Counselling in E9

Photo of Kate Hardwicke, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Kate Hardwicke
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
London E9
I offer a psychoanalytic approach where between us we explore how recurring patterns in relationships have been shaped by the past and early experiences. Historic events inform the present and early relationships can provide a template for what lies ahead. This psychoanalytic approach can help identify patterns with increased awareness implicitly moving towards change.
I offer a psychoanalytic approach where between us we explore how recurring patterns in relationships have been shaped by the past and early experiences. Historic events inform the present and early relationships can provide a template for what lies ahead. This psychoanalytic approach can help identify patterns with increased awareness implicitly moving towards change.
View
Photo of Natalia Senkova - Natalis Counselling & Psychotherapy, Counsellor, MBACP
Natalis Counselling & Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
London E9
I am not what happened to me. I am what I choose to become. -Carl Gustav Jung- A warm welcome to you. My primary aim is to facilitate a safe and empathic space for my clients where the psychological pain can be explored and validated without the fear of judgement or rejection. I have been trained in all mainstream therapeutic modalities, so I aim to tailor my approach to the unique needs and goals of each client. Alongside my private practice located just a few minutes from Hackney Wick station , I work in NHS as IAPT counsellor where I design and deliver individually tailored treatments for a wide range of presenting problems.
I am not what happened to me. I am what I choose to become. -Carl Gustav Jung- A warm welcome to you. My primary aim is to facilitate a safe and empathic space for my clients where the psychological pain can be explored and validated without the fear of judgement or rejection. I have been trained in all mainstream therapeutic modalities, so I aim to tailor my approach to the unique needs and goals of each client. Alongside my private practice located just a few minutes from Hackney Wick station , I work in NHS as IAPT counsellor where I design and deliver individually tailored treatments for a wide range of presenting problems.
020 3835 2097 View 020 3835 2097
Photo of Will Buckley, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Will Buckley
Psychotherapist, MBACP
4 Endorsed
London E9
I’m an integrative humanistic therapist with a background in the creative arts and electronic music. I currently have availability on Wednesdays and Thursdays in-person & Tuesdays online. People often come to therapy when they’re carrying a lot internally while trying to keep things going day to day. I support individuals with a wide range of emotional and life challenges, including anxiety, low mood, feeling stuck, or a sense of disconnection from themselves. I offer a calm, supportive and non-judgemental space to explore what’s happening in your life, whether that relates to the past, the present, or worries about the future.
I’m an integrative humanistic therapist with a background in the creative arts and electronic music. I currently have availability on Wednesdays and Thursdays in-person & Tuesdays online. People often come to therapy when they’re carrying a lot internally while trying to keep things going day to day. I support individuals with a wide range of emotional and life challenges, including anxiety, low mood, feeling stuck, or a sense of disconnection from themselves. I offer a calm, supportive and non-judgemental space to explore what’s happening in your life, whether that relates to the past, the present, or worries about the future.
View
Richard Wilson
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
London E9
Please get in contact if you are having difficulty dealing with anxiety, panic attacks or depression, and are looking for help to understand what the meaning of these symptoms are. Perhaps you want to explore more specific questions, "who am I", "what do I want out of life" or "why do I always end up in the same situation". You may want help coming to terms with a crisis in your life, a bereavement, or a relationship difficulty that you are having, or maybe to explore uncomfortable feelings.
Please get in contact if you are having difficulty dealing with anxiety, panic attacks or depression, and are looking for help to understand what the meaning of these symptoms are. Perhaps you want to explore more specific questions, "who am I", "what do I want out of life" or "why do I always end up in the same situation". You may want help coming to terms with a crisis in your life, a bereavement, or a relationship difficulty that you are having, or maybe to explore uncomfortable feelings.
