Therapists in El Cerrito, CA

Photo of Tom Van Vleet, Psychologist, PhD
Tom Van Vleet
Psychologist, PhD
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Dr. Tom Van Vleet is a licensed neuropsychologist with expertise in cognitive rehabilitation & enhancement, neuropsychological assessment, and integrative psychotherapy. His treatment approach targets the cognitive and psychological challenges experienced by healthy adults, as well as individuals with progressive or acquired brain dysfunction (e.g., learning disability, stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's). Dr. Van Vleet is a subject matter expert and inventor of novel cognitive interventions (U.S. patents: 9,601,026; 9,308,445; 9,302,179) with 35+ peer reviewed publications in highly cited medical journals.
Dr. Tom Van Vleet is a licensed neuropsychologist with expertise in cognitive rehabilitation & enhancement, neuropsychological assessment, and integrative psychotherapy. His treatment approach targets the cognitive and psychological challenges experienced by healthy adults, as well as individuals with progressive or acquired brain dysfunction (e.g., learning disability, stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's). Dr. Van Vleet is a subject matter expert and inventor of novel cognitive interventions (U.S. patents: 9,601,026; 9,308,445; 9,302,179) with 35+ peer reviewed publications in highly cited medical journals.
(925) 275-5158 View (925) 275-5158
Photo of Cynthia Liuska, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Cynthia Liuska
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
What would it be like to feel at home in your body, in your mind, and in your heart? How would it feel to truly inhabit your life, with a greater sense of aliveness, ease, and connection? From my experience working with hundreds of clients from all walks of life, I know that difficult times can become a doorway to healing, change and greater connection with one's true self. I have a warm, collaborative approach and will support you in healing the wounds of the past and making inner and outer changes needed for a more fulfilling life.
What would it be like to feel at home in your body, in your mind, and in your heart? How would it feel to truly inhabit your life, with a greater sense of aliveness, ease, and connection? From my experience working with hundreds of clients from all walks of life, I know that difficult times can become a doorway to healing, change and greater connection with one's true self. I have a warm, collaborative approach and will support you in healing the wounds of the past and making inner and outer changes needed for a more fulfilling life.
(628) 333-2192 View (628) 333-2192
Photo of Jamie Salas, Marriage & Family Therapist, MSc, LMFT
Jamie Salas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSc, LMFT
Online Only
I’m dedicated to supporting adults as they navigate mental health concerns, burnout, life changes, and balancing work, school, relationships, and cultural expectations. Life can feel overwhelming, especially when worry, self-doubt, or exhaustion take over—but you don’t have to face it alone. In our sessions, we’ll focus on both understanding and action. I offer a space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings while also learning practical tools you can use every day. Together, we’ll uncover the patterns that keep you stuck, build awareness of the present moment, and practice strategies that work best for you.
I’m dedicated to supporting adults as they navigate mental health concerns, burnout, life changes, and balancing work, school, relationships, and cultural expectations. Life can feel overwhelming, especially when worry, self-doubt, or exhaustion take over—but you don’t have to face it alone. In our sessions, we’ll focus on both understanding and action. I offer a space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings while also learning practical tools you can use every day. Together, we’ll uncover the patterns that keep you stuck, build awareness of the present moment, and practice strategies that work best for you.
(510) 871-8590 View (510) 871-8590
Photo of Celeste Monnette, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Celeste Monnette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Are you struggling with worry, sadness, the effects of trauma, and/or managing life transitions and losses? Are you a couple in crisis or needing support to navigate your relationship? Do you have a teen who is struggling? If so, I maybe able to help. I am a licensed therapist with over 25 years experience working with adults, couples, & adolescents. With advanced training and compassion, I work with clients to help them identify the areas they are struggling and provide structure, support, and intervention to help them make changes and find relief from discomfort, frustration, and suffering.
