Therapists in Tallahassee, FL

Photo of A’Laina Newbold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
A’Laina Newbold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
She’s the one holding everything together on the outside, while quietly unraveling on the inside. She’s a Black or Brown woman carrying the emotional residue of heartbreak, burnout, or deep-rooted family and relational wounds. She’s exhausted from always being the strong one, tired of shrinking, silencing, and simply surviving. What she craves most is space to exhale. A space to tell the truth without being judged, fixed, or dismissed. Her deepest hope? To finally feel like herself again without the guilt, without the performance, and without carrying everyone else’s expectations.
She’s the one holding everything together on the outside, while quietly unraveling on the inside. She’s a Black or Brown woman carrying the emotional residue of heartbreak, burnout, or deep-rooted family and relational wounds. She’s exhausted from always being the strong one, tired of shrinking, silencing, and simply surviving. What she craves most is space to exhale. A space to tell the truth without being judged, fixed, or dismissed. Her deepest hope? To finally feel like herself again without the guilt, without the performance, and without carrying everyone else’s expectations.
(850) 750-0264 View (850) 750-0264
Photo of Nancy Friedman, Registered Social Worker Intern, MSW
Nancy Friedman
Registered Social Worker Intern, MSW
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Managing chronic pain, anxiety, depression, life changes, and grief can feel overwhelming, isolating, and exhausting. If you’re navigating persistent discomfort or emotional distress, I’m here to support you. My goal is to provide a safe, compassionate space where you can explore your experiences, gain insight, and develop practical strategies to support your well-being. We will work together to understand your experiences, shift unhelpful patterns, and develop skills that foster greater balance in daily life.
Managing chronic pain, anxiety, depression, life changes, and grief can feel overwhelming, isolating, and exhausting. If you’re navigating persistent discomfort or emotional distress, I’m here to support you. My goal is to provide a safe, compassionate space where you can explore your experiences, gain insight, and develop practical strategies to support your well-being. We will work together to understand your experiences, shift unhelpful patterns, and develop skills that foster greater balance in daily life.
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Photo of Amanda Secran, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Amanda Secran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Amanda Secran is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 15 years in mental health treatment, evaluations and counseling. Amanda specializes in working with individuals ranging from CEOs to entry level employees from military veterans to single parents to former inmates. All suffering from different levels of PTSD, general anxiety, depression or all of the above. Her counseling skills include families, couples, individuals and children.
Amanda Secran is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 15 years in mental health treatment, evaluations and counseling. Amanda specializes in working with individuals ranging from CEOs to entry level employees from military veterans to single parents to former inmates. All suffering from different levels of PTSD, general anxiety, depression or all of the above. Her counseling skills include families, couples, individuals and children.
(850) 789-9301 View (850) 789-9301
Photo of Lindsay Lauderdale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lindsay Lauderdale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tallahassee, FL 32312
The ideal client for me is one who enjoys learning, willing to use skills/tools outside of therapy, and be introspective to cause a shift in their life to live differently and accomplish their goals in a collaborative manner. How can I help? This statement is one of the first questions you will be asked during our first session and throughout treatment together.
The ideal client for me is one who enjoys learning, willing to use skills/tools outside of therapy, and be introspective to cause a shift in their life to live differently and accomplish their goals in a collaborative manner. How can I help? This statement is one of the first questions you will be asked during our first session and throughout treatment together.
(850) 669-6127 View (850) 669-6127
Photo of Donna Kitch, Psychologist, PhD
Donna Kitch
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32303
I am a psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing therapy and psychological assessment with a wide variety of clients. I especially enjoy working with couples who are seeking to improve communication and intimacy in their relationship, and with adult women who are struggling with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues.
I am a psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing therapy and psychological assessment with a wide variety of clients. I especially enjoy working with couples who are seeking to improve communication and intimacy in their relationship, and with adult women who are struggling with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues.
(850) 905-3042 View (850) 905-3042
Photo of Dr. Amelia B Kemp, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, PhD, LMHC
Dr. Amelia B Kemp
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, PhD, LMHC
Online Only
Greetings Dear One: Seeking therapy can be such a vulnerable matter. I know, having been on both sides of the couch. So, if you are looking for a therapist that's been there, and supports the fullness of your being: mind, body and spirit, I offer you my presence within a sacred container, utilizing an eclectic approach of traditional and alternative modalities for anxiety, depression, PTSD, self-esteem, and faith issues. I've been an integrative holistic healer for the past three decades. Affectionately known as Dr. K. - a licensed psychotherapist, Board Certified Ordained Metaphysical Minister, Certified Life Coach, and Author.