07824 701546 View 07824 701546
Photo of Tunjay Fehmi, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Tunjay Fehmi
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
1 Endorsed
London E9
The step to take therapy can be a daunting step to take. Therapy is a gradual, co-created process that you can take your time with, with support and encouragement. This time of year, you may be feeling a sense of hopelessness, stuck or longing but unsure of what direction to take. My approach explores patterns that may be rooted in the past, bringing more awareness to our way of being, how we view the world and how we might make meaningful changes.
The step to take therapy can be a daunting step to take. Therapy is a gradual, co-created process that you can take your time with, with support and encouragement. This time of year, you may be feeling a sense of hopelessness, stuck or longing but unsure of what direction to take. My approach explores patterns that may be rooted in the past, bringing more awareness to our way of being, how we view the world and how we might make meaningful changes.
View
Keith Armitage
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
London E9
Psychotherapies move in and out of fashion as their claims and practises come in for reassessment and challenge. Psychoanalysis, the grandfather of all "talking cures", is no exception but it does seem as if, once again, it is having its moment as new studies and research offer evidence that it can provide for a change that endures. And it does so without providing the assurances of the quick-fix or the painless option but through a close and attentive listening and analysis of the nuances of your ties to others, the crucial relationships that might form (or undo) us.
Psychotherapies move in and out of fashion as their claims and practises come in for reassessment and challenge. Psychoanalysis, the grandfather of all "talking cures", is no exception but it does seem as if, once again, it is having its moment as new studies and research offer evidence that it can provide for a change that endures. And it does so without providing the assurances of the quick-fix or the painless option but through a close and attentive listening and analysis of the nuances of your ties to others, the crucial relationships that might form (or undo) us.
020 3835 2917 View 020 3835 2917
Photo of Selcuk Berilgen, Psychotherapist, BPC
Selcuk Berilgen
Psychotherapist, BPC
London E9
I am a BPC Registered Psychotherapist offering short or long-term in-person and online sessions from therapy rooms in Hackney, London. I believe that we all at some point find ourselves at a place when we need to talk, be listened to,  be heard and understood by someone other than those who are close to us. To do this, I provide a safe and confidential space where we can think together, to identify the past and present issues that affect you now and, together, develop the awareness and strength that will allow you to make meaningful and lasting changes in your life.
I am a BPC Registered Psychotherapist offering short or long-term in-person and online sessions from therapy rooms in Hackney, London. I believe that we all at some point find ourselves at a place when we need to talk, be listened to,  be heard and understood by someone other than those who are close to us. To do this, I provide a safe and confidential space where we can think together, to identify the past and present issues that affect you now and, together, develop the awareness and strength that will allow you to make meaningful and lasting changes in your life.
020 4634 1228 View 020 4634 1228
Photo of Christina M, Counsellor, MSc, GMBPsS
Christina M
Counsellor, MSc, GMBPsS
London E9
I work with people who might know what they want or why something is difficult, yet in the moment your body reacts and control is lost. Maybe you are neurodivergent, highly sensitive, or shaped by earlier adversity. I can help you unstick, notice your patterns, and support you in becoming cool, calm, and collected. To trust your responses, so you can meet life with more choice, steadiness, and authenticity rather than old survival strategies. I’m easy going with a good sense of humour.
I work with people who might know what they want or why something is difficult, yet in the moment your body reacts and control is lost. Maybe you are neurodivergent, highly sensitive, or shaped by earlier adversity. I can help you unstick, notice your patterns, and support you in becoming cool, calm, and collected. To trust your responses, so you can meet life with more choice, steadiness, and authenticity rather than old survival strategies. I’m easy going with a good sense of humour.
View
Photo of Holly Allen, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Holly Allen
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
London E9
I am a Psychotherapist & EMDR therapist. I feel passionately about the power of therapy to provide healing and transformation. Therapy is a collaborative journey and with kindness and curiosity I will be by your side as you navigate your way back to a ‘fullness of being’ that is there inside of you waiting to be discovered. There are many reasons for seeking therapy. You may want to feel at peace in your body and mind to allow you the space to access your innate potential for growth and fulfilment. You may wish to feel safe enough to be more authentically you in relationships, or caught in worry, fear, self-doubt and feeling stuck.
