Therapists in Tallahassee, FL

June C Singletary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Tallahassee, FL 32301
"Marriage with NO problems?" I HEAR YOU LOUD AND CLEAR..."What idiot said that?" YOU would be right. "NO PROBLEMS" means NO: Prior separate upbringing experiences, Prior different religious experiences, Prior different sexual experiences, Prior different values in many different topics, Prior different problem resolution skills, Prior unequal education or occupation ideals, Prior Emotional skills in conflict resolution by one or both. SO, DON'T TELL ME TWO PEOPLE WITH ALTOGETHER DIFFERENT IDEAS, IDEALS, VALUES, AND EXPERIENCES in a broad range of traits CAN WALTZ INTO MARRIAGE WITH "NO PROBLEMS".
"Marriage with NO problems?" I HEAR YOU LOUD AND CLEAR..."What idiot said that?" YOU would be right. "NO PROBLEMS" means NO: Prior separate upbringing experiences, Prior different religious experiences, Prior different sexual experiences, Prior different values in many different topics, Prior different problem resolution skills, Prior unequal education or occupation ideals, Prior Emotional skills in conflict resolution by one or both. SO, DON'T TELL ME TWO PEOPLE WITH ALTOGETHER DIFFERENT IDEAS, IDEALS, VALUES, AND EXPERIENCES in a broad range of traits CAN WALTZ INTO MARRIAGE WITH "NO PROBLEMS".
(850) 900-1985 View (850) 900-1985
Brown Healing&Restorative Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you looking for a therapist who makes you feel encouraged, heard, respected, and empowered to live authentically? Hi, I'm Brianna. I strive to create and maintain an inclusive, supportive, and collaborative environment that is safe and embracing all cultures and backgrounds. I understand your need for confidentiality, trust and respect.
Are you looking for a therapist who makes you feel encouraged, heard, respected, and empowered to live authentically? Hi, I'm Brianna. I strive to create and maintain an inclusive, supportive, and collaborative environment that is safe and embracing all cultures and backgrounds. I understand your need for confidentiality, trust and respect.
(850) 809-3425 View (850) 809-3425
Thomas E Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Feeling depressed and hopeless? I'd like to help you get hope back into your life. It's like being in a race that just doesn't end. Leave that race and get into a life that revives you. Marriage in trouble? I can help find ways to keep it together. Family broken by addiction, teenager's anger, or finances? Let's work together to piece it back together. I'd like to help you start today in that long journey back together again.
Feeling depressed and hopeless? I'd like to help you get hope back into your life. It's like being in a race that just doesn't end. Leave that race and get into a life that revives you. Marriage in trouble? I can help find ways to keep it together. Family broken by addiction, teenager's anger, or finances? Let's work together to piece it back together. I'd like to help you start today in that long journey back together again.
(850) 692-6540 View (850) 692-6540
Dr. Michael Sue Jenefsky
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, PhD, MS, RMHCI
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Are you tired of feeling as though you are not in charge of what’s happening in your life…that everything that happens is controlled by someone or something else? I’m Dr. Michael Sue Jenefsky, and I am here to help you overcome emotional pain, reclaim your power, and live life on your own terms. After more than 20 years of working to support survivors of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, I’ve discovered that trauma leaves traces that remain long after the first crisis occurs. That’s how it was for me until I found the right help to guide me on my healing journey. I want to be that help for you.
Are you tired of feeling as though you are not in charge of what’s happening in your life…that everything that happens is controlled by someone or something else? I’m Dr. Michael Sue Jenefsky, and I am here to help you overcome emotional pain, reclaim your power, and live life on your own terms. After more than 20 years of working to support survivors of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, I’ve discovered that trauma leaves traces that remain long after the first crisis occurs. That’s how it was for me until I found the right help to guide me on my healing journey. I want to be that help for you.
(954) 261-1226 View (954) 261-1226
Justin Crymes
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32308
Are you dealing with anxiety? Depression? Stress? Whatever it may be, you deserve to live the life you want without the emotional baggage weighing you down, and I am here to help! Together, we can explore those feelings, using evidence-based techniques and trauma informed practices, to help you rid yourself of unwanted or intrusive thoughts and help you find the energy to move forward to a happier, fuller life.
Are you dealing with anxiety? Depression? Stress? Whatever it may be, you deserve to live the life you want without the emotional baggage weighing you down, and I am here to help! Together, we can explore those feelings, using evidence-based techniques and trauma informed practices, to help you rid yourself of unwanted or intrusive thoughts and help you find the energy to move forward to a happier, fuller life.
(850) 876-3933 View (850) 876-3933
Dr. Michelle A. Mitcham
Counselor, PhD, LMHC-S, NCC, CCMHC, CFM
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32308
If you’re feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or unheard—whether in love, work, identity, or relationships—you deserve a space where you feel genuinely seen and supported. I work with individuals who are navigating life’s confusion/pivotal moments, craving clarity, confidence; deeper connection. My clients often share a desire to understand themselves more fully, to reclaim their voice, and to move through challenges with strength and purpose. Whether you're facing personal, family, or relationship struggles, I invite you into a courageous, healing conversation. Together, we will create a path that empowers you to heal, grow, and thrive.