Are you struggling with worry, sadness, the effects of trauma, and/or managing life transitions and losses? Are you a couple in crisis or needing support to navigate your relationship? Do you have a teen who is struggling? If so, I maybe able to help. I am a licensed therapist with over 25 years experience working with adults, couples, & adolescents. With advanced training and compassion, I work with clients to help them identify the areas they are struggling and provide structure, support, and intervention to help them make changes and find relief from discomfort, frustration, and suffering.
(707) 629-5318 View (707) 629-5318
Photo of Margot Broaddus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Margot Broaddus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Welcome! Congrats on taking the first step to getting the help you need. I am a warm and supportive therapist with over 20 years of experience working with clients struggling with anxiety and depression. I have a graduate degree from UC Berkeley and have worked with a range of ages (18+), but I have a particular fondness for working with older adults.
Welcome! Congrats on taking the first step to getting the help you need. I am a warm and supportive therapist with over 20 years of experience working with clients struggling with anxiety and depression. I have a graduate degree from UC Berkeley and have worked with a range of ages (18+), but I have a particular fondness for working with older adults.
(510) 621-5860 View (510) 621-5860
Photo of Cori Pansarasa, Psychologist, PsyD
Cori Pansarasa
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Would you like to feel more present in life and more secure in relationships? I have helped many to move past difficult experiences to reconnect with the beauty of life. My treatment focus is helping people to effect change through making different life choices, and on therapy as a working partnership. Trained in both traditional and holistic understandings of mind-body-spirit, my experience includes private practice; crisis work; directorships at mental health agencies; supervision of student therapists; and consultation for providers and organizations. I also integrate spiritual and energy healing perspectives when appropriate.
Would you like to feel more present in life and more secure in relationships? I have helped many to move past difficult experiences to reconnect with the beauty of life. My treatment focus is helping people to effect change through making different life choices, and on therapy as a working partnership. Trained in both traditional and holistic understandings of mind-body-spirit, my experience includes private practice; crisis work; directorships at mental health agencies; supervision of student therapists; and consultation for providers and organizations. I also integrate spiritual and energy healing perspectives when appropriate.
(510) 817-0685 View (510) 817-0685
Photo of Charity Harbo, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Charity Harbo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Are you repeating the same problematic patterns, carrying stress you can’t shake, or yearning for stronger, healthier connections? Many people come to therapy ready for change but unsure how to start. I provide a supportive yet practical space where you can untangle old patterns, understand how past experiences still shape your present, and gain tools to create lasting change. With a relational, psychodynamic approach, I help clients move from simply “getting by” to living with greater clarity, confidence, and connection — grounded in who they truly are and want to become.
Are you repeating the same problematic patterns, carrying stress you can’t shake, or yearning for stronger, healthier connections? Many people come to therapy ready for change but unsure how to start. I provide a supportive yet practical space where you can untangle old patterns, understand how past experiences still shape your present, and gain tools to create lasting change. With a relational, psychodynamic approach, I help clients move from simply “getting by” to living with greater clarity, confidence, and connection — grounded in who they truly are and want to become.
(510) 358-8075 View (510) 358-8075
Photo of Judith Rosenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Judith Rosenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Judith Rosenberg. I am a licensed clinical social worker with extensive experience in community leadership development and strong skills in dealing with trauma. I especially enjoy working with women to navigate life transitions. My ideal client has a strong desire to improve their life and is willing to work for it. They may be suffering greatly and may have already tried many approaches to relieve their suffering, but now they are motivated to change.
My name is Judith Rosenberg. I am a licensed clinical social worker with extensive experience in community leadership development and strong skills in dealing with trauma. I especially enjoy working with women to navigate life transitions. My ideal client has a strong desire to improve their life and is willing to work for it. They may be suffering greatly and may have already tried many approaches to relieve their suffering, but now they are motivated to change.
