationships struggles.
(516) 200-1174 View (516) 200-1174
Photo of Jessica Perkiss, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Perkiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked with people experiencing anxiety, depression, pregnancy/postpartum issues, ADHD, life transitions, disordered eating, parenting and relationship issues.
Are you looking to make a change or gain clarity about your thoughts, behaviors and emotions? Maybe you are going through a difficult transition or having a hard time coping with life's stressors? Or perhaps something just doesn't feel quite right, and you are not sure what is wrong? People come to therapy for many different reasons, some more clear than others. I offer a warm and supportive space to help address life's challenges, to explore thoughts and emotions, and to get curious without judgement.
I have worked with people experiencing anxiety, depression, pregnancy/postpartum issues, ADHD, life transitions, disordered eating, parenting and relationship issues.
Are you looking to make a change or gain clarity about your thoughts, behaviors and emotions? Maybe you are going through a difficult transition or having a hard time coping with life's stressors? Or perhaps something just doesn't feel quite right, and you are not sure what is wrong? People come to therapy for many different reasons, some more clear than others. I offer a warm and supportive space to help address life's challenges, to explore thoughts and emotions, and to get curious without judgement.
(347) 801-7390 View (347) 801-7390
Photo of Brittany Cestone, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittany Cestone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
White Plains, NY 10601
I am passionate about helping individuals overcome negative beliefs they may have about themselves, others, or the world, specifically after a trauma or an adverse life experience. My clinical training in CBT, Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI), allows me to have a unique perspective to help individuals identify what is keeping them stuck and find ways to create a new narrative to their lives. In addition to trauma, I work with individuals with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, low self-esteem, addictions, ADHD, and relationship concerns.
I am passionate about helping individuals overcome negative beliefs they may have about themselves, others, or the world, specifically after a trauma or an adverse life experience. My clinical training in CBT, Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI), allows me to have a unique perspective to help individuals identify what is keeping them stuck and find ways to create a new narrative to their lives. In addition to trauma, I work with individuals with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, low self-esteem, addictions, ADHD, and relationship concerns.
(914) 326-0694 View (914) 326-0694
Photo of Robin Dixon, LMHC , Counselor
Robin Dixon
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14624  (Online Only)
As an individual who has anxiety and depression, I am hopeful I could be someone you feel comfortable talking with and try to build healthy coping skills with.
Living with anxiety, depression, unregulated emotions can make life seem 10x harder. Things such as work, household chores, or even self care can seem overwhelming and relationships can take up energy. But there is HOPE.
As an individual who has anxiety and depression, I am hopeful I could be someone you feel comfortable talking with and try to build healthy coping skills with.
Living with anxiety, depression, unregulated emotions can make life seem 10x harder. Things such as work, household chores, or even self care can seem overwhelming and relationships can take up energy. But there is HOPE.
(585) 476-3741 View (585) 476-3741
Photo of Jackquelin Grant, MHC-LP, MA
Jackquelin Grant
MHC-LP, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
I work with clients struggling with a broad range of issues including but not limited to anxiety, depression, work/life stress, marital/relationship issues and loss and grief.
Everyone has the potential for greatness, it's a matter of how we learn to use life's experiences, challenges and triumphs to actualize the best of who we are. My goal is to work together to build on your strengths to help make lasting changes and move towards leading a content and fulfilling life. Working in the mental health field for over 20 years, I have worked with a wide range of individuals specifically LGBTQ singles and couples. I use a straight forward and supportive approach to help you understand and work through your struggles.
I work with clients struggling with a broad range of issues including but not limited to anxiety, depression, work/life stress, marital/relationship issues and loss and grief.
Everyone has the potential for greatness, it's a matter of how we learn to use life's experiences, challenges and triumphs to actualize the best of who we are. My goal is to work together to build on your strengths to help make lasting changes and move towards leading a content and fulfilling life. Working in the mental health field for over 20 years, I have worked with a wide range of individuals specifically LGBTQ singles and couples. I use a straight forward and supportive approach to help you understand and work through your struggles.
(646) 502-6191 View (646) 502-6191
Photo of Taylor Foster - Taylor Foster LCSW, PLLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Taylor Foster LCSW, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14625
Seeking help can be hard, but you do not have to do it alone. If you or a family member are suffering from anxiety, depressed moods, or past experiences of trauma, know that healing can happen. For those who are looking for positive ways to better manage negative emotions, navigate life transitions and improve coping skills, do not hesitate to reach out. I have had great success partnering with individuals and their families in order to reduce the intensity and frequency of negative emotions. I can offer immediate availability for an intake appointment.
