Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Fatema Jivanjee-Shakir, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Fatema Jivanjee-Shakir
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10022  (Online Only)
Do you feel consumed with thoughts about food, weight, or body image? Does your relationship with these things impact your mood, self-esteem, relationships, or ability to function? If you answered yes to any of these questions, know that healing is possible. You are not alone in navigating these experiences.
Do you feel consumed with thoughts about food, weight, or body image? Does your relationship with these things impact your mood, self-esteem, relationships, or ability to function? If you answered yes to any of these questions, know that healing is possible. You are not alone in navigating these experiences.
(929) 205-4436 View (929) 205-4436
Photo of Dora Owuor, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dora Owuor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10027  (Online Only)
We have all been there when we have what feels like a million stressors which are affecting different parts of our life and have no outlet to process what we are going through. The feelings of anxiousness can hinder us from doing the things we want to do. I can provide you with a non judgmental space, which you deserve, where you can process and learn the tools to feel better and see change in your life. I am committed to empowering you to explore how your thoughts, feelings and behaviors connect and contribute to your well being.
We have all been there when we have what feels like a million stressors which are affecting different parts of our life and have no outlet to process what we are going through. The feelings of anxiousness can hinder us from doing the things we want to do. I can provide you with a non judgmental space, which you deserve, where you can process and learn the tools to feel better and see change in your life. I am committed to empowering you to explore how your thoughts, feelings and behaviors connect and contribute to your well being.
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Photo of Barry J Winley - Nazareth Counseling Company, LLC, MA, LMHC, NBCC, Counselor
Nazareth Counseling Company, LLC
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NBCC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10031  (Online Only)
Barry J Winley is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and National Board Certified Counselor. He is a published author and founder of Nazareth Counseling Company, LLC which integrates in CBT, reality therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy into individual psychology. Our client focus is on inter-generational trauma, BIPOC relationship issues, and conflict resolution. We utilize journaling through the Seasons of Life, and build on a holistic 7 Pillars of Health model to help our clients uncover deep rooted emotional conflicts and find healing through self awareness and acceptance.
Barry J Winley is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and National Board Certified Counselor. He is a published author and founder of Nazareth Counseling Company, LLC which integrates in CBT, reality therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy into individual psychology. Our client focus is on inter-generational trauma, BIPOC relationship issues, and conflict resolution. We utilize journaling through the Seasons of Life, and build on a holistic 7 Pillars of Health model to help our clients uncover deep rooted emotional conflicts and find healing through self awareness and acceptance.
(516) 701-2862 View (516) 701-2862
Photo of Steven D Axelrod, PhD, Psychologist
Steven D Axelrod
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I approach treatment as a growth opportunity for my adult patients. Therapy hinges on the rapid development of a treatment alliance and I make a special effort to help patients feel comfortable and "open up." As a psychodynamic therapist I base my treatment approach on insight and self-understanding. Knowledge is indeed power, and my patients almost always become more effective in the world and in their close relationships. My approach to treatment is depth-oriented, but also practical and challenging. I work most effectively with patients who are intelligent, active, and "in the world."
I approach treatment as a growth opportunity for my adult patients. Therapy hinges on the rapid development of a treatment alliance and I make a special effort to help patients feel comfortable and "open up." As a psychodynamic therapist I base my treatment approach on insight and self-understanding. Knowledge is indeed power, and my patients almost always become more effective in the world and in their close relationships. My approach to treatment is depth-oriented, but also practical and challenging. I work most effectively with patients who are intelligent, active, and "in the world."
(646) 490-9948 View (646) 490-9948
Photo of Catherine Coats, MA, MHC-LP
Catherine Coats
MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10012
Every person’s motivations for seeking help is unique to them. I became a therapist because I believe that with compassion and an open mind, progress can happen, even if it is not linear. Coming to therapy can be intimidating but I will create a space to help you feel heard, seen and understood. We will work together to nurture and strengthen your well-being, allowing you to thrive in high stress situations
Every person’s motivations for seeking help is unique to them. I became a therapist because I believe that with compassion and an open mind, progress can happen, even if it is not linear. Coming to therapy can be intimidating but I will create a space to help you feel heard, seen and understood. We will work together to nurture and strengthen your well-being, allowing you to thrive in high stress situations
(347) 658-5718 View (347) 658-5718
Photo of Yuliya Bulba, PsyD, Psychologist
Yuliya Bulba
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Someone that would be a great fit to work with me is seeking to change their old patterns of behavior in order to tackle anxiety, depression, self esteem, relationship issues and life transitions. Please email for a consultation and to see if we would be a good fit to work together.