Greetings Dear One: Seeking therapy can be such a vulnerable matter. I know, having been on both sides of the couch. So, if you are looking for a therapist that's been there, and supports the fullness of your being: mind, body and spirit, I offer you my presence within a sacred container, utilizing an eclectic approach of traditional and alternative modalities for anxiety, depression, PTSD, self-esteem, and faith issues. I've been an integrative holistic healer for the past three decades. Affectionately known as Dr. K. - a licensed psychotherapist, Board Certified Ordained Metaphysical Minister, Certified Life Coach, and Author.
(850) 990-4401 View (850) 990-4401
Photo of Callie Avant, Counselor, LMHC, MS
Callie Avant
Counselor, LMHC, MS
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I have a passion for helping folks find their way back to a place of inner peace, happiness, and connection. I specialize in working with individuals who have experienced trauma/PTSD, relationship challenges, depression, and anxiety.
I have a passion for helping folks find their way back to a place of inner peace, happiness, and connection. I specialize in working with individuals who have experienced trauma/PTSD, relationship challenges, depression, and anxiety.
(850) 821-7032 View (850) 821-7032
Photo of Katherine Sarah Fenton-Strauss - Katie Fenton-Strauss, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Katie Fenton-Strauss, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Are you tougher on yourself than you are on other people? It's hard to feel fulfilled in your work and relationships if you are beating yourself up inside. When you begin to take a more gentle stance towards yourself, it's amazing how much energy you can free up. I use mindfulness and IFS (Internal Family Systems) strategies to help clients do deep and meaningful work in sessions. "I learned a long time ago the wisest thing I can do is be on my own side..." quote by Maya Angelou. When you begin to truly understand and be kind to yourself, you will find more joy and notice positive changes in many aspects of your life.
Are you tougher on yourself than you are on other people? It's hard to feel fulfilled in your work and relationships if you are beating yourself up inside. When you begin to take a more gentle stance towards yourself, it's amazing how much energy you can free up. I use mindfulness and IFS (Internal Family Systems) strategies to help clients do deep and meaningful work in sessions. "I learned a long time ago the wisest thing I can do is be on my own side..." quote by Maya Angelou. When you begin to truly understand and be kind to yourself, you will find more joy and notice positive changes in many aspects of your life.
(850) 290-0080 View (850) 290-0080
Photo of Hailey Sliva, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hailey Sliva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32312
I do really well-reaching clients who have anxiety and depression. I also do well with college-aged clients and young mothers, 20/30-year-old women, and I can empathize with mothers/parents very well, as I am married with a 3-year-old son. My ideal client is motivated to participate in the therapeutic process and has some insight into their problem & what they feel they need to do to solve it. They don't expect me to have all the answers and understand that we will partner together to achieve their goals- but that they are the ones who have to be motivated to create change.
I do really well-reaching clients who have anxiety and depression. I also do well with college-aged clients and young mothers, 20/30-year-old women, and I can empathize with mothers/parents very well, as I am married with a 3-year-old son. My ideal client is motivated to participate in the therapeutic process and has some insight into their problem & what they feel they need to do to solve it. They don't expect me to have all the answers and understand that we will partner together to achieve their goals- but that they are the ones who have to be motivated to create change.
(850) 789-8588 View (850) 789-8588
Photo of Lisa Hubbard, Counselor, LMHC, PhD, MA
Lisa Hubbard
Counselor, LMHC, PhD, MA
Tallahassee, FL 32312
Whether your needs involve coping with depression, anxiety, or trauma; childhood issues, work-related issues, relationship issues, or family issues; or you or someone you are/have been involved with is/has struggled with a substance use issue, I am willing to help you discover your personal goals, strategize a plan for meeting those goals, and to guide you along the path you are cutting. I enjoy working with individuals who have a strong desire to identify complex areas or situations in their own lives that they would like to re-evaluate.
Whether your needs involve coping with depression, anxiety, or trauma; childhood issues, work-related issues, relationship issues, or family issues; or you or someone you are/have been involved with is/has struggled with a substance use issue, I am willing to help you discover your personal goals, strategize a plan for meeting those goals, and to guide you along the path you are cutting. I enjoy working with individuals who have a strong desire to identify complex areas or situations in their own lives that they would like to re-evaluate.
(850) 404-1404 View (850) 404-1404
Photo of Christopher Maniscalco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Christopher Maniscalco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tallahassee, FL 32303
Do you struggle with past or present traumatic life experiences, be that from combat, sexual trauma, childhood trauma, natural disasters, or other emotionally disturbing experiences? Are you willing to embrace connection over protection and open up about your struggles? I will provide you with the tools and support needed to reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of your presenting symptoms or increase your ability to manage them healthily. If you want to learn how your past may be negatively impacting your present & learn tools to manage or replace maladaptive behaviors, then I'm the clinician for you!