If you’re feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or unheard—whether in love, work, identity, or relationships—you deserve a space where you feel genuinely seen and supported. I work with individuals who are navigating life’s confusion/pivotal moments, craving clarity, confidence; deeper connection. My clients often share a desire to understand themselves more fully, to reclaim their voice, and to move through challenges with strength and purpose. Whether you're facing personal, family, or relationship struggles, I invite you into a courageous, healing conversation. Together, we will create a path that empowers you to heal, grow, and thrive.
(850) 869-8441 View (850) 869-8441
Carrie McDonald Thornal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Let me guide you to rediscover your happiness and gain back your control and independence. I want to help you build sustainable tools for the future that will keep you aligned with your joy and purpose. I can understand in today's society if you and your significant other feel overwhelmed by the minutiae of everyday life and feel like you do not have an outlet. If you are willing and in need of support, I encourage you to reach out. Together we will build a foundation of trust and understanding and work together in pursuit of you and your significant other's desired goals.
Let me guide you to rediscover your happiness and gain back your control and independence. I want to help you build sustainable tools for the future that will keep you aligned with your joy and purpose. I can understand in today's society if you and your significant other feel overwhelmed by the minutiae of everyday life and feel like you do not have an outlet. If you are willing and in need of support, I encourage you to reach out. Together we will build a foundation of trust and understanding and work together in pursuit of you and your significant other's desired goals.
(850) 805-4652 View (850) 805-4652
Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32308
Someone once said, "Like the moon, we must go through phases of emptiness to feel full again." Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting is a group of Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Registered Clinical Social Work Interns who are here to walk with you during these different phases. We specialize in working with children, families, and adults who have been impacted by trauma, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and relationship issues.
Someone once said, "Like the moon, we must go through phases of emptiness to feel full again." Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting is a group of Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Registered Clinical Social Work Interns who are here to walk with you during these different phases. We specialize in working with children, families, and adults who have been impacted by trauma, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and relationship issues.
(850) 220-1551 View (850) 220-1551
Sharon Sykes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-QS
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Are you at a Crossroad in life? Feeling stuck and nowhere to turn? Smiling on the Outside but Hurting on the Inside? If this is you, This is Your Time! Time to remove the veil of life's disappointments, pain of the past and find YOU again! Your true self! Your authentic self! And live your Best Life! A life that you can't wait to wake up to each day! It would be my pleasure to go on this journey with you.
Are you at a Crossroad in life? Feeling stuck and nowhere to turn? Smiling on the Outside but Hurting on the Inside? If this is you, This is Your Time! Time to remove the veil of life's disappointments, pain of the past and find YOU again! Your true self! Your authentic self! And live your Best Life! A life that you can't wait to wake up to each day! It would be my pleasure to go on this journey with you.
(850) 498-1388 View (850) 498-1388
ADOS-2 Administrator; now testing on Saturdays
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32311
I specialize in assessing people of all ages known or suspected to be on the autism spectrum and advocating for all individuals and their families who struggle with the challenges of accessing services. I am now performing in person ADOS-2 evaluations in both Tallahassee and Ocala. Having worked as an educator/therapist and administrator in the public and private school settings, I provide support and guidance by reviewing IEPS and 504 plans and participating in ESE meetings.
I specialize in assessing people of all ages known or suspected to be on the autism spectrum and advocating for all individuals and their families who struggle with the challenges of accessing services. I am now performing in person ADOS-2 evaluations in both Tallahassee and Ocala. Having worked as an educator/therapist and administrator in the public and private school settings, I provide support and guidance by reviewing IEPS and 504 plans and participating in ESE meetings.
(239) 688-4164 View (239) 688-4164
Tammy Shartzer
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, RMHCI
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can change in an instant. It can often be difficult to know where to begin. I work with individuals recovering from traumatic brain injuries, PTSD, and other life-altering experiences who are struggling to reconcile who they were with who they are now. Many clients are navigating the invisible effects of TBI, grieving changes in abilities, roles, relationships, or careers, and feeling misunderstood by those around them. Together, we explore how trauma and the nervous system influence recovery while building resilience, restoring confidence, and creating a life that feels meaningful, authentic, and sustainable.
Life can change in an instant. It can often be difficult to know where to begin. I work with individuals recovering from traumatic brain injuries, PTSD, and other life-altering experiences who are struggling to reconcile who they were with who they are now. Many clients are navigating the invisible effects of TBI, grieving changes in abilities, roles, relationships, or careers, and feeling misunderstood by those around them. Together, we explore how trauma and the nervous system influence recovery while building resilience, restoring confidence, and creating a life that feels meaningful, authentic, and sustainable.
