Therapists in Calgary, AB

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Photo of Salena Dhoot, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Salena Dhoot
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2P
I specialize in ADHD, trauma, anxiety (including phobias), life transitions, and various other concerns that teens, adults, and older adults may be struggling with. I know reaching out for help can be daunting. I am here to help you move from surviving to thriving. You may have struggles similar to others, but each individual is on their own journey. My goal is to help you reach your destination.
I specialize in ADHD, trauma, anxiety (including phobias), life transitions, and various other concerns that teens, adults, and older adults may be struggling with. I know reaching out for help can be daunting. I am here to help you move from surviving to thriving. You may have struggles similar to others, but each individual is on their own journey. My goal is to help you reach your destination.
(587) 415-5152 View (587) 415-5152
Photo of Angela Normand, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Angela Normand
Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2Z
You're here! This step is often the hardest part! Life can be hard... I get it! The stuff that makes life tricky shapes how we see ourselves, how we see others, and how we make sense of the world. Life experiences form our core beliefs that often get in the way of living the life you desire. As an attachment-based therapist, I work hard to create a safe space where you can confront the tough stuff and begin to rewrite your story. I show up with compassion, acceptance, and humour, to dig into what is getting in the way of you living your truth.
You're here! This step is often the hardest part! Life can be hard... I get it! The stuff that makes life tricky shapes how we see ourselves, how we see others, and how we make sense of the world. Life experiences form our core beliefs that often get in the way of living the life you desire. As an attachment-based therapist, I work hard to create a safe space where you can confront the tough stuff and begin to rewrite your story. I show up with compassion, acceptance, and humour, to dig into what is getting in the way of you living your truth.
(587) 400-2145 View (587) 400-2145
Photo of Christina Rajan, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Christina Rajan
Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2P
I was born and raised in Calgary, Alberta raised by immigrant parents. As a child I struggled with fitting in and those feelings still impact me today. Through my own journey, I have recognized that I have a passion for helping others become better versions of themselves which led me to pursuing education in Psychology . My belief is that in order for us to be our best self, we need the space, tools and support to examine factors that influence the choices we make that take us away from living the life we desire. Examining our past can be helpful in understanding our present and lead us to live happier and healthier futures.
I was born and raised in Calgary, Alberta raised by immigrant parents. As a child I struggled with fitting in and those feelings still impact me today. Through my own journey, I have recognized that I have a passion for helping others become better versions of themselves which led me to pursuing education in Psychology . My belief is that in order for us to be our best self, we need the space, tools and support to examine factors that influence the choices we make that take us away from living the life we desire. Examining our past can be helpful in understanding our present and lead us to live happier and healthier futures.
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Photo of Derek Van Dalen, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Derek Van Dalen
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MACP, CCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2N
Being pulled in many different directions is exhausting. Work, family and personal stress can be overwhelming, and cause us to shut down, become upset or even feel anxious. From work to sleep to relationships, joy is missing. You might feel burned out, alone, and perhaps disconnected from your own body. You might have tried other resources and they aren't working. You don’t know where to turn. Here’s where I come in. I have worked through personal trauma, work-related stress, and experienced career changes. Now I seek to provide a safe place for people to find a helpful way forward.
Being pulled in many different directions is exhausting. Work, family and personal stress can be overwhelming, and cause us to shut down, become upset or even feel anxious. From work to sleep to relationships, joy is missing. You might feel burned out, alone, and perhaps disconnected from your own body. You might have tried other resources and they aren't working. You don’t know where to turn. Here’s where I come in. I have worked through personal trauma, work-related stress, and experienced career changes. Now I seek to provide a safe place for people to find a helpful way forward.
(825) 435-1129 View (825) 435-1129
Photo of Paloma Scott, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Paloma Scott
Psychologist, MA, in, Psych
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2H
Mrs. Scott has twenty three years of experience in providing psychotherapy to children, teens, adults, couples and families from different backgrounds with Depression, Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Tic Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Specific Learning Disorder, giftedness. Mrs. Scott helps clients with emotional self-regulation, anger management, social skills, defiance, social anxiety, separation, grieving, and parenting skills. Her goal is to genuinely support people to develop skills, build resilience and excel their lives towards growth, healing, plenitude and success.
Mrs. Scott has twenty three years of experience in providing psychotherapy to children, teens, adults, couples and families from different backgrounds with Depression, Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Tic Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Specific Learning Disorder, giftedness. Mrs. Scott helps clients with emotional self-regulation, anger management, social skills, defiance, social anxiety, separation, grieving, and parenting skills. Her goal is to genuinely support people to develop skills, build resilience and excel their lives towards growth, healing, plenitude and success.