Do you struggle with past or present traumatic life experiences, be that from combat, sexual trauma, childhood trauma, natural disasters, or other emotionally disturbing experiences? Are you willing to embrace connection over protection and open up about your struggles? I will provide you with the tools and support needed to reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of your presenting symptoms or increase your ability to manage them healthily. If you want to learn how your past may be negatively impacting your present & learn tools to manage or replace maladaptive behaviors, then I'm the clinician for you!
(850) 845-8096 View (850) 845-8096
Photo of Kiersten E. Mitchell, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Kiersten E. Mitchell
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Online Only
Some often say we should stay active to maintain our physical health. I believe therapy is a way of getting active in maintaining positive mental health. We all endure many struggles in our lives and seeking help is the first step to overcome those burdens. I believe that therapy is not a one size fits all approach and believe in providing a warm, comfortable, and nonjudgmental space while developing a strong rapport with each client. In order to make the healing process most rewarding, I believe that displaying empathy and offering strategies are key along with understanding each client’s background, history, thoughts, and values.
Some often say we should stay active to maintain our physical health. I believe therapy is a way of getting active in maintaining positive mental health. We all endure many struggles in our lives and seeking help is the first step to overcome those burdens. I believe that therapy is not a one size fits all approach and believe in providing a warm, comfortable, and nonjudgmental space while developing a strong rapport with each client. In order to make the healing process most rewarding, I believe that displaying empathy and offering strategies are key along with understanding each client’s background, history, thoughts, and values.
(850) 985-7734 View (850) 985-7734
Photo of Lauren Whitworth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lauren Whitworth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tallahassee, FL 32303
Are you looking for relief from symptoms of PTSD, seeking emotional validation, or even yearning to feel "just a little bit better"? Are you ready to explore your emotions, practice new strategies for healing, find forgiveness for yourself, and learn to set and work towards achieving your own treatment goals? My specialty is treating anxiety, depression, PTSD, relationship conflicts, and more. Anyone ready to feel empowered and take back control of their life is my ideal client.
Are you looking for relief from symptoms of PTSD, seeking emotional validation, or even yearning to feel "just a little bit better"? Are you ready to explore your emotions, practice new strategies for healing, find forgiveness for yourself, and learn to set and work towards achieving your own treatment goals? My specialty is treating anxiety, depression, PTSD, relationship conflicts, and more. Anyone ready to feel empowered and take back control of their life is my ideal client.
(850) 713-8742 View (850) 713-8742
Photo of Angela Durant Turner, Counselor, LMHC, NCC, BCC, EdS, MS
Angela Durant Turner
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, BCC, EdS, MS
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I offer help for a wide variety of situations in your life or the life of a loved one. My practice is limited to teletherapy ONLY. I take insurance that allows for teletherapy or you can pay out-of-pocket ($100 all appts.). I see adults 18+ years old. I provide help for adjustment issues, life coaching, parenting, & many additional concerns. I am a licensed mental health counselor (DOH MH11535), National Certified Counselor (NBCC 242003), & a Board Certified Life Coach (CCE 1980). Please email or text me for an appointment. Thank you & I look forward to meeting you.
I offer help for a wide variety of situations in your life or the life of a loved one. My practice is limited to teletherapy ONLY. I take insurance that allows for teletherapy or you can pay out-of-pocket ($100 all appts.). I see adults 18+ years old. I provide help for adjustment issues, life coaching, parenting, & many additional concerns. I am a licensed mental health counselor (DOH MH11535), National Certified Counselor (NBCC 242003), & a Board Certified Life Coach (CCE 1980). Please email or text me for an appointment. Thank you & I look forward to meeting you.
(850) 564-8586 View (850) 564-8586
Photo of Austyn Van Der Linden - Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tallahassee, FL 32308
Someone once said, "Like the moon, we must go through phases of emptiness to feel full again." Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting is a group of Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Registered Clinical Social Work Interns who are here to walk with you during these different phases. We specialize in working with children, families, and adults who have been impacted by trauma, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and relationship issues.
Someone once said, "Like the moon, we must go through phases of emptiness to feel full again." Tallahassee Counseling & Consulting is a group of Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Registered Clinical Social Work Interns who are here to walk with you during these different phases. We specialize in working with children, families, and adults who have been impacted by trauma, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and relationship issues.
