Photo of Lucia Simoncicova, MA, RCC, RCAT, Counsellor
Lucia Simoncicova
Counsellor, MA, RCC, RCAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8V  (Online Only)
Therapeutic modalities: Attachment-based therapies, Emotion-Focused Family Therapy and other Family Systems approaches, Art and Play therapy, Cognitive-Behavioural therapy, Grief Recovery Method, Interpersonal therapy, Trauma-Informed Approach, and Polyvagal Theory in Therapy.
Lucia Simoncicova, MA, is a Clinical Counsellor registered with BCACC. She is a Registered Art Therapist with CATA. Lucia has offered counselling in community mental health centres and in her private practice. She is passionate about working with adults, caregivers, children and teenagers. She offers treatment for a variety of concerns including emotional regulation, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, learning issues, trauma, and relationship issues. Lucia’s specialty is working with highly sensitive persons of any age. She enjoys offering support to carers via parental consultations.
Therapeutic modalities: Attachment-based therapies, Emotion-Focused Family Therapy and other Family Systems approaches, Art and Play therapy, Cognitive-Behavioural therapy, Grief Recovery Method, Interpersonal therapy, Trauma-Informed Approach, and Polyvagal Theory in Therapy.
Lucia Simoncicova, MA, is a Clinical Counsellor registered with BCACC. She is a Registered Art Therapist with CATA. Lucia has offered counselling in community mental health centres and in her private practice. She is passionate about working with adults, caregivers, children and teenagers. She offers treatment for a variety of concerns including emotional regulation, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, learning issues, trauma, and relationship issues. Lucia’s specialty is working with highly sensitive persons of any age. She enjoys offering support to carers via parental consultations.
(778) 763-1353 View (778) 763-1353
Photo of Lorrie Landers, MTC, RTC, CT, MHsD, CSC, Counsellor
Lorrie Landers
Counsellor, MTC, RTC, CT, MHsD, CSC
Verified Verified
Approaches to therapy are client-based, incorporating different modalities while supporting both reality and attachment-based models towards self-exploration, feelings, and behaviours in a non-judgmen.
Lorrie has several years’ experience working with complex internal anxiety issues, early childhood trauma, treating and working with the effects of mood dysregulation, addictions, & self-destructive behaviour.
Approaches to therapy are client-based, incorporating different modalities while supporting both reality and attachment-based models towards self-exploration, feelings, and behaviours in a non-judgmen.
Lorrie has several years’ experience working with complex internal anxiety issues, early childhood trauma, treating and working with the effects of mood dysregulation, addictions, & self-destructive behaviour.
(778) 717-6836 View (778) 717-6836
Photo of undefined - PureInsights Counselling, RPC, Counsellor
PureInsights Counselling
Counsellor, RPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kelowna, BC V1W
Over 30 yrs. experience in helping people overcome their challenges and start to make choices about themselves and the life they want to be living. Have you been struggling with an addiction, anxiety or anger? Do you need to learn more about boundaries and self esteem? Feeling overwhelmed and not knowing how to cope in your current relationship? Nobody goes through life without having to face difficulties. I will create a safe, comfortable and supportive relationship, so we can explore your current struggles and learn new skills in overcoming/managing yourself, relationships and dealing with your circumstances in your life.
Over 30 yrs. experience in helping people overcome their challenges and start to make choices about themselves and the life they want to be living. Have you been struggling with an addiction, anxiety or anger? Do you need to learn more about boundaries and self esteem? Feeling overwhelmed and not knowing how to cope in your current relationship? Nobody goes through life without having to face difficulties. I will create a safe, comfortable and supportive relationship, so we can explore your current struggles and learn new skills in overcoming/managing yourself, relationships and dealing with your circumstances in your life.
(866) 832-8648 View (866) 832-8648
Photo of undefined - SunRae Studio, Creative Wellness Center. , BFA, DKATI, Art Therapist
SunRae Studio, Creative Wellness Center.