Someone that would be a great fit to work with me is seeking to change their old patterns of behavior in order to tackle anxiety, depression, self esteem, relationship issues and life transitions. Please email for a consultation and to see if we would be a good fit to work together.
(929) 203-4949 View (929) 203-4949
Photo of Avital Woods, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Avital Woods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017
Whether you are anxious, depressed, experiencing a loss, having relationship difficulties, or any other life transition, everyone can benefit from the safe space of therapy. We all get stuck interacting with the world in maladaptive ways and have difficulty finding our way out. I see therapy as a collaborative process in which we work to identify these patterns and to develop new ways of interacting with the world.
Whether you are anxious, depressed, experiencing a loss, having relationship difficulties, or any other life transition, everyone can benefit from the safe space of therapy. We all get stuck interacting with the world in maladaptive ways and have difficulty finding our way out. I see therapy as a collaborative process in which we work to identify these patterns and to develop new ways of interacting with the world.
(917) 300-0688 View (917) 300-0688
Photo of Amy Li, MHC-LP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Amy Li
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Life is not an easy road. New worries come with every stage and it can feel helpless to face those challenges on your own. I am dedicated to helping clients with anxiety, ADHD, depression, managing new changes and stress, and improving self-esteem. If you want to make a change, are motivated, and are ready to work, I'd love to be able to help. I hope to offer my clients a safe space to explore themselves in-depth without fear of judgment and work together to bring about lasting change.
Life is not an easy road. New worries come with every stage and it can feel helpless to face those challenges on your own. I am dedicated to helping clients with anxiety, ADHD, depression, managing new changes and stress, and improving self-esteem. If you want to make a change, are motivated, and are ready to work, I'd love to be able to help. I hope to offer my clients a safe space to explore themselves in-depth without fear of judgment and work together to bring about lasting change.
(929) 396-3016 View (929) 396-3016
Photo of Adam David Joncich - CoreStory Psychology Services PC, PhD, Psychologist
CoreStory Psychology Services PC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Your life is made up of many stories, and the ones you stay connected to and focus on can impact the way you feel. At CoreStory, we work to help you articulate your narratives to better understand your emotions, your relationships and your life. In the City, life can be hectic, with competing demands at work, home and in relationships often leaving people feel depleted, tired, sad, or stuck. We aim to provide a consistent space each week to tell your story and to help you make progress towards personal, family and career goals with a focus on sustaining wellness.
Your life is made up of many stories, and the ones you stay connected to and focus on can impact the way you feel. At CoreStory, we work to help you articulate your narratives to better understand your emotions, your relationships and your life. In the City, life can be hectic, with competing demands at work, home and in relationships often leaving people feel depleted, tired, sad, or stuck. We aim to provide a consistent space each week to tell your story and to help you make progress towards personal, family and career goals with a focus on sustaining wellness.
(646) 762-6330 View (646) 762-6330
Photo of Ashley Cooper, LMHC, Counselor
Ashley Cooper
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
Our growth and healing holds moments and connections that impact our sense of self, and our sense of belonging and possibility. Sometimes it’s so subtle that we don't notice our growth until suddenly things feel different and you realize— you are different. Just as moments and connections help us heal—some can really hurt. In order to make sense of the pain that we’re alone with, we often turn it inward. This can leave us with even more painful beliefs about ourselves and the world. Whatever has brought you here, I want to understand.
Our growth and healing holds moments and connections that impact our sense of self, and our sense of belonging and possibility. Sometimes it’s so subtle that we don't notice our growth until suddenly things feel different and you realize— you are different. Just as moments and connections help us heal—some can really hurt. In order to make sense of the pain that we’re alone with, we often turn it inward. This can leave us with even more painful beliefs about ourselves and the world. Whatever has brought you here, I want to understand.
(646) 362-3830 View (646) 362-3830
Photo of Diana Tumminia, LCSW-R, MARI, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Diana Tumminia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MARI
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012  (Online Only)
Are you feeling trapped by anxiety, depression or a life crisis? Do you want to break generational cycles and reparent yourself? Do you struggle with chronic health problems, infertility, or transitioning to motherhood? With my experience working with anxiety, stress and mood disorders, I bring clients into better functioning and help them to find meaning in life. I support clients through the emotional toll of trying to conceive, infertility, and pregnancy or dealing with a chronic illness. I also specialize in helping clients process damaging childhood experiences and change their patterns for themselves or their children.