(587) 844-0549 View (587) 844-0549
Photo of Jolene Siemens, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Jolene Siemens
Psychologist, BEd, MC
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2X
Hi there! My name is Jolene Siemens and I have been working with children and families for over 20 years in numerous capacities as a teacher, behaviour strategist, and now as a Registered Psychologist. I have a deep commitment to supporting those who are navigating life’s challenges with empathy and compassion. If you are experiencing anxiety, grief, stress, trauma, or are struggling with parenting, I will meet and honour where you are at in your journey and move forward with you.
Hi there! My name is Jolene Siemens and I have been working with children and families for over 20 years in numerous capacities as a teacher, behaviour strategist, and now as a Registered Psychologist. I have a deep commitment to supporting those who are navigating life’s challenges with empathy and compassion. If you are experiencing anxiety, grief, stress, trauma, or are struggling with parenting, I will meet and honour where you are at in your journey and move forward with you.
(825) 250-3398 View (825) 250-3398
Photo of Joanna Jewell, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Joanna Jewell
Psychologist, MA, RPsych, CSAT, CMAT
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2R
Is your life all you want it to be? Are you struggling to make changes on your own and it just ISN'T working? I offer skilled and compassionate counselling in a non-judgmental, safe and confidential environment where you can share your concerns, gain perspective and learn specific, targeted tools to help you navigate life's challenges, improve wellness and heal and move past life's difficulties. Working from a person-centered, holistic approach I blend cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic (including attachment focused) and interpersonal therapies to individualize the best care for you.
Is your life all you want it to be? Are you struggling to make changes on your own and it just ISN'T working? I offer skilled and compassionate counselling in a non-judgmental, safe and confidential environment where you can share your concerns, gain perspective and learn specific, targeted tools to help you navigate life's challenges, improve wellness and heal and move past life's difficulties. Working from a person-centered, holistic approach I blend cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic (including attachment focused) and interpersonal therapies to individualize the best care for you.
(587) 412-2710 View (587) 412-2710
Photo of Sheri Boyd, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Sheri Boyd
Registered Provisional Psychologist, BSc, MBA, MACP
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2Z
Ready to shift your perspective, embrace empowerment and reclaim your well-being? Hi there, I'm Sheri Boyd, a Provisional Psychologist with a fire for helping people like you navigate life's tricky terrain. I may not have a cape, but I do have a unique blend of skills, specialty training and life experience. My superpower? Empathy! I care deeply about each and every client. I meet you where you're at, whether you're facing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or something else entirely.
Ready to shift your perspective, embrace empowerment and reclaim your well-being? Hi there, I'm Sheri Boyd, a Provisional Psychologist with a fire for helping people like you navigate life's tricky terrain. I may not have a cape, but I do have a unique blend of skills, specialty training and life experience. My superpower? Empathy! I care deeply about each and every client. I meet you where you're at, whether you're facing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or something else entirely.
(587) 609-6030 View (587) 609-6030
Photo of Joy Robinson, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Joy Robinson
Psychologist, MSc, MSc , BSW, BA(Psy)
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2V
Feeling anxious, scared, and alone, Emotional struggles are difficult and often isolating. Joy will help you become unstuck by providing you a safe place to talk and opportunity to learn coping strategies in a warm environment.
Feeling anxious, scared, and alone, Emotional struggles are difficult and often isolating. Joy will help you become unstuck by providing you a safe place to talk and opportunity to learn coping strategies in a warm environment.
(587) 419-5429 View (587) 419-5429
Photo of Demi Laurin, Registered Social Worker in Calgary, AB
Demi Laurin
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3E  (Online Only)
We all need a space where we feel heard, validated and supported without judgment. The cultural messages we receive around our trauma, sexuality and gender can have a profound impact on the way we experience both ourselves and the world. As a queer therapist, I am passionate about providing a safe, inclusive and compassionate space for female-identified and LGBTQ+ clients as they embark on their journeys of self-discovery, healing and empowerment.
We all need a space where we feel heard, validated and supported without judgment. The cultural messages we receive around our trauma, sexuality and gender can have a profound impact on the way we experience both ourselves and the world. As a queer therapist, I am passionate about providing a safe, inclusive and compassionate space for female-identified and LGBTQ+ clients as they embark on their journeys of self-discovery, healing and empowerment.
(825) 462-1451 View (825) 462-1451
Photo of Lauraine F. Laudel, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Lauraine F. Laudel
Psychologist, BEd, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3E
Sometimes, challenges in life seem bigger than we can manage. You aren't alone! Whether you feeling overwhelmed, confused, stressed, sad or unclear about where to go or what to do next, there is hope. It is my goal and honour to work collaboratively with you, to co-create the changes you are seeking as quickly and cost effectively as possible. Change IS possible. The life you are wanting awaits you!
