Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Tanisha Stewart, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Tanisha Stewart
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Life can feel overwhelming, isolating, or riddled with anxiety and depression. Perhaps things feel stuck and you are seeking a change and want more out of life. Early adulthood is a particularly challenging time. It can be difficult to challenge the perceptions of the world shaped by our families and upbringing, while maintaining the shared connections and values. It is a time to explore racial, sexual, and gender identities. A task made more complicated when layered with neurodiversity, trauma, grief, or a life circumstance that makes you feel different. Therapy can offer a sense of insight, stability, and self-acceptance.
Life can feel overwhelming, isolating, or riddled with anxiety and depression. Perhaps things feel stuck and you are seeking a change and want more out of life. Early adulthood is a particularly challenging time. It can be difficult to challenge the perceptions of the world shaped by our families and upbringing, while maintaining the shared connections and values. It is a time to explore racial, sexual, and gender identities. A task made more complicated when layered with neurodiversity, trauma, grief, or a life circumstance that makes you feel different. Therapy can offer a sense of insight, stability, and self-acceptance.
(510) 380-7789 View (510) 380-7789
Beth Hoch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619
Adjusting to life's changes and transitions can be overwhelming. You're not alone and, you've taken the first step toward healing. I have been a psychodynamic psychotherapist for over 25 years working with adults, parents and young children. I specialize in treating depression/anxiety, birth trauma, parenting, co-parenting, early childhood mental health, child development, grief, and loss. I utilize the models of Internal Family Systems, Gestalt Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and for parenting, Filial Therapy, T Berry Brazelton's Touchpoints, Early Childhood Mental Health, Circle of Security, and Fussy Baby.
Adjusting to life's changes and transitions can be overwhelming. You're not alone and, you've taken the first step toward healing. I have been a psychodynamic psychotherapist for over 25 years working with adults, parents and young children. I specialize in treating depression/anxiety, birth trauma, parenting, co-parenting, early childhood mental health, child development, grief, and loss. I utilize the models of Internal Family Systems, Gestalt Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and for parenting, Filial Therapy, T Berry Brazelton's Touchpoints, Early Childhood Mental Health, Circle of Security, and Fussy Baby.
(510) 395-8860 View (510) 395-8860
Photo of Shane David, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shane David
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist providing integrative psychotherapy to adult individuals. I offer therapy for a variety of psychological and emotional issues and enjoy providing both depth-oriented therapy as well as short-term work and crisis intervention. I use relational, experiential, and somatic approaches to help people heal from difficult past experiences, to skillfully navigate the challenges of daily life, and to deepen personal growth.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist providing integrative psychotherapy to adult individuals. I offer therapy for a variety of psychological and emotional issues and enjoy providing both depth-oriented therapy as well as short-term work and crisis intervention. I use relational, experiential, and somatic approaches to help people heal from difficult past experiences, to skillfully navigate the challenges of daily life, and to deepen personal growth.
(510) 876-9447 View (510) 876-9447
Photo of Barbara Lankamp, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Barbara Lankamp
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Sometimes we get stuck, in our own heads, in unhelpful behavior, or as a couple. We strive for change but soon fall back into old habits, patterns, arguments or results. "It will be different this time, once again starts looking frustratingly familiar, but only with added dissappointment and sense of repeated failure. To some this may feel terrifying, to others hopeless. Whether you feel exhausted from worrying or trying to please others, or angry and frustrated with the situation, there is help. Toegther we can shift away from bandaid approaches with the goal of root-level healing and change.
Sometimes we get stuck, in our own heads, in unhelpful behavior, or as a couple. We strive for change but soon fall back into old habits, patterns, arguments or results. "It will be different this time, once again starts looking frustratingly familiar, but only with added dissappointment and sense of repeated failure. To some this may feel terrifying, to others hopeless. Whether you feel exhausted from worrying or trying to please others, or angry and frustrated with the situation, there is help. Toegther we can shift away from bandaid approaches with the goal of root-level healing and change.
