Counselling in London

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Photo of Shamiso Mazaiwana, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Shamiso Mazaiwana
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London EC1Y  (Online Only)
***I currently have 4 low cost spaces available from January for students. Please contact me directly for more information.*** I provide counselling and support people who experience mental challenges both face to face and through telephone counselling. I have worked with and supported clients experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, bereavement and loss, relationship issues, pregnancy issues/complications, hoarding disorder, and OCD. I provide CBT, Humanistic, Integrative, Person-centered, Psychodynamic, Relational.
***I currently have 4 low cost spaces available from January for students. Please contact me directly for more information.*** I provide counselling and support people who experience mental challenges both face to face and through telephone counselling. I have worked with and supported clients experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, bereavement and loss, relationship issues, pregnancy issues/complications, hoarding disorder, and OCD. I provide CBT, Humanistic, Integrative, Person-centered, Psychodynamic, Relational.
020 4538 7954 View 020 4538 7954
Photo of Dr Helen Damon, CPsychol, Psychologist
Dr Helen Damon
Psychologist, CPsychol
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London EC4N
Hello, I'm Helen. I'm a counselling psychologist with over 12 years’ clinical experience, trained in several types of therapy to doctoral level. As your therapist, I’ll meet you with warmth, empathy, and the utmost respect to create a safe psychological space for our work together. I’ll offer reflections, questions, interpretations, and constructive challenges to support you in deepening and extending your self-knowledge and making positive changes in your life.
Hello, I'm Helen. I'm a counselling psychologist with over 12 years’ clinical experience, trained in several types of therapy to doctoral level. As your therapist, I’ll meet you with warmth, empathy, and the utmost respect to create a safe psychological space for our work together. I’ll offer reflections, questions, interpretations, and constructive challenges to support you in deepening and extending your self-knowledge and making positive changes in your life.
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Photo of Dolores Forcadell, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Dolores Forcadell
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E1  (Online Only)
I am a Psychodynamic Counsellor that works with Children and Young People from ages 3-18 As a Psychodynamic Counsellor I believe that unconscious processes guide our ways of relating to each other. At the centre of my practice is the child’s well-being and safety. I aim to create a safe space for children to feel able to be themselves without judgment, what Winnicott refers as the 'facilitating environment’, where the child’s inner world can be explored.
I am a Psychodynamic Counsellor that works with Children and Young People from ages 3-18 As a Psychodynamic Counsellor I believe that unconscious processes guide our ways of relating to each other. At the centre of my practice is the child’s well-being and safety. I aim to create a safe space for children to feel able to be themselves without judgment, what Winnicott refers as the 'facilitating environment’, where the child’s inner world can be explored.
020 8106 4727 View 020 8106 4727
Photo of Alison Dalal, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Alison Dalal
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W5
I am a fully qualified UKCP and MBACP registered Integrative Psychotherapist with experience of working with people from a diverse range of backgrounds. Anyone can have therapy and people come for all sorts of reasons. You may be suffering in some way, or you may be looking for change in your life. Having someone professional alongside you can really help; at the core of my way of working is the therapeutic relationship; this relationship offers a safe and non-judgemental space in which we can explore what's bringing you to therapy and help you to move forward, creatively and choicefully.
I am a fully qualified UKCP and MBACP registered Integrative Psychotherapist with experience of working with people from a diverse range of backgrounds. Anyone can have therapy and people come for all sorts of reasons. You may be suffering in some way, or you may be looking for change in your life. Having someone professional alongside you can really help; at the core of my way of working is the therapeutic relationship; this relationship offers a safe and non-judgemental space in which we can explore what's bringing you to therapy and help you to move forward, creatively and choicefully.
020 3835 3652 View 020 3835 3652
Photo of Fiona Hasani, MBACP, Counsellor
Fiona Hasani
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE1
Welcome! I'm Fiona, a qualified and experienced therapist specialising in working with both adults and children. My goal is to help individuals navigate life’s challenges and find a path to well-being. I offer a compassionate, non-judgmental space where you can safely explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences at your own pace. I understand that everyone’s journey is unique, and I tailor my approach to meet your specific needs. Whether you're grappling with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or simply feeling stuck, I'm here to support you in gaining clarity and achieving personal growth.
Welcome! I'm Fiona, a qualified and experienced therapist specialising in working with both adults and children. My goal is to help individuals navigate life’s challenges and find a path to well-being. I offer a compassionate, non-judgmental space where you can safely explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences at your own pace. I understand that everyone’s journey is unique, and I tailor my approach to meet your specific needs. Whether you're grappling with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or simply feeling stuck, I'm here to support you in gaining clarity and achieving personal growth.