Art Therapist, BFA, DKATI
Verified Verified
When words aren't enough. . . Art Therapy uses engagement in the creative process as a tool to encourage self-exploration, and is combined with more traditional forms of counselling/therapy. It is particularly beneficial when working with children, as younger people can be less comfortable or haven’t yet developed the capability of expressing themselves with words only. Action, creativity, imagination and play are naturally more familiar forms of expression and/or communication for children. Art Therapy accesses the above modalities.
When words aren't enough. . . Art Therapy uses engagement in the creative process as a tool to encourage self-exploration, and is combined with more traditional forms of counselling/therapy. It is particularly beneficial when working with children, as younger people can be less comfortable or haven’t yet developed the capability of expressing themselves with words only. Action, creativity, imagination and play are naturally more familiar forms of expression and/or communication for children. Art Therapy accesses the above modalities.
(587) 742-1585 View (587) 742-1585
Photo of Maryam Gerami, MA, RP, CCC, Registered Psychotherapist
Maryam Gerami
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V7X
I am a Registered Psychotherapist (CRPQ)with more than 15 years of experience in mental health working with adults, couples, and children. I am also an art therapist in Quebec (Montreal). I am an expert in different approaches including psychodynamics, CBT, mindfulness, Art therapy, Emotional focused therapy, Attachment-based therapy, and Humanistic approach. I utilize a client-centred methodology to provide a compassionate and safe therapeutic environment for my clients and use the appropriate approach based on my client’s needs and goals to maximize the result.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist (CRPQ)with more than 15 years of experience in mental health working with adults, couples, and children. I am also an art therapist in Quebec (Montreal). I am an expert in different approaches including psychodynamics, CBT, mindfulness, Art therapy, Emotional focused therapy, Attachment-based therapy, and Humanistic approach. I utilize a client-centred methodology to provide a compassionate and safe therapeutic environment for my clients and use the appropriate approach based on my client’s needs and goals to maximize the result.
(343) 307-0213 View (343) 307-0213
Photo of undefined - Life Balance Counselling, MC, RCC, Counsellor
Life Balance Counselling
Counsellor, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
Abbotsford, BC V2S
Maureen French is a Registered Clinical Counsellor with a Masters of Arts in Counselling Psychology. She has had a fascination of how individuals and relationships work from a young age. Maureen has over 15 years counselling experience in variety of government, community, health care / hospital and private counselling settings as well as in patient and out-patient psychiatric settings. Maureen offers counselling, support and consultation with adolescents, family and adult relationship issues. Maureen is a skilled play therapist who has worked extensively with child with complex trauma including developing and facilitating parenting programs and trauma informed programs.
Maureen French is a Registered Clinical Counsellor with a Masters of Arts in Counselling Psychology. She has had a fascination of how individuals and relationships work from a young age. Maureen has over 15 years counselling experience in variety of government, community, health care / hospital and private counselling settings as well as in patient and out-patient psychiatric settings. Maureen offers counselling, support and consultation with adolescents, family and adult relationship issues. Maureen is a skilled play therapist who has worked extensively with child with complex trauma including developing and facilitating parenting programs and trauma informed programs.
(587) 816-8334 View (587) 816-8334
Photo of Shannon Lawrence, RPC-C, CYT, Grief, Counsellor
Shannon Lawrence
Counsellor, RPC-C, CYT, Grief
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Langley, BC V3A
Are you stuck at a crossroads and unsure which road to take? Let me assist you in teaching you the skills you need to grow yourself and your children. I can help your child deal with unexpected life struggles and behaviors. Or, are YOU struggling with a recent separation/divorce or anxiety? I have experience in Child Therapy and CBT. Autism, Anxiety, Relationship Concerns, Parenting, and Grief Therapy. I can be utilized as an Associate Counsellor and Child & Youth Therapist. I aim to help you support your child, family, and yourself in your journey right now. Feel free to reach out today.
Are you stuck at a crossroads and unsure which road to take? Let me assist you in teaching you the skills you need to grow yourself and your children. I can help your child deal with unexpected life struggles and behaviors. Or, are YOU struggling with a recent separation/divorce or anxiety? I have experience in Child Therapy and CBT. Autism, Anxiety, Relationship Concerns, Parenting, and Grief Therapy. I can be utilized as an Associate Counsellor and Child & Youth Therapist. I aim to help you support your child, family, and yourself in your journey right now. Feel free to reach out today.
