Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 949-3802 View (415) 949-3802
Photo of Amy Leibowitz, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Amy Leibowitz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Welcome. I provide a warm, confidential space for adults of all ages to consider themselves in a new light. My belief is that we all have a natural inclination to develop and grow, to find connection and joy. Psychotherapy with the right person can help one move past roadblocks - whether new or longstanding - with an increased sense of meaning and ease. I work with clients from diverse backgrounds to clarify and expand their strengths, grieve losses, and reconnect with inner wisdom.
Welcome. I provide a warm, confidential space for adults of all ages to consider themselves in a new light. My belief is that we all have a natural inclination to develop and grow, to find connection and joy. Psychotherapy with the right person can help one move past roadblocks - whether new or longstanding - with an increased sense of meaning and ease. I work with clients from diverse backgrounds to clarify and expand their strengths, grieve losses, and reconnect with inner wisdom.
(510) 587-9040 View (510) 587-9040
Photo of The Marsh Clinics®, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
The Marsh Clinics®
Psychologist, LMFT, CADC-II, NCAC 1
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
The Marsh Clinics® (TMC) offer psychotherapy for everyone, but especially for those who are underserved and have been marginalized. Our aim is to reduce the level of stigma around mental health and offer telehealth therapy for an entry point, but also face to face therapy. We are dedicated to transforming individuals, transforming communities.
The Marsh Clinics® (TMC) offer psychotherapy for everyone, but especially for those who are underserved and have been marginalized. Our aim is to reduce the level of stigma around mental health and offer telehealth therapy for an entry point, but also face to face therapy. We are dedicated to transforming individuals, transforming communities.
(510) 281-3102 View (510) 281-3102
Photo of Kaytlin Sirounian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kaytlin Sirounian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with adults who have experienced trauma, chronic stress, depression, or anxiety. I am passionate about working with transgender and nonbinary adults seeking a space for emotional healing and coping where they feel safe, celebrated, and supported. In therapy, we can work together to explore your identity and gender expression. We will also identify your strengths and values. By doing this, you can develop healthy and fulfilling relationships, process your experiences, heal from trauma, and build resilience.
I specialize in working with adults who have experienced trauma, chronic stress, depression, or anxiety. I am passionate about working with transgender and nonbinary adults seeking a space for emotional healing and coping where they feel safe, celebrated, and supported. In therapy, we can work together to explore your identity and gender expression. We will also identify your strengths and values. By doing this, you can develop healthy and fulfilling relationships, process your experiences, heal from trauma, and build resilience.
(510) 738-2864 View (510) 738-2864
Photo of Juliana Campos, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Juliana Campos
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Bilingual, Culturally Sensitive, Trauma-informed, Relational Psychotherapy. I believe that engaging in therapy is an act of courage because change is by definition radical. An important goal of therapy is to connect to your authentic/creative self as a way to make meaning in times of suffering. Together we will explore your personal, family, cultural, and political history to understand the ways in which your experiences shape how you feel in the world. Whether you are struggling with life transitions, finding/keeping good relationships, or trying to integrate different identities, our work can help you find some sense of cohesion.
Bilingual, Culturally Sensitive, Trauma-informed, Relational Psychotherapy. I believe that engaging in therapy is an act of courage because change is by definition radical. An important goal of therapy is to connect to your authentic/creative self as a way to make meaning in times of suffering. Together we will explore your personal, family, cultural, and political history to understand the ways in which your experiences shape how you feel in the world. Whether you are struggling with life transitions, finding/keeping good relationships, or trying to integrate different identities, our work can help you find some sense of cohesion.
(510) 779-8266 View (510) 779-8266
Photo of Monique Anne Thompson, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Monique Anne Thompson
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist specializing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for mood and anxiety disorders. I treat adults with depression, anxiety (panic, worry, phobias), social anxiety, ADHD, insomnia, and life stress. In addition to my practice at the San Francisco Bay Area Center for Cognitive Therapy, I am an Assistant Clinical Professor at UC Berkeley. I believe in a collaborative approach that emphasizes symptom relief, skill building and self-exploration.
I am a clinical psychologist specializing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for mood and anxiety disorders. I treat adults with depression, anxiety (panic, worry, phobias), social anxiety, ADHD, insomnia, and life stress. In addition to my practice at the San Francisco Bay Area Center for Cognitive Therapy, I am an Assistant Clinical Professor at UC Berkeley. I believe in a collaborative approach that emphasizes symptom relief, skill building and self-exploration.