I am a Psychotherapist & EMDR therapist. I feel passionately about the power of therapy to provide healing and transformation. Therapy is a collaborative journey and with kindness and curiosity I will be by your side as you navigate your way back to a ‘fullness of being’ that is there inside of you waiting to be discovered. There are many reasons for seeking therapy. You may want to feel at peace in your body and mind to allow you the space to access your innate potential for growth and fulfilment. You may wish to feel safe enough to be more authentically you in relationships, or caught in worry, fear, self-doubt and feeling stuck.
020 3871 0603 View 020 3871 0603
Photo of Ian James Cameron, Psychotherapist, BACP
Ian James Cameron
Psychotherapist, BACP
2 Endorsed
London E9
Life can be difficult, and we all go through times of challenge, uncertainty, or emotional pain. You may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or struggling to make sense of your thoughts or emotions. Perhaps things that once helped no longer do, or something in your life has shifted. You may be looking for understanding, relief from distress, or a way forward that feels more manageable and meaningful.
Life can be difficult, and we all go through times of challenge, uncertainty, or emotional pain. You may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or struggling to make sense of your thoughts or emotions. Perhaps things that once helped no longer do, or something in your life has shifted. You may be looking for understanding, relief from distress, or a way forward that feels more manageable and meaningful.
020 4634 8811 View 020 4634 8811
Photo of Dr Lana Renny, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Lana Renny
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
London E9
I am a Clinical Psychologist, registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). I have over 15 years of experience working in the NHS in a wide range of mental health services. Whatever you are struggling with, I offer a warm, compassionate and open minded/ non-judgemental approach to explore your difficulties. I will support you to uncover your strengths and move towards a fulfilling and meaningful life.
I am a Clinical Psychologist, registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). I have over 15 years of experience working in the NHS in a wide range of mental health services. Whatever you are struggling with, I offer a warm, compassionate and open minded/ non-judgemental approach to explore your difficulties. I will support you to uncover your strengths and move towards a fulfilling and meaningful life.
020 3322 2419 View 020 3322 2419
Photo of Charlotte Cox, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Charlotte Cox
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London E9
I have worked in therapy services for over 20 years. During this time I have worked with a range of difficulties including: depression, anxiety, challenges with confidence and self-esteem, eating difficulties, trauma, relationship problems, and challenges with identity. I take an explicitly compassionate approach. I believe we are all doing the best we can with the knowledge and resources available to us and if it were easy, we would all already be doing better. I also believe that therapy helps us to develop new understandings and build our internal resources so that we can make different choices and live more fulfilling lives.
I have worked in therapy services for over 20 years. During this time I have worked with a range of difficulties including: depression, anxiety, challenges with confidence and self-esteem, eating difficulties, trauma, relationship problems, and challenges with identity. I take an explicitly compassionate approach. I believe we are all doing the best we can with the knowledge and resources available to us and if it were easy, we would all already be doing better. I also believe that therapy helps us to develop new understandings and build our internal resources so that we can make different choices and live more fulfilling lives.
020 3960 5381 View 020 3960 5381
Photo of Daniel Blythin-Hammond, Counsellor, MBACP
Daniel Blythin-Hammond
Counsellor, MBACP
London E9
My work is grounded in the belief that healing and transformation arise through authentic connection; with ourselves, with others, and with the world around us. You don’t need to be familiar with therapy for us to work together. It’s completely natural to feel unsure about what to expect, especially if this is your first experience. You won’t be expected to use psychological jargon or arrive with anything already figured out. What matters most is your willingness to show up as you are. My role is to meet you there, to listen closely, and to support you in exploring whatever feels important, at your pace, in your own words.