(778) 766-4548 View (778) 766-4548
Photo of Jin Broughton, MC, RCC, Counsellor
Jin Broughton
Counsellor, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Langley, BC V1M
My foundation of therapy is a biopsychosocial-spiritual model, viewing human beings as whole persons of four aspects: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Therefore, I am able to see the whole picture on how a brain injury, physical illness, physical trauma, or substance abuse affects human emotions, cognition, behavior, and spirituality, or vice versa. My approach utilizes Cognitive Rehabilitation therapy (CRT), Rogerian therapy, Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT), and Narrative therapy in order to help my clients toward problem solving and having a new hope for a new life.
My foundation of therapy is a biopsychosocial-spiritual model, viewing human beings as whole persons of four aspects: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Therefore, I am able to see the whole picture on how a brain injury, physical illness, physical trauma, or substance abuse affects human emotions, cognition, behavior, and spirituality, or vice versa. My approach utilizes Cognitive Rehabilitation therapy (CRT), Rogerian therapy, Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT), and Narrative therapy in order to help my clients toward problem solving and having a new hope for a new life.
(855) 910-7681 View (855) 910-7681
Photo of Mary Tuhkala Counselling And Play Therapy, MA, Counsellor
Mary Tuhkala Counselling And Play Therapy
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Langley, BC V3A
I believe that people can reach their full potential under the right conditions. I hope to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for you to express your feelings and unpack your story. I value diversity and uniqueness and tailor treatment plans to best fit you as an individual. My passion is in working with children, parents, and families to help enhance connection in the home.
I believe that people can reach their full potential under the right conditions. I hope to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for you to express your feelings and unpack your story. I value diversity and uniqueness and tailor treatment plans to best fit you as an individual. My passion is in working with children, parents, and families to help enhance connection in the home.
(604) 532-5340 View (604) 532-5340
Photo of Meredith MacKenzie, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Meredith MacKenzie
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Burnaby, BC V5C
Hello! I'm Meredith MacKenzie and I help women who feel out of control with food, tired of swinging from dieting to binge eating, leading to feel shame about their eating. You know the ins and outs of "healthy eating" but it just doesn't seem to work, and you blame yourself. You want freedom from food, to be able to eat what you love without overeating, and have a better relationship with your body. You want to be more attuned to your hunger and fullness cues and at peace with food, so you can more fully participate in your life without your feelings about your body or emotional eating looming over you. You deserve more.
Hello! I'm Meredith MacKenzie and I help women who feel out of control with food, tired of swinging from dieting to binge eating, leading to feel shame about their eating. You know the ins and outs of "healthy eating" but it just doesn't seem to work, and you blame yourself. You want freedom from food, to be able to eat what you love without overeating, and have a better relationship with your body. You want to be more attuned to your hunger and fullness cues and at peace with food, so you can more fully participate in your life without your feelings about your body or emotional eating looming over you. You deserve more.
(365) 305-0098 View (365) 305-0098
Photo of Tina Yazdanfar, MA,  RCC, Counsellor
Tina Yazdanfar
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Langley, BC V2Y
It is common to struggle with challenges and issues that seem difficult to approach. At times you may feel stuck or hopeless, and lack insight or skills required to deal with the problem! Emotional wellbeing and mental health influence your general health and how you make decisions, handle stress, and face challenges in your life and in your relationships. You may be facing a challenge in your personal life, with your child, or with your partner; whichever is the case I can support you with my expertise and experience, and help you implement positive change in your life.
It is common to struggle with challenges and issues that seem difficult to approach. At times you may feel stuck or hopeless, and lack insight or skills required to deal with the problem! Emotional wellbeing and mental health influence your general health and how you make decisions, handle stress, and face challenges in your life and in your relationships. You may be facing a challenge in your personal life, with your child, or with your partner; whichever is the case I can support you with my expertise and experience, and help you implement positive change in your life.