(850) 780-5899 View (850) 780-5899
Lisa Walton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hi there, I am a licensed provider in the states of Florida, Tennessee, and Missouri. I have worked in the social services field for 25 years and have provided therapy services to a variety of clients with a varying degree complex diagnoses and symptomology. I have over 15 years of experience with at-risk youth, LGBTQ population, and trauma work. I look forward to meeting you and working towards meeting your treatment needs and goals. I have worked with a diverse population of specialties. I have experience with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families in therapy.
Hi there, I am a licensed provider in the states of Florida, Tennessee, and Missouri. I have worked in the social services field for 25 years and have provided therapy services to a variety of clients with a varying degree complex diagnoses and symptomology. I have over 15 years of experience with at-risk youth, LGBTQ population, and trauma work. I look forward to meeting you and working towards meeting your treatment needs and goals. I have worked with a diverse population of specialties. I have experience with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families in therapy.
(305) 563-8566 View (305) 563-8566
Alexandria O Ramirez
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, MSW
Online Only
I focus in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Social Anxiety, Health Anxiety, Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs) such as nail-biting, hair-pulling, and skin-picking, Phobias, and difficulties with mood regulation. My approach is structured, collaborative, and tailored to each individual’s needs. I integrate evidence-based treatments—including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Habit Reversal Training (HRT), and Solution Focused Therapy to develop lasting coping strategies.
I focus in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Social Anxiety, Health Anxiety, Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs) such as nail-biting, hair-pulling, and skin-picking, Phobias, and difficulties with mood regulation. My approach is structured, collaborative, and tailored to each individual’s needs. I integrate evidence-based treatments—including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Habit Reversal Training (HRT), and Solution Focused Therapy to develop lasting coping strategies.
(850) 905-5899 View (850) 905-5899
Dr. Jacqueline Hong
Verified Verified
Online Only
Dr. Jacqueline Hong is a board-certified adult psychiatrist who takes a genuine interest in her patients and values collaborative decision-making. Over the past 4 years of practicing, she has followed a holistic model of care that accounts for the physical, mental, social, and spiritual needs of the individual. She has a down-to-earth, patient, and warm personality, and prides herself on timeliness and professionalism. Though Dr. Hong focuses on medication management, she has a passion for supportive therapy with elements of CBT, psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness.
Dr. Jacqueline Hong is a board-certified adult psychiatrist who takes a genuine interest in her patients and values collaborative decision-making. Over the past 4 years of practicing, she has followed a holistic model of care that accounts for the physical, mental, social, and spiritual needs of the individual. She has a down-to-earth, patient, and warm personality, and prides herself on timeliness and professionalism. Though Dr. Hong focuses on medication management, she has a passion for supportive therapy with elements of CBT, psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness.
(833) 749-5700 View (833) 749-5700
Kiersten E. Mitchell
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Online Only
Some often say we should stay active to maintain our physical health. I believe therapy is a way of getting active in maintaining positive mental health. We all endure many struggles in our lives and seeking help is the first step to overcome those burdens. I believe that therapy is not a one size fits all approach and believe in providing a warm, comfortable, and nonjudgmental space while developing a strong rapport with each client. In order to make the healing process most rewarding, I believe that displaying empathy and offering strategies are key along with understanding each client’s background, history, thoughts, and values.
Some often say we should stay active to maintain our physical health. I believe therapy is a way of getting active in maintaining positive mental health. We all endure many struggles in our lives and seeking help is the first step to overcome those burdens. I believe that therapy is not a one size fits all approach and believe in providing a warm, comfortable, and nonjudgmental space while developing a strong rapport with each client. In order to make the healing process most rewarding, I believe that displaying empathy and offering strategies are key along with understanding each client’s background, history, thoughts, and values.
(850) 985-7734 View (850) 985-7734
Dr. Yolanda Bogan & Associates, PLLC
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Online Only
Now is the time to put yourself first! Constantly taking care of everyone else's needs can take a toll. Finding the right time to say "no" to others never seems to come; meanwhile, life passes you by, and your needs are unfulfilled. Now is the time to listen to that inner voice and get the support you have needed for quite some time. Together, we will address your trauma and help you face what you have been avoiding. We will engage in empowering practices to enhance your self-esteem and address the issues holding you back from living the life you have long wanted.
Now is the time to put yourself first! Constantly taking care of everyone else's needs can take a toll. Finding the right time to say "no" to others never seems to come; meanwhile, life passes you by, and your needs are unfulfilled. Now is the time to listen to that inner voice and get the support you have needed for quite some time. Together, we will address your trauma and help you face what you have been avoiding. We will engage in empowering practices to enhance your self-esteem and address the issues holding you back from living the life you have long wanted.