020 4572 0691 View 020 4572 0691
Photo of Michelle Qureshi, DCounsPsych, BACP, Counsellor
Michelle Qureshi
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Verified Verified
London SW16
At times you may experience a low mood, lack of optimism for your future, stress and anxiety, a traumatic event, a breakdown in relationship, a stressful work environment, low self esteem and confidence. I am here to help you through this process to discover a healthier and more fulfilled you. We will work with what triggers you to feel these emotions, coping strategies combined with life coaching. This will be an exciting time to work on yourself and reach your goals. Sometimes talking the first step to commit to counselling can feel daunting, I will ensure you feel comfortable, understood and relaxed in your sessions.
At times you may experience a low mood, lack of optimism for your future, stress and anxiety, a traumatic event, a breakdown in relationship, a stressful work environment, low self esteem and confidence. I am here to help you through this process to discover a healthier and more fulfilled you. We will work with what triggers you to feel these emotions, coping strategies combined with life coaching. This will be an exciting time to work on yourself and reach your goals. Sometimes talking the first step to commit to counselling can feel daunting, I will ensure you feel comfortable, understood and relaxed in your sessions.
020 8103 5920 View 020 8103 5920
Photo of Alun Jones, Counsellor
Alun Jones
Counsellor
Verified Verified
London SE3
I work with people (mainly men) who feel stressed, depressed, anxious, or perhaps a little bit lost and need some help to relax, feel more self-confident and balanced, and more able to cope and enjoy their lives more happily. We can all feel down, depressed, and lost at times, but with gentleness, patience, and support it can be changed. Some of my clients just need help getting clear on their aims and goals and taking action to get there. Some clients need more ongoing support to help them cope with day-to-day stresses, and also with building their self-confidence and self-esteem.
I work with people (mainly men) who feel stressed, depressed, anxious, or perhaps a little bit lost and need some help to relax, feel more self-confident and balanced, and more able to cope and enjoy their lives more happily. We can all feel down, depressed, and lost at times, but with gentleness, patience, and support it can be changed. Some of my clients just need help getting clear on their aims and goals and taking action to get there. Some clients need more ongoing support to help them cope with day-to-day stresses, and also with building their self-confidence and self-esteem.
020 8103 5606 View 020 8103 5606
Photo of Awawu Ola Ajala, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Awawu Ola Ajala
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N1
Systemic Family Therapy is a branch of Psychotherapy that promotes change and emotional growth through the shared exploration of troubling experiences; it helps find possible solutions to difficult situations. In life individuals, couples, and families can face many stresses, worries, and changes that can be hard to manage. When difficulties do not resolve naturally or when it feels like close relationships are suffering, Systemic Psychotherapy can help. Systemic Psychotherapy can help to address a range of difficulties and it can be applied to work with both individuals as well as groups of people.
Systemic Family Therapy is a branch of Psychotherapy that promotes change and emotional growth through the shared exploration of troubling experiences; it helps find possible solutions to difficult situations. In life individuals, couples, and families can face many stresses, worries, and changes that can be hard to manage. When difficulties do not resolve naturally or when it feels like close relationships are suffering, Systemic Psychotherapy can help. Systemic Psychotherapy can help to address a range of difficulties and it can be applied to work with both individuals as well as groups of people.
020 4538 6897 View 020 4538 6897
Photo of Dominic Teeling, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Dominic Teeling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
London SW12
Finding the right therapist can be challenging. That’s why I offer a free 15-minute consultation, giving you the opportunity to ask questions about how I work, the issues you’re facing, and how we might approach therapy together. There’s no obligation—just a chance to get a sense of whether it’s the right fit before booking..... I am a qualified integrative therapist and a registered member of the British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy (BACP), meaning I use person-centred, psychodynamic, and existential approaches, allowing to tailor the work to your unique needs and experiences.
Finding the right therapist can be challenging. That’s why I offer a free 15-minute consultation, giving you the opportunity to ask questions about how I work, the issues you’re facing, and how we might approach therapy together. There’s no obligation—just a chance to get a sense of whether it’s the right fit before booking..... I am a qualified integrative therapist and a registered member of the British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy (BACP), meaning I use person-centred, psychodynamic, and existential approaches, allowing to tailor the work to your unique needs and experiences.
020 4572 0313 View 020 4572 0313
Photo of Galina Vyday, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Galina Vyday
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W2  (Online Only)
Hello, I am Galina. I am a constellator, psychotherapist and systemic ritual practitioner. I help people find their way to their power, wholeness, purpose and truth. It is a huge privilege for me to be able to contribute to people’s healing and growth so that together, one thriving life at a time, we build a better world for us all.