(365) 363-1226 View (365) 363-1226
Photo of Elisha Kaur Sidhu, Pre-Licensed Professional
Elisha Kaur Sidhu
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Langley, BC V3A
Hello, my name is Elisha, and I would be honored and privileged to be able to support you in your journey. I am intern counsellor in Langley, BC at Crossroads Collective. Through a holistic counselling approach, I strive to help clients heal by taking their life experiences and interconnected being into consideration for treatment and assessment purposes. I believe that therapy should allow one to be able to express themselves freely in a safe and trusting environment and I am thankful that I can help provide that as an intern counsellor.
Hello, my name is Elisha, and I would be honored and privileged to be able to support you in your journey. I am intern counsellor in Langley, BC at Crossroads Collective. Through a holistic counselling approach, I strive to help clients heal by taking their life experiences and interconnected being into consideration for treatment and assessment purposes. I believe that therapy should allow one to be able to express themselves freely in a safe and trusting environment and I am thankful that I can help provide that as an intern counsellor.
(604) 532-5340 View (604) 532-5340
Photo of Patricia Ackland, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
Patricia Ackland
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Chilliwack, BC V2R  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am a registered psychologist with extensive experience with a wide variety of individuals and concerns. I am well versed in evidence based therapeutic methods such as cognitive behaviour therapy, solution focused and emotion focused methods, among others. Together we can form a plan to help you reach your goals; whether that is decreased anxiety or depression, a more fulfilling relationship with your partner, children or family or an increase in personal self-worth. Please take a look at my website for further information about me, and my services.
Welcome! I am a registered psychologist with extensive experience with a wide variety of individuals and concerns. I am well versed in evidence based therapeutic methods such as cognitive behaviour therapy, solution focused and emotion focused methods, among others. Together we can form a plan to help you reach your goals; whether that is decreased anxiety or depression, a more fulfilling relationship with your partner, children or family or an increase in personal self-worth. Please take a look at my website for further information about me, and my services.
(604) 819-2673 View (604) 819-2673
Photo of undefined - Wellness North Counselling, MEd, RCC, Counsellor
Wellness North Counselling
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surrey, BC V3W
Do you struggle with Anxiety, ADHD, OCD or depression? Do you get overwhelmed easily? Have challenges with your child/ youth's behaviour? I understand South Asian family dynamics and interpersonal difficulties. As a BIPOC professional with more than a decade experience in the field, I help you find peace and solutions. I support families and children/youth using CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, play therapy, EFT and Family systems. I am trained to help neuro-diverse folks and with couples I use Gottman method to make their marriage fulfilling. I am also an approved clinical supervisor. After therapy with me, people leave feeling hopeful.
Do you struggle with Anxiety, ADHD, OCD or depression? Do you get overwhelmed easily? Have challenges with your child/ youth's behaviour? I understand South Asian family dynamics and interpersonal difficulties. As a BIPOC professional with more than a decade experience in the field, I help you find peace and solutions. I support families and children/youth using CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, play therapy, EFT and Family systems. I am trained to help neuro-diverse folks and with couples I use Gottman method to make their marriage fulfilling. I am also an approved clinical supervisor. After therapy with me, people leave feeling hopeful.