(850) 220-1551 View (850) 220-1551
Photo of Tara Sullivan-Butrica, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tara Sullivan-Butrica
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tallahassee, FL 32312
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or mood swings? It can be incredibly challenging to manage emotions, especially when you’re unsure where to start. If you’re struggling with negative thinking or need help with committing to growth & healing, you’re not alone. As an LCSW specializing in anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, I’m here to help you navigate these difficult emotions and start your journey toward healing and self-discovery. I also offer TMS Therapy, providing an effective, medication-free option for treating depression.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or mood swings? It can be incredibly challenging to manage emotions, especially when you’re unsure where to start. If you’re struggling with negative thinking or need help with committing to growth & healing, you’re not alone. As an LCSW specializing in anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, I’m here to help you navigate these difficult emotions and start your journey toward healing and self-discovery. I also offer TMS Therapy, providing an effective, medication-free option for treating depression.
(850) 353-8280 View (850) 353-8280
Photo of Douglas Earnest Hemanes - Faith and Family Counseling, MA, LCMFT
Faith and Family Counseling
Verified Verified
Tallahassee, FL 32309
I have a passion for marriages and for those struggling through some of life’s situations. I will use my 34 years of counseling experience to help individuals, couples, and families, find peace and hope from a biblical worldview. I went back to school to get my masters in counseling because I wanted to be able to help those that are hurting to the very best of my ability.
I have a passion for marriages and for those struggling through some of life’s situations. I will use my 34 years of counseling experience to help individuals, couples, and families, find peace and hope from a biblical worldview. I went back to school to get my masters in counseling because I wanted to be able to help those that are hurting to the very best of my ability.
(850) 754-7607 View (850) 754-7607
Photo of Danielle Disston, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Danielle Disston
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Tallahassee, FL 32303
Are you struggling with feelings of anxiety, depression or self-doubt? Are you going through a stressful transition time such as a breakup, job loss or death of a loved one? Are you feeling overwhelmed and struggling to find balance or peace in your life? I want to help you with your journey! My passion is helping clients thrive by finding peace, confidence, happiness and developing coping skills for when life gets tough. While therapy is powerful, having a strong therapeutic rapport is essential. As a therapist, I strive to create a non-judgmental, nurturing space and to be someone you can trust and feel comfortable sharing with.
Are you struggling with feelings of anxiety, depression or self-doubt? Are you going through a stressful transition time such as a breakup, job loss or death of a loved one? Are you feeling overwhelmed and struggling to find balance or peace in your life? I want to help you with your journey! My passion is helping clients thrive by finding peace, confidence, happiness and developing coping skills for when life gets tough. While therapy is powerful, having a strong therapeutic rapport is essential. As a therapist, I strive to create a non-judgmental, nurturing space and to be someone you can trust and feel comfortable sharing with.
(850) 790-3895 View (850) 790-3895
Photo of Dr. Nari Jeter, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Dr. Nari Jeter
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32308
I want you to feel healthy and confident in approaching the many challenges in life. Whether it be to overcome a minor stress or major crisis, or you are just looking to make a change in your life, therapy is intended to provide the safe environment to "try on" new ways of doing things. No issue is too big or too small, and any individual, couple, or family seeking help is welcome. I specialize in couples therapy (premarital, marital, conflict/communication issues, separation/divorce, infidelity) and working with individuals who struggle with anxiety and depression.
I want you to feel healthy and confident in approaching the many challenges in life. Whether it be to overcome a minor stress or major crisis, or you are just looking to make a change in your life, therapy is intended to provide the safe environment to "try on" new ways of doing things. No issue is too big or too small, and any individual, couple, or family seeking help is welcome. I specialize in couples therapy (premarital, marital, conflict/communication issues, separation/divorce, infidelity) and working with individuals who struggle with anxiety and depression.
(850) 378-3211 View (850) 378-3211
Photo of Alicia Armstrong, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MPA
Alicia Armstrong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MPA
2 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32303
Waitlist for new clients
Accepting clients - August 2025 ! Are you struggling with a past traumatic experience(s)? Unresolved trauma can show up in the present and impact many aspects of your life. I specialize in using evidence-based techniques, including pet therapy and EMDR, to help guide you through your own unique process of healing. With compassionate expertise, I offer a safe space for you to explore and understand your experiences, empowering you to reclaim your life. Whether you’re facing a recent trauma or long-standing wounds, I am here to support you on your journey toward resilience, growth, and renewal.
Accepting clients - August 2025 ! Are you struggling with a past traumatic experience(s)? Unresolved trauma can show up in the present and impact many aspects of your life. I specialize in using evidence-based techniques, including pet therapy and EMDR, to help guide you through your own unique process of healing. With compassionate expertise, I offer a safe space for you to explore and understand your experiences, empowering you to reclaim your life. Whether you’re facing a recent trauma or long-standing wounds, I am here to support you on your journey toward resilience, growth, and renewal.
(850) 446-4307 View (850) 446-4307

See more therapy options for Tallahassee

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tallahassee, FL

600+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Tallahassee, FL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
68% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Tallahassee, FL see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tallahassee?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.