Seeking help can be hard, but you do not have to do it alone. If you or a family member are suffering from anxiety, depressed moods, or past experiences of trauma, know that healing can happen. For those who are looking for positive ways to better manage negative emotions, navigate life transitions and improve coping skills, do not hesitate to reach out. I have had great success partnering with individuals and their families in order to reduce the intensity and frequency of negative emotions. I can offer immediate availability for an intake appointment.
(585) 207-3216 View (585) 207-3216
Photo of Kaetlin Ritchie, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kaetlin Ritchie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10034  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is rooted in joy, and appreciation for the vibrancy of each person I treat. When stress, anxiety, depression, history of trauma, or complicated relationship or family dynamics impact our daily lives, it can be challenging to have self-compassion, find solutions, or ask for help. With consistent treatment, many clients see a decrease in severity of symptoms, improved ease in managing stressful situations, and an increase in self-esteem and quality of relationships.
My approach to therapy is rooted in joy, and appreciation for the vibrancy of each person I treat. When stress, anxiety, depression, history of trauma, or complicated relationship or family dynamics impact our daily lives, it can be challenging to have self-compassion, find solutions, or ask for help. With consistent treatment, many clients see a decrease in severity of symptoms, improved ease in managing stressful situations, and an increase in self-esteem and quality of relationships.
(646) 760-7839 View (646) 760-7839
Photo of Greg Lowder, PhD, Psychologist
Greg Lowder
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10005
When you are physically ill you turn to your doctor, hoping they can help you feel better. Problems like depression, anxiety, impulsivity, uncontrollable anger, guilt, or low self-confidence can be as painful, if not more so, than physical illness; they can also create serious relationship and work difficulties. I have over 25 years of experience and I have helped many adults, adolescents, and couples who had received limited or no benefit from previous therapists, other doctors, or medications. I work well with people who are skeptical of, or intimidated by, talk therapy.
When you are physically ill you turn to your doctor, hoping they can help you feel better. Problems like depression, anxiety, impulsivity, uncontrollable anger, guilt, or low self-confidence can be as painful, if not more so, than physical illness; they can also create serious relationship and work difficulties. I have over 25 years of experience and I have helped many adults, adolescents, and couples who had received limited or no benefit from previous therapists, other doctors, or medications. I work well with people who are skeptical of, or intimidated by, talk therapy.
(646) 663-4323 View (646) 663-4323
Photo of Toni Torchia, PhD, Psychologist
Toni Torchia
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Buffalo, NY 14226
We all struggle at times and the experience of mental health concerns such as anxiety and depression can exacerbate this struggle.
I am a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist with extensive experience in the area of child and adolescent development and adult therapy. My work focuses on helping individuals (ages 10 into adulthood) and families with a variety of needs including anxiety, depression, ADHD, adjustment disorders, self-esteem, self-regulation, stress management, challenging behavior and life transitions.
We all struggle at times and the experience of mental health concerns such as anxiety and depression can exacerbate this struggle.
I am a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist with extensive experience in the area of child and adolescent development and adult therapy. My work focuses on helping individuals (ages 10 into adulthood) and families with a variety of needs including anxiety, depression, ADHD, adjustment disorders, self-esteem, self-regulation, stress management, challenging behavior and life transitions.
(716) 304-2186 View (716) 304-2186
Photo of Haley Kastner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Haley Kastner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Haley provides evidence-based therapy for children, teens, and adults. She has had the opportunity to provide care in private practice, school, and medical settings. This array of experiences has fostered her ability to understand clients through a multi-disciplinary lens and draw upon a multitude of evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Behavioral Activation, Prevention-Focused Care, Crisis Intervention, Trauma-Focused CBT, and Exposure and Response Prevention. She utilizes these therapies to target anxiety, stress, depression, OCD, trauma, and executive functioning deficits.
Haley provides evidence-based therapy for children, teens, and adults. She has had the opportunity to provide care in private practice, school, and medical settings. This array of experiences has fostered her ability to understand clients through a multi-disciplinary lens and draw upon a multitude of evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Behavioral Activation, Prevention-Focused Care, Crisis Intervention, Trauma-Focused CBT, and Exposure and Response Prevention. She utilizes these therapies to target anxiety, stress, depression, OCD, trauma, and executive functioning deficits.