(341) 895-5788 View (341) 895-5788
Photo of Isabel Diamond, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Isabel Diamond
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Are you the outsider of your family of origin? You might be the family scapegoat. If so, you've probably experienced some of the following: treated as less-than, blamed, excluded, gossiped about, disowned, and more. And then, if you'd tried to address things, you might have been met with gaslighting, denial, or being dismissed. Your healthy anger might have been used as further "proof" of your badness or a narrative that you're mentally ill. And around and around it goes. But there is a way out.
Are you the outsider of your family of origin? You might be the family scapegoat. If so, you've probably experienced some of the following: treated as less-than, blamed, excluded, gossiped about, disowned, and more. And then, if you'd tried to address things, you might have been met with gaslighting, denial, or being dismissed. Your healthy anger might have been used as further "proof" of your badness or a narrative that you're mentally ill. And around and around it goes. But there is a way out.
(510) 781-9505 View (510) 781-9505
Photo of Steve Cutshall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Steve Cutshall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
I am a person in long-term recovery providing psychotherapy to people with substance use disorders. I am familiar with many treatment centers and recovery fellowships in the Bay Area. I provide a nonjudgmental, direct approach and a sense of humor to address addiction and its root causes. If recovery through abstinence is your goal, I am able to tailor a relapse prevention plan to your specific needs.
I am a person in long-term recovery providing psychotherapy to people with substance use disorders. I am familiar with many treatment centers and recovery fellowships in the Bay Area. I provide a nonjudgmental, direct approach and a sense of humor to address addiction and its root causes. If recovery through abstinence is your goal, I am able to tailor a relapse prevention plan to your specific needs.
(510) 544-6370 View (510) 544-6370
Photo of Dr. Alandrea Martin-Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Alandrea Martin-Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD,, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
My goal is to help clients achieve success while going through struggles and life challenges. I have experience treating children, adolescents, couples and families who are affected by domestic violence, drugs and alcohol abuse. I also work with individuals who have anxiety, depression and mood disorders. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as my primary form of treatment. However, I provide various modalities. I offer a safe and non-judgmental environment to help clients cope or change behaviors that will benefit them on moving forward.
My goal is to help clients achieve success while going through struggles and life challenges. I have experience treating children, adolescents, couples and families who are affected by domestic violence, drugs and alcohol abuse. I also work with individuals who have anxiety, depression and mood disorders. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as my primary form of treatment. However, I provide various modalities. I offer a safe and non-judgmental environment to help clients cope or change behaviors that will benefit them on moving forward.
(510) 454-8276 View (510) 454-8276
Photo of Julie A Barr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Julie A Barr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Are you and your partner stuck repeating the same arguments, ones filled with defensiveness, blame, and complaints? Do you yearn for the blissful early days of your relationship? If you and your partner are struggling to feel connected, please know that it’s possible to get back on the same page again. I've helped countless couples (and triads/polycules - non-monogamous, queer, and kinky folx, you're welcome here!) on the brink of divorce rediscover what made them fall in love in the first place.
Are you and your partner stuck repeating the same arguments, ones filled with defensiveness, blame, and complaints? Do you yearn for the blissful early days of your relationship? If you and your partner are struggling to feel connected, please know that it’s possible to get back on the same page again. I've helped countless couples (and triads/polycules - non-monogamous, queer, and kinky folx, you're welcome here!) on the brink of divorce rediscover what made them fall in love in the first place.
(415) 301-6617 View (415) 301-6617
Photo of Gretchen Reid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Gretchen Reid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
With great courage and a sense of curiosity, you’ve already taken the hardest step towards feeling better—reaching out for help. Maybe you’ve been feeling "stuck" or overwhelmed? Perhaps you and your significant other find it difficult to communicate each other's feelings and needs. Or maybe you're trying to make sense of a life experience and don’t know where to start. I would like to reassure you, you don’t have to endure the pain or confusion alone. We, as humans, have all experienced moment(s) in life where we feel disconnected from our true selves and even our loved ones. Sometimes we just need some support along the way.
