Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Stephen Chen, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Stephen Chen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I believe every person has a unique story, and my open, compassionate approach reflects my respect and desire to help. In working together, we will create a therapy plan tailored around your coping style, relational patterns, and most importantly- your goals. No matter what you come in for (anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, identity questions, personality issues, career issues, etc.), I will meet you where you are in life, and work actively to understand your situation and collaborate on the best treatment plan.
I believe every person has a unique story, and my open, compassionate approach reflects my respect and desire to help. In working together, we will create a therapy plan tailored around your coping style, relational patterns, and most importantly- your goals. No matter what you come in for (anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, identity questions, personality issues, career issues, etc.), I will meet you where you are in life, and work actively to understand your situation and collaborate on the best treatment plan.
(415) 301-4037 View (415) 301-4037
Photo of Reed A Malcolm Psychotherapist, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Reed A Malcolm Psychotherapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am a psychotherapist with offices in SF and Oakland, where I treat both adults and couples. I take a relational and collaborative approach to psychotherapy. We are all unique, consciously and unconsciously influenced by the relationships and life-events that leave a lasting impact on how we address our current situation. Difficulties can sometimes arise when the habitual thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that once served us now have us feeling stuck, depressed, and powerless. Fear, ambivalence, compulsivity and patterned thinking can hamper our ability to address the inevitable twists and turns of daily life.
I am a psychotherapist with offices in SF and Oakland, where I treat both adults and couples. I take a relational and collaborative approach to psychotherapy. We are all unique, consciously and unconsciously influenced by the relationships and life-events that leave a lasting impact on how we address our current situation. Difficulties can sometimes arise when the habitual thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that once served us now have us feeling stuck, depressed, and powerless. Fear, ambivalence, compulsivity and patterned thinking can hamper our ability to address the inevitable twists and turns of daily life.
(415) 358-5359 View (415) 358-5359
Photo of Nicole Mayeda, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Nicole Mayeda
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94111  (Online Only)
I tend to see individuals who achieve success in school and in their careers, but retain a chronic and deep-seated feeling that something is missing. Often, these individuals have gotten by on exceptional logic with little sense that there can be more to their existence. They may be more comfortable doing as opposed to being, thinking as opposed to feeling, and helping as opposed to being helped. High standards commonly include high pressure to self-contain, which can cause immense, private suffering. I aim to provide these individuals with a fuller and more compassionate experience of themselves.
I tend to see individuals who achieve success in school and in their careers, but retain a chronic and deep-seated feeling that something is missing. Often, these individuals have gotten by on exceptional logic with little sense that there can be more to their existence. They may be more comfortable doing as opposed to being, thinking as opposed to feeling, and helping as opposed to being helped. High standards commonly include high pressure to self-contain, which can cause immense, private suffering. I aim to provide these individuals with a fuller and more compassionate experience of themselves.
(415) 521-1160 View (415) 521-1160
Photo of Cindy Herrera, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Cindy Herrera
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94108
Do you "have it all" but feel unsatisfied? We live in an era where we grew up being told we could have everything we wanted and many of us had the pressure to "succeed" for our parents/families dreams, however, we are quickly realizing that having everything does not bring us lasting joy and instead burns us out. I am here to help individuals minimize their life to invest their time and energy into what truly matters. When working with me, you’ll find that my style is exploratory and extremely action-oriented while being genuine, honest, and humorous.
Do you "have it all" but feel unsatisfied? We live in an era where we grew up being told we could have everything we wanted and many of us had the pressure to "succeed" for our parents/families dreams, however, we are quickly realizing that having everything does not bring us lasting joy and instead burns us out. I am here to help individuals minimize their life to invest their time and energy into what truly matters. When working with me, you’ll find that my style is exploratory and extremely action-oriented while being genuine, honest, and humorous.
(415) 688-6190 View (415) 688-6190
Photo of Dr. Juliana Yam, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Juliana Yam
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Couples Therapy: Stress can take a toll on our relationships. By using Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Techniques, I can help you recognize the negative cycle that you get caught up in. We’ll work together to begin to change that cycle, improve your communication, and strengthen your bond.
Couples Therapy: Stress can take a toll on our relationships. By using Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Techniques, I can help you recognize the negative cycle that you get caught up in. We’ll work together to begin to change that cycle, improve your communication, and strengthen your bond.