Are you feeling trapped by anxiety, depression or a life crisis? Do you want to break generational cycles and reparent yourself? Do you struggle with chronic health problems, infertility, or transitioning to motherhood? With my experience working with anxiety, stress and mood disorders, I bring clients into better functioning and help them to find meaning in life. I support clients through the emotional toll of trying to conceive, infertility, and pregnancy or dealing with a chronic illness. I also specialize in helping clients process damaging childhood experiences and change their patterns for themselves or their children.
(917) 512-6821 View (917) 512-6821
Photo of Francesca Brody, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Francesca Brody
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Trying to balance the demands of modern, urban life is challenging. The stress from work, relationships, parenting or finances can be overwhelming. Too often in New York City, the demands of professional life completely overshadow the ability to have a healthy personal life. If you are looking for more balance in your life, reduced anxiety and depression related to your personal and professional life, or simply a sounding board for your daily stressors, I am here to help. I also work with couples who are experiencing distress in their relationships and are looking to reduce conflict and increase positive interactions.
Trying to balance the demands of modern, urban life is challenging. The stress from work, relationships, parenting or finances can be overwhelming. Too often in New York City, the demands of professional life completely overshadow the ability to have a healthy personal life. If you are looking for more balance in your life, reduced anxiety and depression related to your personal and professional life, or simply a sounding board for your daily stressors, I am here to help. I also work with couples who are experiencing distress in their relationships and are looking to reduce conflict and increase positive interactions.
(646) 863-4896 View (646) 863-4896
Photo of Annette K Patella, LCSW, CEAP, Coach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Annette K Patella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEAP, Coach
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
As a Psychotherapist with 30+ years of experience, I am a catalyst for positive change in a client's life. I can assist a client in addressing anxiety, depression and other behavioral health symptoms that prevent a person from moving forward in life. In addition to Insight Oriented Therapies and CBT, I am trained in Emotional Freedom Techniques/Tapping (EFT) and Mindfulness practices.
As a Psychotherapist with 30+ years of experience, I am a catalyst for positive change in a client's life. I can assist a client in addressing anxiety, depression and other behavioral health symptoms that prevent a person from moving forward in life. In addition to Insight Oriented Therapies and CBT, I am trained in Emotional Freedom Techniques/Tapping (EFT) and Mindfulness practices.
(646) 351-1738 View (646) 351-1738
Photo of Michael A. Ambrose, PhD, Psychologist
Michael A. Ambrose
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10004
Dr. Michael Ambrose is a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) across the lifespan. He specializes in using research supported treatments for a variety of emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors, anxiety disorders (including OCD and selective mutism), depression, and body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs; hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting etc.) He has extensive training and experience using CBT with children, adolescents, adults, parents, and families.
Dr. Michael Ambrose is a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) across the lifespan. He specializes in using research supported treatments for a variety of emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors, anxiety disorders (including OCD and selective mutism), depression, and body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs; hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting etc.) He has extensive training and experience using CBT with children, adolescents, adults, parents, and families.
(718) 550-0465 View (718) 550-0465
Photo of Yaakov Weiner, PsyD, Psychologist
Yaakov Weiner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10004  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Transparency, encouragement and support make up the foundation of my approach. By replacing judgment with curiosity, I work to create a space where people can explore topics that may otherwise produce shame or guilt. This process fosters courage, self-awareness, self-acceptance, strength, new ways of thinking, and ultimately, relief and improvement. Guided by attachment theory, interpersonal psychology, and existential psychology, I use a psychodynamic approach to help people develop the clarity, confidence, and energy they need to take positive action and live their fullest lives.
Transparency, encouragement and support make up the foundation of my approach. By replacing judgment with curiosity, I work to create a space where people can explore topics that may otherwise produce shame or guilt. This process fosters courage, self-awareness, self-acceptance, strength, new ways of thinking, and ultimately, relief and improvement. Guided by attachment theory, interpersonal psychology, and existential psychology, I use a psychodynamic approach to help people develop the clarity, confidence, and energy they need to take positive action and live their fullest lives.