(510) 876-9686 View (510) 876-9686
Photo of Mahesh Francis, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Mahesh Francis
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, N134572, APCC, N#12508
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
What you went through, and its impact on your life is complex and multidimensional. As a therapist, I always hold my client's experiences with compassion and empathy. Healing is the aim, and it is my commitment to provide the highest quality of attention and care to each individual and couple I work with. I am also consistently expanding my therapy skills to provide the most relevant tools to support my clients. From a theoretical perspective, I primarily utilize a combination of cognitive, relational, and psychodynamic approaches. I am depth-oriented and am always seeking to explore the deeper layers of any experience.
What you went through, and its impact on your life is complex and multidimensional. As a therapist, I always hold my client's experiences with compassion and empathy. Healing is the aim, and it is my commitment to provide the highest quality of attention and care to each individual and couple I work with. I am also consistently expanding my therapy skills to provide the most relevant tools to support my clients. From a theoretical perspective, I primarily utilize a combination of cognitive, relational, and psychodynamic approaches. I am depth-oriented and am always seeking to explore the deeper layers of any experience.
(925) 966-1283 View (925) 966-1283
Photo of Laura M Gardner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Laura M Gardner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Does it feel like nothing is ever good enough and neither are you? You don’t have to feel this way - therapy helps. We can work together to overcome crises, learn to calm yourself down, build confidence, feel more hopeful, communicate more effectively, build and have better relationships, feel comfortable in your own skin, feel whole, and much more! Send me a message today.
Does it feel like nothing is ever good enough and neither are you? You don’t have to feel this way - therapy helps. We can work together to overcome crises, learn to calm yourself down, build confidence, feel more hopeful, communicate more effectively, build and have better relationships, feel comfortable in your own skin, feel whole, and much more! Send me a message today.
(510) 470-5595 View (510) 470-5595
Photo of Erin E Boyle, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Erin E Boyle
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I help people reconnect to themselves when they feel helpless, overwhelmed, or lost in their relationships—at home or at work. I work with developmental and relational trauma which impacts the way we show up in relation to others, particularly those we have intense attachments (family, partners) to or where power dynamics are at play (like work). In the safety of therapy, you can begin to make sense of your experiences and listen to what your body and emotions are trying to tell you. Over time and with practice, you will learn skills and techniques to become your own safe refuge. I also work with teens: eboyletherapy.com/teentherapy
I help people reconnect to themselves when they feel helpless, overwhelmed, or lost in their relationships—at home or at work. I work with developmental and relational trauma which impacts the way we show up in relation to others, particularly those we have intense attachments (family, partners) to or where power dynamics are at play (like work). In the safety of therapy, you can begin to make sense of your experiences and listen to what your body and emotions are trying to tell you. Over time and with practice, you will learn skills and techniques to become your own safe refuge. I also work with teens: eboyletherapy.com/teentherapy
(510) 973-4112 View (510) 973-4112
Photo of Pali Khalsa, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Pali Khalsa, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
There are so many reasons to enter therapy and I consider myself privileged to have the opportunity to hear your story and earn your trust. I specialize in supporting clients who are struggling with anxiety, perfectionism, people-pleasing, self-judgment, OCD, trauma, and various relationship issues. Additionally, I have expertise in helping those who want to take a non-diet approach to bulimia, binge eating disorders, and compulsive/emotional eating concerns. In general, I work well with clients who feel stuck using coping strategies that no longer feel good and are ready to move in a new direction.
There are so many reasons to enter therapy and I consider myself privileged to have the opportunity to hear your story and earn your trust. I specialize in supporting clients who are struggling with anxiety, perfectionism, people-pleasing, self-judgment, OCD, trauma, and various relationship issues. Additionally, I have expertise in helping those who want to take a non-diet approach to bulimia, binge eating disorders, and compulsive/emotional eating concerns. In general, I work well with clients who feel stuck using coping strategies that no longer feel good and are ready to move in a new direction.
(415) 877-6199 View (415) 877-6199
Photo of Shanna Sea Dew, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shanna Sea Dew
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, 500-RYT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
As a complex trauma therapist, I specialize in a variety of modalities including: brainspotting, accelerated resolution therapy (ART), somatic experiencing, mindfulness meditation, and expressive arts. I work with teens and adults who have experienced childhood trauma.
As a complex trauma therapist, I specialize in a variety of modalities including: brainspotting, accelerated resolution therapy (ART), somatic experiencing, mindfulness meditation, and expressive arts. I work with teens and adults who have experienced childhood trauma.