My work is grounded in the belief that healing and transformation arise through authentic connection; with ourselves, with others, and with the world around us. You don’t need to be familiar with therapy for us to work together. It’s completely natural to feel unsure about what to expect, especially if this is your first experience. You won’t be expected to use psychological jargon or arrive with anything already figured out. What matters most is your willingness to show up as you are. My role is to meet you there, to listen closely, and to support you in exploring whatever feels important, at your pace, in your own words.
View
Photo of Helen Lawson, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Helen Lawson
Psychotherapist, MBACP
1 Endorsed
London E9
If you're feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or uncertain about your relationships or life choices, it can be hard to navigate on your own. I offer a calm, thoughtful, collaborative space where you can speak openly and begin to make sense of what’s going on in your life. I specialise in supporting individuals facing anxiety, relationship challenges, and life transitions. My integrative approach combines humanistic values with psychodynamic insights. This means I adapt my work to suit you as an individual, while holding in mind how past experiences can continue to shape how we feel and relate to others in the present.
If you're feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or uncertain about your relationships or life choices, it can be hard to navigate on your own. I offer a calm, thoughtful, collaborative space where you can speak openly and begin to make sense of what’s going on in your life. I specialise in supporting individuals facing anxiety, relationship challenges, and life transitions. My integrative approach combines humanistic values with psychodynamic insights. This means I adapt my work to suit you as an individual, while holding in mind how past experiences can continue to shape how we feel and relate to others in the present.
View
Photo of Cameron McNee, Counsellor, MBACP
Cameron McNee
Counsellor, MBACP
4 Endorsed
London E9
There are times in life when we all struggle. I see therapy as offering a supportive space to untangle these experiences at your own pace. My approach is warm, non-judgemental, and collaborative. Together, we’ll gently identify patterns that might keep you stuck, thoughtfully consider past experiences, and experiment with new possibilities that align more closely with who you are today. My humanistic approach draws from Person-Centred, Gestalt & Transactional Analysis. Think of this as a toolbox filled with resources we can tailor specifically to your needs, always with compassion, self-exploration & self-awareness at the heart.
There are times in life when we all struggle. I see therapy as offering a supportive space to untangle these experiences at your own pace. My approach is warm, non-judgemental, and collaborative. Together, we’ll gently identify patterns that might keep you stuck, thoughtfully consider past experiences, and experiment with new possibilities that align more closely with who you are today. My humanistic approach draws from Person-Centred, Gestalt & Transactional Analysis. Think of this as a toolbox filled with resources we can tailor specifically to your needs, always with compassion, self-exploration & self-awareness at the heart.
View
Photo of Anna Magnowska - Art Therapy with Anna Magnowska , Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Art Therapy with Anna Magnowska
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
London E9
Hello, I am Anna Magnowska, an experienced art therapist who works with children, teenagers and adults. Art therapy is a professionally regulated practice that integrates psychotherapy alongside creative expression and art making as a means of communication. Everyone possesses creativity, and art therapy can be a way to tap into complex feelings which can then begin to be processed - you do not need any experience making art. Art therapy is appropriate for all ages and stages of life, and can be particularly suited to people who struggle with verbal communication. I am also a qualified supervisor and offer supervision.
Hello, I am Anna Magnowska, an experienced art therapist who works with children, teenagers and adults. Art therapy is a professionally regulated practice that integrates psychotherapy alongside creative expression and art making as a means of communication. Everyone possesses creativity, and art therapy can be a way to tap into complex feelings which can then begin to be processed - you do not need any experience making art. Art therapy is appropriate for all ages and stages of life, and can be particularly suited to people who struggle with verbal communication. I am also a qualified supervisor and offer supervision.
020 8154 5628 View 020 8154 5628
Photo of Alessia Vignali, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Alessia Vignali
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
London E9
Anxiety, Depression and Stress might be impacting your wellbeing and happiness and you would like to feel able to better manage your emotions. You might be experiencing low self-esteem, low self-worth or going through a difficult time like divorce, job-loss, bereavement, illness or a combination. Substance misuse could have ensued as a way of coping with stress or past traumatic experiences. Relationships might be impaired resulting in trust issues, conflict, infidelity. You might be experiencing sexuality issues like low sexual desire, E.D. or you might want to explore sexuality, kink, polyamorous and open relationships.