(559) 551-3257 View (559) 551-3257
Photo of Barbara Large, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Barbara Large
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
El Cerrito, CA 94530
I am an experienced trauma informed therapist who is described as compassionate, interactive and comfortable to work with. I specialize in working with adults who have had challenging and traumatic life experiences. I work with individuals who experience a wide range of distress, including anxiety, panic, depression, relationship issues, hopelessness and self doubt. Building a relationship with a therapist with whom you feel comfortable and validated is the first step and I will be thoughtful about your needs. I will collaborate with you and offer you the treatment that is effective and well researched.
I am an experienced trauma informed therapist who is described as compassionate, interactive and comfortable to work with. I specialize in working with adults who have had challenging and traumatic life experiences. I work with individuals who experience a wide range of distress, including anxiety, panic, depression, relationship issues, hopelessness and self doubt. Building a relationship with a therapist with whom you feel comfortable and validated is the first step and I will be thoughtful about your needs. I will collaborate with you and offer you the treatment that is effective and well researched.
(510) 662-6544 View (510) 662-6544
Photo of Janella Street - Three Bridges Psychology & Mediation, Inc, Psychologist, PsyD
Three Bridges Psychology & Mediation, Inc
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Not accepting new clients
2020 has brought multiple life-changing events. COVID-19 forced you to rethink your physical and emotional health, how you conduct business, and how you interact with everyone in your life. All of your relationships shifted in some important way. It's possible your role was shifted from an active co-worker to a former co-worker, from a supportive parent to a confused teacher, or from a loving spouse to a frustrated housemate. in addition to COVID-19, we are also faced with an unprecedented look at how America's social structure impacts race relations in our country.
2020 has brought multiple life-changing events. COVID-19 forced you to rethink your physical and emotional health, how you conduct business, and how you interact with everyone in your life. All of your relationships shifted in some important way. It's possible your role was shifted from an active co-worker to a former co-worker, from a supportive parent to a confused teacher, or from a loving spouse to a frustrated housemate. in addition to COVID-19, we are also faced with an unprecedented look at how America's social structure impacts race relations in our country.
(510) 867-3864 View (510) 867-3864
Photo of Lynn Winsten, Psychologist, PhD
Lynn Winsten
Psychologist, PhD
El Cerrito, CA 94530
The problems you might be facing may have to do with love and loss, difficulty with friendships and/or work relations, career decisions, trauma or abuse, physical illness or disabilities. You may be dealing with loneliness, anxiety or depression. I am a down to earth, no nonsense kind of person I am also kind, respectful, compassionate, and at times funny. I listen well and am very devoted to my work.
The problems you might be facing may have to do with love and loss, difficulty with friendships and/or work relations, career decisions, trauma or abuse, physical illness or disabilities. You may be dealing with loneliness, anxiety or depression. I am a down to earth, no nonsense kind of person I am also kind, respectful, compassionate, and at times funny. I listen well and am very devoted to my work.
(510) 901-4568 View (510) 901-4568
Photo of Megan Elise Carney, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Megan Elise Carney
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Megan Carney is a licensed marriage and family therapist specializing in working with children ages 5-12, adolescents, and adults. Working with a therapist can help you or your child learn skills to adapt to and integrate challenges including grief and loss, anxiety, and depression. Megan collaborates with clients and families to create sustainable change and meaningful goals for treatment and the future.
Megan Carney is a licensed marriage and family therapist specializing in working with children ages 5-12, adolescents, and adults. Working with a therapist can help you or your child learn skills to adapt to and integrate challenges including grief and loss, anxiety, and depression. Megan collaborates with clients and families to create sustainable change and meaningful goals for treatment and the future.
(510) 588-7829 View (510) 588-7829
Photo of Ruth A Greenberg, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Ruth A Greenberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Conflicts in our relationships, parenting hurdles, stress, loneliness, grief, and old emotional wounds can block us from fully enjoying our lives and our loves. With warmth and humor, I actively guide and support clients to reach their therapeutic goals. As a certified Emotionally Focused Therapist I am highly skilled at assisting couples to identify the patten of communication that keeps them stuck, explore its roots, normalize it, and transform it so that each person can reach for the other in a new, more heartfelt way.