Hello, I am Galina. I am a constellator, psychotherapist and systemic ritual practitioner. I help people find their way to their power, wholeness, purpose and truth. It is a huge privilege for me to be able to contribute to people’s healing and growth so that together, one thriving life at a time, we build a better world for us all.
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Photo of Hagar Lee, MBACP, Counsellor
Hagar Lee
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London E8
You might be seeking therapy because you are suffering from depression or anxiety, or you’re feeling stuck and frustrated. Or perhaps you have experienced a painful life event, such as the breakup of a relationship or loss of a job. It can be very confusing and frightening to go through these crises, making us aware of our vulnerabilities and often leaving us feeling lonely in our plight. These crucial periods are where change is inevitable; by considering counselling, you may start developing awareness and the process of healing, allowing yourself the possibility of something new to emerge.
You might be seeking therapy because you are suffering from depression or anxiety, or you’re feeling stuck and frustrated. Or perhaps you have experienced a painful life event, such as the breakup of a relationship or loss of a job. It can be very confusing and frightening to go through these crises, making us aware of our vulnerabilities and often leaving us feeling lonely in our plight. These crucial periods are where change is inevitable; by considering counselling, you may start developing awareness and the process of healing, allowing yourself the possibility of something new to emerge.
020 3879 4704 View 020 3879 4704
Photo of Dr Sophie Raymont, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Sophie Raymont
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N10
I offer CBT (short term) and psychodynamic therapy (short or long term) for children, adolescents and adults. I treat anxiety, panic, low mood, anger, relationship difficulties, attachment difficulties and trauma. I specialise in attachment and identity work with adolescents and adults (i.e. self esteem, confidence, interpersonal difficulties). This often involves making links between past relationships, and current symptoms/self-identity (although it doesn't have to focus on the past). I also offer therapeutic space for individuals querying neurodiversity in themselves or their children (pre-diagnostic screening, psycho-education).
I offer CBT (short term) and psychodynamic therapy (short or long term) for children, adolescents and adults. I treat anxiety, panic, low mood, anger, relationship difficulties, attachment difficulties and trauma. I specialise in attachment and identity work with adolescents and adults (i.e. self esteem, confidence, interpersonal difficulties). This often involves making links between past relationships, and current symptoms/self-identity (although it doesn't have to focus on the past). I also offer therapeutic space for individuals querying neurodiversity in themselves or their children (pre-diagnostic screening, psycho-education).
020 4538 3767 View 020 4538 3767
Photo of Brid Scanlon-Johal - Scanlon Psychotherapy, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Scanlon Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E10
Are you a successful professional woman who doubts your own accomplishments? Do you sometimes feel that you are worthless or not good enough, or that you are somehow going to be found out? Do you think that you easily put others needs above your own? Would you like to have more confidence and self belief in who you are and what you do? Just imagine for a moment what your life would look like if you did feel more confident within yourself! Imagine what life would look like if you changed any negative belief for a new empowering positive belief!
Are you a successful professional woman who doubts your own accomplishments? Do you sometimes feel that you are worthless or not good enough, or that you are somehow going to be found out? Do you think that you easily put others needs above your own? Would you like to have more confidence and self belief in who you are and what you do? Just imagine for a moment what your life would look like if you did feel more confident within yourself! Imagine what life would look like if you changed any negative belief for a new empowering positive belief!
020 3962 1616 View 020 3962 1616
Photo of Peter O'Toole, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Peter O'Toole
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW9
My approach to therapy is one of collaborative exploration, where together the challenges and feelings you might be experiencing can be safely and thoughtfully considered and understood.
My approach to therapy is one of collaborative exploration, where together the challenges and feelings you might be experiencing can be safely and thoughtfully considered and understood.
01442 979667 View 01442 979667
Photo of Dr Anna Chalmers-Brown, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Anna Chalmers-Brown
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London NW7
I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist and an EMDR Europe Accredited Practitioner. I have over 15 years’ experience of working with children, adolescents and adults to address their mental health difficulties and life stressors. I use attached-informed EMDR in most of my work, also drawing on Internal Family Systems. I am an accredited Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) practitioner and utilise this in parent-child work.
I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist and an EMDR Europe Accredited Practitioner. I have over 15 years’ experience of working with children, adolescents and adults to address their mental health difficulties and life stressors. I use attached-informed EMDR in most of my work, also drawing on Internal Family Systems. I am an accredited Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) practitioner and utilise this in parent-child work.
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Photo of Dee Khaira, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dee Khaira
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E15  (Online Only)
I'm Dee and I'm a Clinical Psychologist. I strongly believe in being a down-to-earth, approachable, compassionate psychologist. Life can be tough at times, so we all need to lean on people to support us, and that's exactly what I'm here for. If you're struggling emotionally (or even if you're not), I will work with you to develop a meaningful and fulfilling life, with a focus on strength and wellness. Building resilience for life-long self-care and emotional wellbeing is key in the work that I do. I work in a client-led, holistic, integrative and creative way, using client experiences as a base.