Anxiety, Depression and Stress might be impacting your wellbeing and happiness and you would like to feel able to better manage your emotions. You might be experiencing low self-esteem, low self-worth or going through a difficult time like divorce, job-loss, bereavement, illness or a combination. Substance misuse could have ensued as a way of coping with stress or past traumatic experiences. Relationships might be impaired resulting in trust issues, conflict, infidelity. You might be experiencing sexuality issues like low sexual desire, E.D. or you might want to explore sexuality, kink, polyamorous and open relationships.
020 8103 6833 View 020 8103 6833
Photo of Dr Emily Staite, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Emily Staite
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London E9
I offer a collaborative experience in which we will clarify your unique needs and circumstances. Every person’s journey to therapy is different. You may be experiencing psychological difficulties, such as depression or anxiety, or a general sense of feeling stuck and unfulfilled, or burnt out. You may have had difficult early life experiences that continue to impact you today. All of these may negatively affect your relationships, career, self-esteem and overall happiness, as well as your physical health. Sometimes therapy can help you make sense of these.
I offer a collaborative experience in which we will clarify your unique needs and circumstances. Every person’s journey to therapy is different. You may be experiencing psychological difficulties, such as depression or anxiety, or a general sense of feeling stuck and unfulfilled, or burnt out. You may have had difficult early life experiences that continue to impact you today. All of these may negatively affect your relationships, career, self-esteem and overall happiness, as well as your physical health. Sometimes therapy can help you make sense of these.
020 3838 0946 View 020 3838 0946
Photo of Kate Fillingham, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Kate Fillingham
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
London E9
People often come to me struggling with issues related to depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, relationship problems, interpersonal problems, attachment difficulties, low self-esteem, emotion regulation, sex and sexuality, work stress and/or life transitions. Some other people simply have a sense that something feels "wrong" and seek a space to explore that. I offer an open, collaborative space, where we can make sense of what you're struggling with and find ways forward together.
People often come to me struggling with issues related to depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, relationship problems, interpersonal problems, attachment difficulties, low self-esteem, emotion regulation, sex and sexuality, work stress and/or life transitions. Some other people simply have a sense that something feels "wrong" and seek a space to explore that. I offer an open, collaborative space, where we can make sense of what you're struggling with and find ways forward together.
View
Photo of Charlotte Henson, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Charlotte Henson
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
4 Endorsed
London E9
Seeking support is a brave step. Perhaps you feel internally overwhelmed & disconnected, or sense past events or relationships are limiting your everyday. If so, therapy could help you. I support adults (18+), online, in person & outside. My experience includes working with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, self-harm, menopause, grief, conflicting values regarding sexuality and religion, sexual abuse & co-dependant relationships. Empowering those identifying as neurodivergent, (ADHD, Autism, AuDHD) is a personal passion. Whatever your experience, we can consider how it prevents you from meeting your full potential in life.
Seeking support is a brave step. Perhaps you feel internally overwhelmed & disconnected, or sense past events or relationships are limiting your everyday. If so, therapy could help you. I support adults (18+), online, in person & outside. My experience includes working with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, self-harm, menopause, grief, conflicting values regarding sexuality and religion, sexual abuse & co-dependant relationships. Empowering those identifying as neurodivergent, (ADHD, Autism, AuDHD) is a personal passion. Whatever your experience, we can consider how it prevents you from meeting your full potential in life.
View

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in E9

100+

Average cost per session

£80

Counsellors in E9 who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
95% Depression
91% Relationship Issues
89% Self Esteem
77% Trauma and PTSD
77% Stress
68% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
71% AXA PPP
63% WPA

How Counsellors in E9 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

65% Female
33% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in E9?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.