Sometimes, challenges in life seem bigger than we can manage. You aren't alone! Whether you feeling overwhelmed, confused, stressed, sad or unclear about where to go or what to do next, there is hope. It is my goal and honour to work collaboratively with you, to co-create the changes you are seeking as quickly and cost effectively as possible. Change IS possible. The life you are wanting awaits you!
(587) 741-9016 View (587) 741-9016
Photo of Danielle Switalsky, Registered Social Worker in Calgary, AB
Danielle Switalsky
Registered Social Worker, BCR, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2T
Hi, I'm Danielle! I am passionate about supporting children, youth and adults to develop skills to face a variety of life's challenges and stressors. I have a special interest in supporting children and youth with Autism, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental or learning differences, as well as their caregivers regarding parenting strategies and their own emotional wellbeing. I am also passionate about empowering women of all ages to navigate their mental health, relationships, work/school stressors and major life transitions. As an LGBTQ+ therapist, I welcome and respect individuals of all gender identities and sexual orientations.
Hi, I'm Danielle! I am passionate about supporting children, youth and adults to develop skills to face a variety of life's challenges and stressors. I have a special interest in supporting children and youth with Autism, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental or learning differences, as well as their caregivers regarding parenting strategies and their own emotional wellbeing. I am also passionate about empowering women of all ages to navigate their mental health, relationships, work/school stressors and major life transitions. As an LGBTQ+ therapist, I welcome and respect individuals of all gender identities and sexual orientations.
(587) 609-5476 View (587) 609-5476
Photo of Carrie Le, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Carrie Le
Psychologist, MC, RPsych
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2P
I am a Registered Psychologist based in downtown Calgary, Alberta. I offer individual therapy for adult clients for issues such as depression, anxiety, relationship issues, stress, burnout, grief and loss, self-esteem, and family of origin issues. My aim is to provide clients with a safe and non-judgmental experience of therapy. I approach therapy with compassion, care, and unconditional positive regard for all people. Appointments available Monday to Friday!
I am a Registered Psychologist based in downtown Calgary, Alberta. I offer individual therapy for adult clients for issues such as depression, anxiety, relationship issues, stress, burnout, grief and loss, self-esteem, and family of origin issues. My aim is to provide clients with a safe and non-judgmental experience of therapy. I approach therapy with compassion, care, and unconditional positive regard for all people. Appointments available Monday to Friday!
(587) 355-2606 View (587) 355-2606
Photo of Fiona McAllister, Counsellor in Calgary, AB
Fiona McAllister
Counsellor, MC, CCC
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2B
Not accepting new clients
I. AM. FULL. A rough childhood, a bad relationship, or a soul sucking job taught you to get your feelings of worth from people pleasing. But it didn't work. You've spent your life giving to your spouse, children, parents or job. You thought this would make you happy, but now you may feel weighed down, resentful, overwhelmed, or always on the verge of tears. Maybe you feel depressed, unworthy, or like you're drowning. You've taken care of everyone except yourself. Feelings of unworthiness or fear of being selfish may be stopping you from giving yourself the care you’ve given to everyone else. But there is hope.
I. AM. FULL. A rough childhood, a bad relationship, or a soul sucking job taught you to get your feelings of worth from people pleasing. But it didn't work. You've spent your life giving to your spouse, children, parents or job. You thought this would make you happy, but now you may feel weighed down, resentful, overwhelmed, or always on the verge of tears. Maybe you feel depressed, unworthy, or like you're drowning. You've taken care of everyone except yourself. Feelings of unworthiness or fear of being selfish may be stopping you from giving yourself the care you’ve given to everyone else. But there is hope.
(587) 405-2797 View (587) 405-2797
Photo of Kevin Jones, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Kevin Jones
Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2N
To me, therapy is about the person sitting across from me. Together, we can collaboratively explore and influence your past, present and hopes for the future. For everything, including your thoughts, behaviors and emotions. My goal is helping clients identify and work towards meaningful change. As human beings, we all possess an inherent yearning for connection, as we enter this world entirely reliant on others. Through helping clients achieve their goals, I strive to improve their connections and increase their resilience against the challenges of life.
To me, therapy is about the person sitting across from me. Together, we can collaboratively explore and influence your past, present and hopes for the future. For everything, including your thoughts, behaviors and emotions. My goal is helping clients identify and work towards meaningful change. As human beings, we all possess an inherent yearning for connection, as we enter this world entirely reliant on others. Through helping clients achieve their goals, I strive to improve their connections and increase their resilience against the challenges of life.