I'm Dee and I'm a Clinical Psychologist. I strongly believe in being a down-to-earth, approachable, compassionate psychologist. Life can be tough at times, so we all need to lean on people to support us, and that's exactly what I'm here for. If you're struggling emotionally (or even if you're not), I will work with you to develop a meaningful and fulfilling life, with a focus on strength and wellness. Building resilience for life-long self-care and emotional wellbeing is key in the work that I do. I work in a client-led, holistic, integrative and creative way, using client experiences as a base.
020 3929 3799 View 020 3929 3799
Photo of Innes Meek, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Innes Meek
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E5
I know from personal experience that life is full of ups and downs, and sometimes the downs can feel permanent and inescapable. If you are feeling this way, talking therapy can help to give some perspective. I see my role as being a facilitator of change in your life, guiding you towards insights and changes in your life which ultimately come from you. This may involve looking to the past to understand the present, but will also include more present consdertations about day to day life.
I know from personal experience that life is full of ups and downs, and sometimes the downs can feel permanent and inescapable. If you are feeling this way, talking therapy can help to give some perspective. I see my role as being a facilitator of change in your life, guiding you towards insights and changes in your life which ultimately come from you. This may involve looking to the past to understand the present, but will also include more present consdertations about day to day life.
020 3958 4055 View 020 3958 4055
Photo of Asselle Seitmagzimova, MBACP, Counsellor
Asselle Seitmagzimova
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE19  (Online Only)
I hold a safe supportive space and incorporate deep therapeutic processes and mind/body techniques to help you access the unconscious layers of your psyche, get to the root of your struggles, resolve inner conflicts, clear limiting beliefs and let go of old patterns. My approach is compassionate, holistic and transformative. Working with me, you will be invited into an enquiry to uncover what’s underneath your struggles – the thoughts, beliefs and wounds you’re holding inside. You’ll gain a deeper understanding of the ways your early experiences impacted your beliefs, behaviours and ways of being in the world.
I hold a safe supportive space and incorporate deep therapeutic processes and mind/body techniques to help you access the unconscious layers of your psyche, get to the root of your struggles, resolve inner conflicts, clear limiting beliefs and let go of old patterns. My approach is compassionate, holistic and transformative. Working with me, you will be invited into an enquiry to uncover what’s underneath your struggles – the thoughts, beliefs and wounds you’re holding inside. You’ll gain a deeper understanding of the ways your early experiences impacted your beliefs, behaviours and ways of being in the world.
020 3667 9674 View 020 3667 9674
Photo of Kirsten Fisher - Kirsten Fisher Therapy, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Kirsten Fisher Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London EC2M
Your goal is to change something in your life to feel better, my goal is to support you in getting there. You have a desire to understand yourself better, to overcome anxiety, to feel excitement instead of dread, to feel alive and engaged - I also want this for you. To do this we might explore your past to understand your present, explore your thoughts, emotions and needs. We may also use techniques to manage anxiety, stress, and negative thinking. I don't have the answers, but I trust you to guide me to understand life from your perspective to find them.
Your goal is to change something in your life to feel better, my goal is to support you in getting there. You have a desire to understand yourself better, to overcome anxiety, to feel excitement instead of dread, to feel alive and engaged - I also want this for you. To do this we might explore your past to understand your present, explore your thoughts, emotions and needs. We may also use techniques to manage anxiety, stress, and negative thinking. I don't have the answers, but I trust you to guide me to understand life from your perspective to find them.
020 3835 3897 View 020 3835 3897
Photo of Dr Christopher McCormack, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Christopher McCormack
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London EC3V  (Online Only)
I am a Clinical Psychologist who offers psychological assessment and treatment for a wide range of difficulties. In my NHS post, I work in an HIV & Sexual Health service and a specialist mental health team that provides input to inpatients and outpatients struggling with physical health problems. I am particularly experienced at seeing people and couples presenting with sexual difficulties, such as painful sex or unreliable erections. I also have a specialist interest in anxiety disorders and the application of cognitive behavioural therapy in its treatment.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who offers psychological assessment and treatment for a wide range of difficulties. In my NHS post, I work in an HIV & Sexual Health service and a specialist mental health team that provides input to inpatients and outpatients struggling with physical health problems. I am particularly experienced at seeing people and couples presenting with sexual difficulties, such as painful sex or unreliable erections. I also have a specialist interest in anxiety disorders and the application of cognitive behavioural therapy in its treatment.
01689 668406 View 01689 668406
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See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
83% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
62% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aviva
63% AXA PPP
55% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.