Conflicts in our relationships, parenting hurdles, stress, loneliness, grief, and old emotional wounds can block us from fully enjoying our lives and our loves. With warmth and humor, I actively guide and support clients to reach their therapeutic goals. As a certified Emotionally Focused Therapist I am highly skilled at assisting couples to identify the patten of communication that keeps them stuck, explore its roots, normalize it, and transform it so that each person can reach for the other in a new, more heartfelt way.
(510) 878-4908 View (510) 878-4908
Photo of Madi Marcus, Psychologist, PsyD
Madi Marcus
Psychologist, PsyD
El Cerrito, CA 94530
I offer a compassionate, affirming therapy space (therapy dog optional!) for children, teens, and adults to work on their relationships with themselves and others. Whether we focus on life transitions, traumatic experiences, stress, identities, personal or professional life, or current symptoms, you or your child will be able to take steps toward supporting your wellbeing. Following our work together, many of my clients report experiencing less stress, more “follow through” with difficult tasks, increased life satisfaction, and more confidence within themselves and their relationships with the people around them.
I offer a compassionate, affirming therapy space (therapy dog optional!) for children, teens, and adults to work on their relationships with themselves and others. Whether we focus on life transitions, traumatic experiences, stress, identities, personal or professional life, or current symptoms, you or your child will be able to take steps toward supporting your wellbeing. Following our work together, many of my clients report experiencing less stress, more “follow through” with difficult tasks, increased life satisfaction, and more confidence within themselves and their relationships with the people around them.
(415) 858-1573 View (415) 858-1573
Photo of Sam Stiede, Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Sam Stiede
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you ever feel lost, alone, misunderstood, or tired of trying to hold it all together - I see you. Maybe you feel like it is impossible to find spaces where you belong, or keeping up your to-do list feels like an impossible task. You are not alone. I am here to help you work through these challenging feelings and thoughts. In our work together we will explore and challenge these emotions, making you feel empowered while creating a safe space to dig into the hard things. I am based in the Bay Area and offer online sessions, while offering limited in-person sessions at a local park or outdoor setting that feels restorative.
If you ever feel lost, alone, misunderstood, or tired of trying to hold it all together - I see you. Maybe you feel like it is impossible to find spaces where you belong, or keeping up your to-do list feels like an impossible task. You are not alone. I am here to help you work through these challenging feelings and thoughts. In our work together we will explore and challenge these emotions, making you feel empowered while creating a safe space to dig into the hard things. I am based in the Bay Area and offer online sessions, while offering limited in-person sessions at a local park or outdoor setting that feels restorative.
(510) 439-9151 View (510) 439-9151
Photo of Caspian Henderson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Caspian Henderson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Looking for therapy that truly meets you where you are, while actively supporting your growth and evolution? I enjoy working with people who've learned to live in their heads to cope with overwhelm (whether that shows up as dissociation, shame, or feeling stuck in analysis rather than experience). I offer expansive, courageous space for gender and sexuality exploration, and love working with other queer and trans individuals (and those questioning). Neurodivergent folks (especially autism/ADHD) often appreciate my honest, direct, non-judgmental style. I also work with integration of challenging spiritual and meditative experiences.
Looking for therapy that truly meets you where you are, while actively supporting your growth and evolution? I enjoy working with people who've learned to live in their heads to cope with overwhelm (whether that shows up as dissociation, shame, or feeling stuck in analysis rather than experience). I offer expansive, courageous space for gender and sexuality exploration, and love working with other queer and trans individuals (and those questioning). Neurodivergent folks (especially autism/ADHD) often appreciate my honest, direct, non-judgmental style. I also work with integration of challenging spiritual and meditative experiences.