(510) 288-5035 View (510) 288-5035
Photo of Charis Khoury, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Charis Khoury
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
Therapy provides a special opportunity to slow down and focus on what's most important to you, with skillful guidance and support. I create a nonjudgmental environment for you to explore the difficulties, heartaches, old wounds, stuck places, or joys and celebrations of your life. This process involves listening to the wisdom of your body and emotions as well as your mind. Collaborating with you, I will support you to develop a more intimate relationship with yourself and your many facets, to expand your capacity to satisfyingly connect with others, and to illuminate and transform what blocks you from living your best life.
Therapy provides a special opportunity to slow down and focus on what's most important to you, with skillful guidance and support. I create a nonjudgmental environment for you to explore the difficulties, heartaches, old wounds, stuck places, or joys and celebrations of your life. This process involves listening to the wisdom of your body and emotions as well as your mind. Collaborating with you, I will support you to develop a more intimate relationship with yourself and your many facets, to expand your capacity to satisfyingly connect with others, and to illuminate and transform what blocks you from living your best life.
(415) 697-3212 View (415) 697-3212
Photo of Lindsay Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lindsay Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Many of the people I work with come to therapy because they feel stuck or overwhelmed, are seeking relief from anxiety or depression, need support as they adjust to a new life circumstance, or want to develop a better understanding of themselves. During therapy, we will explore unhelpful patterns by looking at the relationship between your thoughts, behaviors and emotions and the ways in which these things are interfering or impacting your quality of life. I can offer tools and concepts that may be helpful for coping with difficult emotions, improving relationships, promoting self-acceptance, and regaining balance in your life.
Many of the people I work with come to therapy because they feel stuck or overwhelmed, are seeking relief from anxiety or depression, need support as they adjust to a new life circumstance, or want to develop a better understanding of themselves. During therapy, we will explore unhelpful patterns by looking at the relationship between your thoughts, behaviors and emotions and the ways in which these things are interfering or impacting your quality of life. I can offer tools and concepts that may be helpful for coping with difficult emotions, improving relationships, promoting self-acceptance, and regaining balance in your life.
(510) 240-8674 View (510) 240-8674
Photo of Renea Lynn, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Renea Lynn
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
If you are looking for down to earth & collaborative therapy, I'd be happy to see how I can be of help. I'm dedicated to providing a therapeutic environment that is inclusive, welcoming, culturally humble, compassionate and thoughtful. In addition to treating depression, anxiety and trauma, I specialize in 1. Relational Trauma (when someone has been repeatedly hurt by a loved one, community, institution and/or society), 2. Religious Trauma (when theology, culture and/or religious leader/community has caused shame, fear and pain) and 3. Child/Adolescent Therapy (for ADHD, school refusal, social struggles, depression and anxiety).
If you are looking for down to earth & collaborative therapy, I'd be happy to see how I can be of help. I'm dedicated to providing a therapeutic environment that is inclusive, welcoming, culturally humble, compassionate and thoughtful. In addition to treating depression, anxiety and trauma, I specialize in 1. Relational Trauma (when someone has been repeatedly hurt by a loved one, community, institution and/or society), 2. Religious Trauma (when theology, culture and/or religious leader/community has caused shame, fear and pain) and 3. Child/Adolescent Therapy (for ADHD, school refusal, social struggles, depression and anxiety).
(510) 454-8739 View (510) 454-8739
Gregg E Bernstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
I have many years of experience in dealing with anxiety, depression, loss, life transitions, addictions of all types, and relationship and identity issues. I think my strength is that I approach people on a very human level, with respect, caring and humor. I feel "we are all in the same boat" (including me) and that we all need someone to take us seriously, listen carefully and know how hard it is to be vulnerable to a 'stranger'. I will do my very best to help you create the life you want. I have lost a child, so I have a special sensitivity to grieving parents and their challenges.
I have many years of experience in dealing with anxiety, depression, loss, life transitions, addictions of all types, and relationship and identity issues. I think my strength is that I approach people on a very human level, with respect, caring and humor. I feel "we are all in the same boat" (including me) and that we all need someone to take us seriously, listen carefully and know how hard it is to be vulnerable to a 'stranger'. I will do my very best to help you create the life you want. I have lost a child, so I have a special sensitivity to grieving parents and their challenges.