With great courage and a sense of curiosity, you’ve already taken the hardest step towards feeling better—reaching out for help. Maybe you’ve been feeling "stuck" or overwhelmed? Perhaps you and your significant other find it difficult to communicate each other's feelings and needs. Or maybe you're trying to make sense of a life experience and don’t know where to start. I would like to reassure you, you don’t have to endure the pain or confusion alone. We, as humans, have all experienced moment(s) in life where we feel disconnected from our true selves and even our loved ones. Sometimes we just need some support along the way.
(510) 616-9574 View (510) 616-9574
Photo of John A Lundin, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
John A Lundin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
If you hold yourself back in life, work and relationships, worry too much about things you've done or things you're about to do, are often bummed out, or would like your relationships to be more satisfying, then these are good indications that you may benefit from the type of psychotherapy I offer. I have helped many people through all of these issues, and others. Give me a call, and if I'm not the right fit for you, I promise to help you find the therapist who is. You don't have to keep suffering alone.
If you hold yourself back in life, work and relationships, worry too much about things you've done or things you're about to do, are often bummed out, or would like your relationships to be more satisfying, then these are good indications that you may benefit from the type of psychotherapy I offer. I have helped many people through all of these issues, and others. Give me a call, and if I'm not the right fit for you, I promise to help you find the therapist who is. You don't have to keep suffering alone.
(510) 996-5544 View (510) 996-5544
Photo of Azad Galustian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Azad Galustian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I have been working in the field of mental health for over 14 years and have extensive experience working with children, adolescent, adult and families in various settings and environments. I use a strengths-based approach and attempt to work with my clients on the topics and issues they want to and are ready to explore. I have extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), Trauma focused CBT, and motivational interviewing.
I have been working in the field of mental health for over 14 years and have extensive experience working with children, adolescent, adult and families in various settings and environments. I use a strengths-based approach and attempt to work with my clients on the topics and issues they want to and are ready to explore. I have extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), Trauma focused CBT, and motivational interviewing.
(510) 399-2253 View (510) 399-2253
Photo of Lauren Go, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lauren Go
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Choosing a therapist can be intimidating, especially for people of color. We might wonder if our therapist will understand the significant role of various cultural factors in our experience. I believe each individual brings with them a set of unique experiences, values, and goals, regardless of background. Perhaps you are an individual looking for a safe space to explore your identity, including ethnicity and gender. Maybe you are already in couples therapy and want the dedicated support of your own individual sessions. Or maybe you are having difficulty communicating with family members due to generational differences.
Choosing a therapist can be intimidating, especially for people of color. We might wonder if our therapist will understand the significant role of various cultural factors in our experience. I believe each individual brings with them a set of unique experiences, values, and goals, regardless of background. Perhaps you are an individual looking for a safe space to explore your identity, including ethnicity and gender. Maybe you are already in couples therapy and want the dedicated support of your own individual sessions. Or maybe you are having difficulty communicating with family members due to generational differences.
View
Photo of Stephanie Bossy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Stephanie Bossy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I welcome you to journey inward with the support of another person by your side. In our work together, I hope to make space for all parts of your experience to come forward, especially ones that have seemed unacceptable or unwelcome in society. My approach to psychotherapy is holistic. It is descriptive rather than prescriptive, and focused on the whole person and their environment.
I welcome you to journey inward with the support of another person by your side. In our work together, I hope to make space for all parts of your experience to come forward, especially ones that have seemed unacceptable or unwelcome in society. My approach to psychotherapy is holistic. It is descriptive rather than prescriptive, and focused on the whole person and their environment.
(415) 914-7597 View (415) 914-7597
Photo of Mikaela A Wapman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Mikaela A Wapman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94601
Many people want to change in some way: to feel more ease, more pleasure, less anxiety, more freedom, greater connection. I offer a reliably warm space for clients to discover what they want to feel and experience in their lives. With a balance of curiosity and direction, I partner with clients to understand their strengths and challenges, to take action in alignment with their desires. As clarity and agency develop, we stabilize and encourage the emerging self. I think of this process as cultivating the capacity to hold steady in ourselves to connect truly with others, so that we can feel a sense of vitality and ease in our lives.