(510) 462-7909 View (510) 462-7909
Photo of Cara Toomey, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Cara Toomey
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
El Cerrito, CA 94530
I specialize in working with people navigating eating disorders, body image challenges, anxiety, and identity exploration (including the big “Who am I really?” kind of questions). People who have felt on the outside and not understood. Whether you’re figuring out how to live in your body, quiet that inner critic, or just feel more like yourself, I’m here for it—and for you. I know how hard it can be to break generational cycles while also trying to juggle work, kids. If you've got big dreams, I want you to feel in charge of them. If you're exhausted by your relationship with your partner, your parents, or your own thoughts.
I specialize in working with people navigating eating disorders, body image challenges, anxiety, and identity exploration (including the big “Who am I really?” kind of questions). People who have felt on the outside and not understood. Whether you’re figuring out how to live in your body, quiet that inner critic, or just feel more like yourself, I’m here for it—and for you. I know how hard it can be to break generational cycles while also trying to juggle work, kids. If you've got big dreams, I want you to feel in charge of them. If you're exhausted by your relationship with your partner, your parents, or your own thoughts.
(510) 737-7175 View (510) 737-7175
Photo of Deanna (Dee) Watt, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Deanna (Dee) Watt
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Online Only
Hello! My general orientation is Jungian, which means to me that together we seek the kind of self-realization your own inner self will reveal. Whether you are anxious, depressed, suffering from relationship troubles or low self-esteem, I will see you as a whole person. We will discover together your own creative and powerful ability to find clarity about the kind of change needed to solve your personal problems. Some of these problems may come from past experience that needs to be healed. We will surely grow in this process...both of us!
Hello! My general orientation is Jungian, which means to me that together we seek the kind of self-realization your own inner self will reveal. Whether you are anxious, depressed, suffering from relationship troubles or low self-esteem, I will see you as a whole person. We will discover together your own creative and powerful ability to find clarity about the kind of change needed to solve your personal problems. Some of these problems may come from past experience that needs to be healed. We will surely grow in this process...both of us!
(707) 310-8443 View (707) 310-8443
Photo of Elizabeth Block, Licensed Educational Psychologist, MA, LEP
Elizabeth Block
Licensed Educational Psychologist, MA, LEP
El Cerrito, CA 94530
Are you worried that your child is not showing the expected growth this year? Do you have concerns about your child's development, academic progress, or social development? Don't lie awake at night worrying. Call me for a free consultation and we can discuss your child's needs. I have been effectively and compassionately helping children with learning, behavioral, or emotional difficulties for over 30 years.
Are you worried that your child is not showing the expected growth this year? Do you have concerns about your child's development, academic progress, or social development? Don't lie awake at night worrying. Call me for a free consultation and we can discuss your child's needs. I have been effectively and compassionately helping children with learning, behavioral, or emotional difficulties for over 30 years.
(510) 685-3635 View (510) 685-3635
Photo of Jane Fahys, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Jane Fahys
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can be challenging when we can't break the cycle of anxiety, self-criticism, worry, sadness or frustration, or when we simply feel an intolerable sense of overwhelm. And when we can't figure out how to move forward, working with a therapist is a great choice. With an attentive therapist you will likely feel less alone, and problems that used to feel insurmountable may begin to feel much more manageable. You might be surprised that when you and your therapist examine difficulties from new angles, you will grow and change in ways you never expected.
Life can be challenging when we can't break the cycle of anxiety, self-criticism, worry, sadness or frustration, or when we simply feel an intolerable sense of overwhelm. And when we can't figure out how to move forward, working with a therapist is a great choice. With an attentive therapist you will likely feel less alone, and problems that used to feel insurmountable may begin to feel much more manageable. You might be surprised that when you and your therapist examine difficulties from new angles, you will grow and change in ways you never expected.
(949) 506-3922 View (949) 506-3922

See more therapy options for El Cerrito

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in El Cerrito, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in El Cerrito, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
92% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
78% Trauma and PTSD
75% Grief
72% Self Esteem
71% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in El Cerrito, CA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
13% Male
6% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in El Cerrito?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.