(510) 817-2108 View (510) 817-2108
Photo of Angelina Nader, Art Therapist in Oakland, CA
Angelina Nader
Art Therapist, MA, ATR-P
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Have you recently experienced a traumatic loss and are feeling lost and overwhelmed with grief? Are you in the midst of a major life transition with your career or relationship? Perhaps you are an artist experiencing a creative block? Art Therapy may be the answer for your or your teen. As an Art Therapist, I specialize in guiding clients through grief and loss, life transitions, trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and blocks in creativity and self exploration. I help my clients to harness the power of creativity to deepen emotional exploration and uncover feelings that may be challenging to otherwise articulate with words.
Have you recently experienced a traumatic loss and are feeling lost and overwhelmed with grief? Are you in the midst of a major life transition with your career or relationship? Perhaps you are an artist experiencing a creative block? Art Therapy may be the answer for your or your teen. As an Art Therapist, I specialize in guiding clients through grief and loss, life transitions, trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and blocks in creativity and self exploration. I help my clients to harness the power of creativity to deepen emotional exploration and uncover feelings that may be challenging to otherwise articulate with words.
(510) 544-3656 View (510) 544-3656
Photo of Gregory W Dy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Gregory W Dy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Are you feeling stuck, unhappy, or frustrated in your relationship? Do you want to improve your communication, intimacy, and trust with your partner? Or are you struggling with personal issues such as anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you are not alone. Many people face challenges in their lives that affect their well-being and happiness. That is why I am here to hold space and unravel these challenges you may face. Whether you are looking for couples therapy, individual therapy, or both, I am ready to work with you and help you create positive changes in your life.
Are you feeling stuck, unhappy, or frustrated in your relationship? Do you want to improve your communication, intimacy, and trust with your partner? Or are you struggling with personal issues such as anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you are not alone. Many people face challenges in their lives that affect their well-being and happiness. That is why I am here to hold space and unravel these challenges you may face. Whether you are looking for couples therapy, individual therapy, or both, I am ready to work with you and help you create positive changes in your life.
(510) 824-8472 View (510) 824-8472
Photo of Octave - Oakland Clinic, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Octave - Oakland Clinic
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, PsyD, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Octave is a modern practice creating a new standard for mental health care that’s both high-quality and accessible. With in-person and virtual clinics in California, Connecticut, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C., we partner with you to develop personalized plans that can include individual, couples, and family therapy to best suit your needs. Grounded in science, our approach enables you to experience profound change that is just as measurable as it is meaningful. Learn more at www.findoctave.com
Octave is a modern practice creating a new standard for mental health care that’s both high-quality and accessible. With in-person and virtual clinics in California, Connecticut, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C., we partner with you to develop personalized plans that can include individual, couples, and family therapy to best suit your needs. Grounded in science, our approach enables you to experience profound change that is just as measurable as it is meaningful. Learn more at www.findoctave.com
(415) 687-2932 View (415) 687-2932
Photo of Rachel Licitra, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rachel Licitra
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I approach each therapeutic relationship with openness, balancing thoughtful intensity with humor. My style has been described as warm, genuine, intuitive, and incisive. Together we can discover, explore, and hold what needs attending to, cultivating space for the fullness of your experience.
I approach each therapeutic relationship with openness, balancing thoughtful intensity with humor. My style has been described as warm, genuine, intuitive, and incisive. Together we can discover, explore, and hold what needs attending to, cultivating space for the fullness of your experience.
(510) 408-6821 View (510) 408-6821
Photo of Paul T Guillory, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Paul T Guillory
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
My work has focused on repairing relationship bonds. Please view my Website at www.paultgulloryphd.com for more details. I am Certified in Emotionally Focused Therapy both as a Trainer and Supervisor. This means I have successfully under taken rigorous advance training and been approved by the International Centre for Excellence in EFT. I am the author of: "Emotionally Focused Therapy with African American Couples: Love Heals. I am dedicated to helping couples address and resolve conflict, repair emotional injuries, and revitalize their bond. I also offer Masters level Training in Emotionally Focus Therapy.
My work has focused on repairing relationship bonds. Please view my Website at www.paultgulloryphd.com for more details. I am Certified in Emotionally Focused Therapy both as a Trainer and Supervisor. This means I have successfully under taken rigorous advance training and been approved by the International Centre for Excellence in EFT. I am the author of: "Emotionally Focused Therapy with African American Couples: Love Heals. I am dedicated to helping couples address and resolve conflict, repair emotional injuries, and revitalize their bond. I also offer Masters level Training in Emotionally Focus Therapy.
(510) 878-4876 View (510) 878-4876

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.