(332) 262-7884 View (332) 262-7884
Photo of Shari Bispham Jacob, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shari Bispham Jacob
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10035  (Online Only)
Seeking therapy can be a difficult process, which requires courage; congratulations on making this decision! It is the first step to healing, and learning to lean into life from a healthier outlook. Life changes, relationship challenges, school difficulties, trauma or interpersonal conflicts can leave us feeling stuck, isolated, and hopeless. My goal is to provide a safe space where you will feel heard and supported. Working together using a judgement free, collaborative approach to help you to build a tool kit with the skills you need to reach goals, and navigate through difficulties in life.
Seeking therapy can be a difficult process, which requires courage; congratulations on making this decision! It is the first step to healing, and learning to lean into life from a healthier outlook. Life changes, relationship challenges, school difficulties, trauma or interpersonal conflicts can leave us feeling stuck, isolated, and hopeless. My goal is to provide a safe space where you will feel heard and supported. Working together using a judgement free, collaborative approach to help you to build a tool kit with the skills you need to reach goals, and navigate through difficulties in life.
(845) 402-2195 View (845) 402-2195
Photo of Alegra Kastens, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alegra Kastens
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist who received her Master’s degree in Clinical Psychology from Pepperdine University. I am licensed to practice in the states of California and New York, and specialize in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Eating Disorders. My clinical work focuses on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Exposure & Response Prevention, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, and mindfulness skills training for adults, adolescents, and children.
I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist who received her Master’s degree in Clinical Psychology from Pepperdine University. I am licensed to practice in the states of California and New York, and specialize in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Eating Disorders. My clinical work focuses on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Exposure & Response Prevention, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, and mindfulness skills training for adults, adolescents, and children.
(646) 596-1662 View (646) 596-1662
Photo of Nancy Peterson, PhD, Psychologist
Nancy Peterson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
I'm a clinical psychologist with over 25 years experience working with people who have anxiety, depression, nervous system dysregulation, inconsistent work performance, or a general dissatisfaction with their relationships or their lives. My practice emphasizes evidence-based treatment approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). I have extensive experience tailoring these approaches to meet the specific needs of professional performers (actors, athletes, business people) and people living with serious medical conditions.
I'm a clinical psychologist with over 25 years experience working with people who have anxiety, depression, nervous system dysregulation, inconsistent work performance, or a general dissatisfaction with their relationships or their lives. My practice emphasizes evidence-based treatment approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). I have extensive experience tailoring these approaches to meet the specific needs of professional performers (actors, athletes, business people) and people living with serious medical conditions.
(646) 863-7908 View (646) 863-7908
Photo of Jelisha Gatling, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jelisha Gatling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
You are so tired of having the same fight. If you don't do it, it won't get done. You've stopped asking because what's the point? You are exhausted and feel like you are the only one trying. You feel taken for granted. You've tried saying it calmly, you've yelled, you've cried...yet you continue to feel stuck. But regardless, it goes in one ear and out the other. You can't remember how most fights started or what it was REALLY about. You wonder "Are we compatible?"
You are so tired of having the same fight. If you don't do it, it won't get done. You've stopped asking because what's the point? You are exhausted and feel like you are the only one trying. You feel taken for granted. You've tried saying it calmly, you've yelled, you've cried...yet you continue to feel stuck. But regardless, it goes in one ear and out the other. You can't remember how most fights started or what it was REALLY about. You wonder "Are we compatible?"
(646) 362-5134 View (646) 362-5134
Photo of Zainah Ben Essa, LMHC
Zainah Ben Essa
LMHC
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
I hold the belief that everyone can benefit from therapy. Therapy is not just for those who are severely “mentally ill” or struggling. The therapy room can be a safe space for you to explore and get to know the more vulnerable, intimate, and darker parts of yourself. I work with adult women (mostly in their 20s and early 30s), more specifically women of color (e.g., Arab, South Asian, East Asian, Black, and Latinx). I grew up Muslim and in the Arab world, so I have a deep understanding of the experience of religious minorities and marginalized communities.
I hold the belief that everyone can benefit from therapy. Therapy is not just for those who are severely “mentally ill” or struggling. The therapy room can be a safe space for you to explore and get to know the more vulnerable, intimate, and darker parts of yourself. I work with adult women (mostly in their 20s and early 30s), more specifically women of color (e.g., Arab, South Asian, East Asian, Black, and Latinx). I grew up Muslim and in the Arab world, so I have a deep understanding of the experience of religious minorities and marginalized communities.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.