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Photo of Nadirah Langston, LMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist
Nadirah Langston
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bronx, NY 10460  (Online Only)
From my years of experience, I work well with various needs from my clients. I work with the client dealing with anxiety from daily life, depression from the hard times, those who need help managing their family and intimate relationships, clients who need help managing their anger or working towards stepping into their true identity. It works best when client’s are self motivated for change and would like someone to support and provide a refreshing perspective.
From my years of experience, I work well with various needs from my clients. I work with the client dealing with anxiety from daily life, depression from the hard times, those who need help managing their family and intimate relationships, clients who need help managing their anger or working towards stepping into their true identity. It works best when client’s are self motivated for change and would like someone to support and provide a refreshing perspective.
(347) 836-5612 View (347) 836-5612
Photo of Amie B Mizzi - NewDay Counseling Services, MSEd, LMHC, Counselor
NewDay Counseling Services
Counselor, MSEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience working with clients dealing with anxiety and depression, as well as clients living with bipolar disorder.
Choosing to see a therapist can be a groundbreaking decision. You may be struggling and feel that you have no place to turn. You do. I am here to help you. I will help you work through your issues: your anxiety, pain, depression, grief or whatever issues are preventing you from living a more satisfying life. We will work together to help you on the road to a happier and healthier life.. You have already started the process by taking that first step in seeking counseling.
I have extensive experience working with clients dealing with anxiety and depression, as well as clients living with bipolar disorder.
Choosing to see a therapist can be a groundbreaking decision. You may be struggling and feel that you have no place to turn. You do. I am here to help you. I will help you work through your issues: your anxiety, pain, depression, grief or whatever issues are preventing you from living a more satisfying life. We will work together to help you on the road to a happier and healthier life.. You have already started the process by taking that first step in seeking counseling.
(917) 924-8678 View (917) 924-8678
Photo of Matthew Lamphere, LMHC, CASAC, Counselor
Matthew Lamphere
Counselor, LMHC, CASAC
Verified Verified
Vestal, NY 13850
My work as a therapist has focused on helping individuals with a variety of challenges, including recovery from alcohol and drug use, managing depression and anxiety, navigating relationship challenges, men's issues, and codependency among others. While these challenges are common for many folks, I tailor my approach to meet your needs and goals that are most important to you in a non-judgmental and open way.
My work as a therapist has focused on helping individuals with a variety of challenges, including recovery from alcohol and drug use, managing depression and anxiety, navigating relationship challenges, men's issues, and codependency among others. While these challenges are common for many folks, I tailor my approach to meet your needs and goals that are most important to you in a non-judgmental and open way.
(607) 208-7746 View (607) 208-7746
Photo of Haley Kastner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Haley Kastner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
Haley provides evidence-based therapy for children, teens, and adults. She has had the opportunity to provide care in private practice, school, and medical settings. This array of experiences has fostered her ability to understand clients through a multi-disciplinary lens and draw upon a multitude of evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Behavioral Activation, Prevention-Focused Care, Crisis Intervention, Trauma-Focused CBT, and Exposure and Response Prevention. She utilizes these therapies to target anxiety, stress, depression, OCD, trauma, and executive functioning deficits.
Haley provides evidence-based therapy for children, teens, and adults. She has had the opportunity to provide care in private practice, school, and medical settings. This array of experiences has fostered her ability to understand clients through a multi-disciplinary lens and draw upon a multitude of evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Behavioral Activation, Prevention-Focused Care, Crisis Intervention, Trauma-Focused CBT, and Exposure and Response Prevention. She utilizes these therapies to target anxiety, stress, depression, OCD, trauma, and executive functioning deficits.
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Photo of Bob Montero, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bob Montero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Northport, NY 11768  (Online Only)
I take a basic trauma approach. Often early in life, circumstances overwhelm us. We can feel unseen and misunderstood or as if we have to perform in order to be loved and accepted. When these situations are chronic, we naturally develop automatic responses to try and solve the problem. These responses arise again and again in adulthood without our bidding, creating varying degrees of anxiety and depression which negatively impact our relationships, careers, and ambitions. The good news is the system wants to find a way to heal itself. That’s what brought you here. It is my goal to help you realize your innate perfection.
I take a basic trauma approach. Often early in life, circumstances overwhelm us. We can feel unseen and misunderstood or as if we have to perform in order to be loved and accepted. When these situations are chronic, we naturally develop automatic responses to try and solve the problem. These responses arise again and again in adulthood without our bidding, creating varying degrees of anxiety and depression which negatively impact our relationships, careers, and ambitions. The good news is the system wants to find a way to heal itself. That’s what brought you here. It is my goal to help you realize your innate perfection.
(516) 701-3467 View (516) 701-3467
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Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.