(850) 900-2613 View (850) 900-2613
Open Arms Therapy & Healing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LCSW-S
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Online Therapy Only! Are you struggling with issues related to depression, trauma, grief, anxiety, or major life changes? Or maybe you are having relationship problems. If you can relate, then it is time to unload & reset your mind, body & soul. The bag of stressors that we carry on a day to day basis can become burdensome and overwhelming. Here at Open Arms Therapy, we open that bag and help you unload all the things that have been holding you back from being free and finding your happiness. I am ready to walk this journey with you, so let's get started with unloading your bag, resetting your mind and protecting your peace.
Online Therapy Only! Are you struggling with issues related to depression, trauma, grief, anxiety, or major life changes? Or maybe you are having relationship problems. If you can relate, then it is time to unload & reset your mind, body & soul. The bag of stressors that we carry on a day to day basis can become burdensome and overwhelming. Here at Open Arms Therapy, we open that bag and help you unload all the things that have been holding you back from being free and finding your happiness. I am ready to walk this journey with you, so let's get started with unloading your bag, resetting your mind and protecting your peace.
(850) 604-5189 View (850) 604-5189
Madison Hosier
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, LCPC
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32304
I'm so glad you found your way to my profile! I'd be honored to support you in taking meaningful steps toward the life you envision for yourself. I work with individuals navigating challenges such as eating disorders, body image concerns, anxiety, depression, life transitions, and burnout. I believe we all have the capacity to create fulfilling, values-aligned lives. My approach centers on creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can feel both supported and, even enjoy parts of the therapeutic process. In our work together, you can expect conversations rooted in values, empathy and occasional dog or Harry Potter metaphors!
I'm so glad you found your way to my profile! I'd be honored to support you in taking meaningful steps toward the life you envision for yourself. I work with individuals navigating challenges such as eating disorders, body image concerns, anxiety, depression, life transitions, and burnout. I believe we all have the capacity to create fulfilling, values-aligned lives. My approach centers on creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can feel both supported and, even enjoy parts of the therapeutic process. In our work together, you can expect conversations rooted in values, empathy and occasional dog or Harry Potter metaphors!
(850) 985-2864 View (850) 985-2864
Madison Berger
Pre-Licensed Professional, RMHCI, MS, EdS
2 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Accepting new clients! I specialize in working with individuals and couples navigating stressors and relationship issues. I believe each person is unique and deserves to tell their story. Trauma and anxiety can influence functioning and inhibit our ability to navigate life and show up for ourselves in positive ways. Through examining ourselves, our relationships, and our pasts, I believe we can gain insight into why we behave certain ways. I provide a compassionate, nonjudgmental space that can aid in allowing you to feel heard; so that change or acceptance for where you are can occur.
Accepting new clients! I specialize in working with individuals and couples navigating stressors and relationship issues. I believe each person is unique and deserves to tell their story. Trauma and anxiety can influence functioning and inhibit our ability to navigate life and show up for ourselves in positive ways. Through examining ourselves, our relationships, and our pasts, I believe we can gain insight into why we behave certain ways. I provide a compassionate, nonjudgmental space that can aid in allowing you to feel heard; so that change or acceptance for where you are can occur.
(850) 753-9576 View (850) 753-9576
Dr. Daniel Roberts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW, MSW
Tallahassee, FL 32308
I could tell you all about my 25+ years of training/certifications, therapeutic methods, and the usual psychobabble jargon professionals use. However, if you are like most people, your main question is: "Can you help me in my situation?". To be honest, I don't know if I can help you until we meet and explore what is going on in your life that has led you to this search. Since 1994, I have assisted thousands of individuals, couples, and families in finding direction, solutions, and peace in their lives. If you are ready to let go of the pain and find solutions that work, contact us today. Email or text works best.
I could tell you all about my 25+ years of training/certifications, therapeutic methods, and the usual psychobabble jargon professionals use. However, if you are like most people, your main question is: "Can you help me in my situation?". To be honest, I don't know if I can help you until we meet and explore what is going on in your life that has led you to this search. Since 1994, I have assisted thousands of individuals, couples, and families in finding direction, solutions, and peace in their lives. If you are ready to let go of the pain and find solutions that work, contact us today. Email or text works best.
(850) 800-9034 View (850) 800-9034

See more therapy options for Tallahassee

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tallahassee, FL

600+

Average cost per session

$131

Therapists in Tallahassee, FL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
84% Depression
71% Relationship Issues
71% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Tallahassee, FL see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tallahassee?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.