(587) 853-0718 View (587) 853-0718
Photo of Agnieszka Wolska, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Calgary, AB
Agnieszka Wolska
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RSW, CHT, RMFT, MSW, BSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2G
We all carry multiple stories about our selves, our lives, and our experiences. There are parts in our stories that are sometimes hidden from our awareness. It is in the calm noticing, re-discovery, and re-telling of our stories that we can find and connect with parts of ourselves that may need healing, and also parts of ourselves that are insightful, strong, and brilliant even in the midst of hardship and darkness. Through facilitating, witnessing, and holding space together, we can engage in our personal work of healing. I look forward to connecting with you.
We all carry multiple stories about our selves, our lives, and our experiences. There are parts in our stories that are sometimes hidden from our awareness. It is in the calm noticing, re-discovery, and re-telling of our stories that we can find and connect with parts of ourselves that may need healing, and also parts of ourselves that are insightful, strong, and brilliant even in the midst of hardship and darkness. Through facilitating, witnessing, and holding space together, we can engage in our personal work of healing. I look forward to connecting with you.
(587) 600-1131 View (587) 600-1131
Photo of Petra Lee, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Petra Lee
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2N
Life is a complex journey, and I’m here to help you navigate it. My approach is rooted in empathy and understanding. I believe that everyone has the capacity to heal, grow, and thrive. Whether you’re facing the challenges of anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal development, I am here to offer support, strategies, and a safe space for exploration to uncover the strength and resilience you have within. Your mental health matters, and I’m here to walk this path with you.
Life is a complex journey, and I’m here to help you navigate it. My approach is rooted in empathy and understanding. I believe that everyone has the capacity to heal, grow, and thrive. Whether you’re facing the challenges of anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal development, I am here to offer support, strategies, and a safe space for exploration to uncover the strength and resilience you have within. Your mental health matters, and I’m here to walk this path with you.
(587) 905-6197 View (587) 905-6197
Photo of Paul James Lapointe, Registered Social Worker in Calgary, AB
Paul James Lapointe
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, BEd, BGS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2J
We all move back and forth on the continuum of wellness throughout our lives. Events in our life and stressors we encounter can bring obstacles for us all. These obstacles can lead us to fall off the path of where we hope to go. Through some of these times, we may suffer from challenges like depression and anxiety, which can put up barriers that may feel insurmountable. We all require others on this journey in life. My hope for you is that I may be one of those supports in helping you get things back on track and living the life you want to lead.
We all move back and forth on the continuum of wellness throughout our lives. Events in our life and stressors we encounter can bring obstacles for us all. These obstacles can lead us to fall off the path of where we hope to go. Through some of these times, we may suffer from challenges like depression and anxiety, which can put up barriers that may feel insurmountable. We all require others on this journey in life. My hope for you is that I may be one of those supports in helping you get things back on track and living the life you want to lead.
(825) 501-0370 View (825) 501-0370
Photo of Abrielle (Abby) Heck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Calgary, AB
Abrielle (Abby) Heck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2P
Abrielle has extensive experience supporting children (5-18 years old) and their families, who are struggling with emotional regulation, anxiety, loss, trauma, transitions and enhancing parent-child connections. She draws on her knowledge and training in Emotionally Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Circle of Security, and Play and Art therapy interventions.
Abrielle has extensive experience supporting children (5-18 years old) and their families, who are struggling with emotional regulation, anxiety, loss, trauma, transitions and enhancing parent-child connections. She draws on her knowledge and training in Emotionally Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Circle of Security, and Play and Art therapy interventions.
(825) 250-3546 View (825) 250-3546
Photo of Best Choice Counselling, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Best Choice Counselling
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T3E
There is no such thing as an ideal client. Everyone has different past traumas, needs and goals. We love to empower our clients to make positive changes in their lives and are here to support them no matter what stage of readiness they may be in. If you're reaching out for help and support you have already demonstrated your readiness for change.
There is no such thing as an ideal client. Everyone has different past traumas, needs and goals. We love to empower our clients to make positive changes in their lives and are here to support them no matter what stage of readiness they may be in. If you're reaching out for help and support you have already demonstrated your readiness for change.
(825) 445-0392 View (825) 445-0392

See more therapy options for Calgary

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Calgary, AB

1,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in Calgary, AB who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Self Esteem
80% Stress
78% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Green Shield Canada
58% Alberta Blue Cross
52% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Calgary, AB see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Calgary?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.