(506) 501-9363 View (506) 501-9363
Photo of undefined - Strength Counselling Services, MEd , RCC,  CCC, RSW, RP, Counsellor
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd , RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V6B  (Online Only)
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(778) 864-5992 View (778) 864-5992
Photo of Darlene Mathews, BSW, MA, RCC, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Darlene Mathews
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MA, RCC, RSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8Z  (Online Only)
Vulnerability can make us feel very uncomfortable, but if we view it as a transition, into higher self-esteem/confidence & therefore more life resilience then it is much healthier to forge ahead to find a therapist who can support us. Finding the best fit in seeking a therapist is the most important step in relieving your stress. Many of us struggle with unhappiness, anxiety, depression, suicide ideation, sleep deprivation, separation, divorce, conflict resolution, trauma, relationship, and parenting issues, emotion regulation, communication and assertiveness, boundaries, personal development, caregiver burden and so much more
Vulnerability can make us feel very uncomfortable, but if we view it as a transition, into higher self-esteem/confidence & therefore more life resilience then it is much healthier to forge ahead to find a therapist who can support us. Finding the best fit in seeking a therapist is the most important step in relieving your stress. Many of us struggle with unhappiness, anxiety, depression, suicide ideation, sleep deprivation, separation, divorce, conflict resolution, trauma, relationship, and parenting issues, emotion regulation, communication and assertiveness, boundaries, personal development, caregiver burden and so much more
(226) 916-5346 View (226) 916-5346
Photo of undefined - Strength Counselling Services, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP, Counsellor
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Mission, BC V2V  (Online Only)
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(782) 492-0201 View (782) 492-0201
Photo of Paula Black, DVATI, MC:AT, RCC, Counsellor
Paula Black
Counsellor, DVATI, MC:AT, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surrey, BC V4P  (Online Only)
Dandelion Counselling offers a creative, safe and containing space to explore thoughts and feelings. To be effective, it is not about what I 'do', but, what I can 'be' for the client: meeting wherever you may be in life and gently & empathically co-creating a therapeutic relationship. I am trained in integrative psychotherapeutic counselling with an interest in attachment and developmental trauma. This allows us to move beyond behaviour modification into an biopsychosocial psychotherapeutic understanding of what is happening. The insights from these fields can support a shift to a life where we 'respond' rather than 'react'.
Dandelion Counselling offers a creative, safe and containing space to explore thoughts and feelings. To be effective, it is not about what I 'do', but, what I can 'be' for the client: meeting wherever you may be in life and gently & empathically co-creating a therapeutic relationship. I am trained in integrative psychotherapeutic counselling with an interest in attachment and developmental trauma. This allows us to move beyond behaviour modification into an biopsychosocial psychotherapeutic understanding of what is happening. The insights from these fields can support a shift to a life where we 'respond' rather than 'react'.
(705) 482-9100 View (705) 482-9100
Photo of Magdalena Tornyai, MA, MEd, RCC, CCC, Counsellor
Magdalena Tornyai
Counsellor, MA, MEd, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
Kamloops, BC V2B
Welcome to Safe Have Holistic Counselling – My name is Magdalena. Through Safe Haven, I will provide you with a range of options and modalities to help you heal and find ways to be happy, content, and free from whatever hurt and pain you are carrying with you at this time. So many people struggle through life on their own. Maybe you’re here because you’re feeling depressed, anxious and insecure – maybe you feel stuck in life and don’t know how to move forward. Perhaps you are here because you are struggling in your relationships, or you feel alone as you move through life. Let me be your Safe Haven.
Welcome to Safe Have Holistic Counselling – My name is Magdalena. Through Safe Haven, I will provide you with a range of options and modalities to help you heal and find ways to be happy, content, and free from whatever hurt and pain you are carrying with you at this time. So many people struggle through life on their own. Maybe you’re here because you’re feeling depressed, anxious and insecure – maybe you feel stuck in life and don’t know how to move forward. Perhaps you are here because you are struggling in your relationships, or you feel alone as you move through life. Let me be your Safe Haven.
(855) 775-6809 View (855) 775-6809
Photo of Lindsey Valair - Family Matters Counselling, RCC-C, Counsellor
Lindsey Valair - Family Matters Counselling
Counsellor, RCC-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
I believe that each of us (from children, preteens, teenagers, young adults, adults, parents, and up) has within us the ability to learn to deal with life’s stressors and manage the way we deal with the trials and tribulations that life brings our way. As a mother, wife, sister, daughter, friend, and co-worker, I bring to my practice a blend of lived mental health/life experience, education and a holistic approach while maintaining the philosophy that we’re all capable humans and don’t have to go through difficult times alone.
I believe that each of us (from children, preteens, teenagers, young adults, adults, parents, and up) has within us the ability to learn to deal with life’s stressors and manage the way we deal with the trials and tribulations that life brings our way. As a mother, wife, sister, daughter, friend, and co-worker, I bring to my practice a blend of lived mental health/life experience, education and a holistic approach while maintaining the philosophy that we’re all capable humans and don’t have to go through difficult times alone.
(249) 444-1270 View (249) 444-1270

See more therapy options for British Columbia

Attachment-based Counsellors

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.