Many people want to change in some way: to feel more ease, more pleasure, less anxiety, more freedom, greater connection. I offer a reliably warm space for clients to discover what they want to feel and experience in their lives. With a balance of curiosity and direction, I partner with clients to understand their strengths and challenges, to take action in alignment with their desires. As clarity and agency develop, we stabilize and encourage the emerging self. I think of this process as cultivating the capacity to hold steady in ourselves to connect truly with others, so that we can feel a sense of vitality and ease in our lives.
(510) 488-1327 View (510) 488-1327
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology--Oakland location, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology--Oakland location
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
(415) 475-0984 View (415) 475-0984
Photo of Sean Alberto Kennedy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sean Alberto Kennedy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
I know in this post pandemic world it can be extremely stressful filled with anxiety and dread. It is always a good idea to have a friendly listening ear to help alleviate your depressive and anxiety feelings. I bring with me more than ten years of clinical experience in cognitive behavioral, narrative, and talk therapies. In addition I work with clients who struggle with negative self talk and other anxiety disorders. I also work with traumatic issues such as survivors of physical and emotional abuse. I work with childhood trauma as well using the psychodynamic approach.
I know in this post pandemic world it can be extremely stressful filled with anxiety and dread. It is always a good idea to have a friendly listening ear to help alleviate your depressive and anxiety feelings. I bring with me more than ten years of clinical experience in cognitive behavioral, narrative, and talk therapies. In addition I work with clients who struggle with negative self talk and other anxiety disorders. I also work with traumatic issues such as survivors of physical and emotional abuse. I work with childhood trauma as well using the psychodynamic approach.
(510) 616-9164 View (510) 616-9164
Photo of Deidre Abrons, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Deidre Abrons
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy working with individuals and couples in both short and long term therapy. I have extensive training in IFS, EMDR, CBT, and Relational Psychodynamic Therapy. My objective is to work with you using the appropriate approach that best fits your goals for therapy. I have a wide range of experience working with the effects of addiction on families, substance abuse, trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. I also have considerable training in sleep disorders and enjoy working with clients to adjust their sleep schedules, thereby improving their daily mood and functioning.
I enjoy working with individuals and couples in both short and long term therapy. I have extensive training in IFS, EMDR, CBT, and Relational Psychodynamic Therapy. My objective is to work with you using the appropriate approach that best fits your goals for therapy. I have a wide range of experience working with the effects of addiction on families, substance abuse, trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. I also have considerable training in sleep disorders and enjoy working with clients to adjust their sleep schedules, thereby improving their daily mood and functioning.
(510) 248-4138 View (510) 248-4138
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 949-6514 View (415) 949-6514
Photo of Jamie Stern, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Jamie Stern
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Are you going through internal struggle due to trauma? Do you feel anxious and depressed about the future? Do you struggle with family issues and relationship issues? I’m willing to meet you where you are, help you process unwanted thoughts and emotions, and help develop an action plan to effectively cultivate your healing and growth. I’m here to help you explore unresolved feelings (anxiety, depression, anger, helplessness, grief, etc.) and develop skills to effectively cope with them. Thus, you can feel relieved and fulfilled in your relationship with yourself and others.
Are you going through internal struggle due to trauma? Do you feel anxious and depressed about the future? Do you struggle with family issues and relationship issues? I’m willing to meet you where you are, help you process unwanted thoughts and emotions, and help develop an action plan to effectively cultivate your healing and growth. I’m here to help you explore unresolved feelings (anxiety, depression, anger, helplessness, grief, etc.) and develop skills to effectively cope with them. Thus, you can feel relieved and fulfilled in your relationship with yourself and others.
(415) 322-5011 View (415) 322-5011
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 941-3083 View (415) 941-3083

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
49% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.