(408) 409-8384 View (408) 409-8384
Photo of Abigail Levinson Marks, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Abigail Levinson Marks
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
Not accepting new clients
All therapy begins with a story--your story. My job as your therapist is to help you tell your story and find the meaning in its threads and connections that will help you know yourself more deeply. Whether you have a specific problem or simply want to make some life changes, we'll carefully unravel what has led you to this place in your life, so that ultimately you can find the freedom to move forward in a different way. My style is warm, down to earth, creative, thoughtful, and authentic.
All therapy begins with a story--your story. My job as your therapist is to help you tell your story and find the meaning in its threads and connections that will help you know yourself more deeply. Whether you have a specific problem or simply want to make some life changes, we'll carefully unravel what has led you to this place in your life, so that ultimately you can find the freedom to move forward in a different way. My style is warm, down to earth, creative, thoughtful, and authentic.
(415) 991-3887 View (415) 991-3887
Photo of Dr. Sasha Avanesov, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Sasha Avanesov
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Whether you are experiencing anxiety, stress, relationship issues, coping with trauma, screaming at the world gone mad, seeking answers to spiritual or existential questions, or pursuing personal growth, I will work hard to empower you. Together, we will explore, clarify, and address issues at the root of your concerns, clearing a path towards inner peace.
Whether you are experiencing anxiety, stress, relationship issues, coping with trauma, screaming at the world gone mad, seeking answers to spiritual or existential questions, or pursuing personal growth, I will work hard to empower you. Together, we will explore, clarify, and address issues at the root of your concerns, clearing a path towards inner peace.
(510) 405-7319 View (510) 405-7319
Photo of Valerie True, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Valerie True
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Valerie True, LCSW, working with adults 18 and older, focuses on life transitions, chronic and new medical diagnoses, grief and loss, caregiver issues, aging-related issues, work-related issues, stress, depression, and the growing pains of life. My approach is client-based, through talk and exercises we will work together to find the path that helps you gain insight and develop skills to support your goals.
Valerie True, LCSW, working with adults 18 and older, focuses on life transitions, chronic and new medical diagnoses, grief and loss, caregiver issues, aging-related issues, work-related issues, stress, depression, and the growing pains of life. My approach is client-based, through talk and exercises we will work together to find the path that helps you gain insight and develop skills to support your goals.
(415) 849-4986 View (415) 849-4986
Photo of Bay Area Relationship Support, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Bay Area Relationship Support
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
I work with Asian American individuals and couples around relationship issues. Most of my clients are thriving in their careers, but they want more. They want meaningful and deep connections. They want to be seen and accepted for who they are. But as Asians living in the US, being seen and understood is often complicated by cultural misunderstandings, holding conflicting values and identities, communication differences, prejudice and racism, intergenerational trauma, and immigration issues.
I work with Asian American individuals and couples around relationship issues. Most of my clients are thriving in their careers, but they want more. They want meaningful and deep connections. They want to be seen and accepted for who they are. But as Asians living in the US, being seen and understood is often complicated by cultural misunderstandings, holding conflicting values and identities, communication differences, prejudice and racism, intergenerational trauma, and immigration issues.
(415) 969-4331 View (415) 969-4331
Photo of Don Ross, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Don Ross
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
In the therapy session, I work to create a safe place to be our true, human selves—where both our worst and best qualities will in time be revealed. I work in the here-and-now: exploring your present concerns and goals more than your past history. I know that empathy promotes healing and ask for feedback to be sure my clients feel understood. I provide resources, tools and skills clients can use between sessions. I also work to help people learn self-compassion (see www.self-compassion.org), since that ability is necessary to heal and grow.
In the therapy session, I work to create a safe place to be our true, human selves—where both our worst and best qualities will in time be revealed. I work in the here-and-now: exploring your present concerns and goals more than your past history. I know that empathy promotes healing and ask for feedback to be sure my clients feel understood. I provide resources, tools and skills clients can use between sessions. I also work to help people learn self-compassion (see www.self-compassion.org), since that ability is necessary to heal and grow.
(415) 855-3709 View (415) 855-3709
Photo of Leah Eisbart, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Leah Eisbart
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
I work with children, adolescents, and adults seeking support to improve social and emotional well-being and alleviate distress. I support children struggling at home or at school due to academic or environmental stressors, mood and behavioral challenges, attention and concentration difficulties, and those with learning differences. I also provide supportive parent consultation in which we work together towards a better understanding of your child’s experience and behavior to increase social-emotional functioning and academic success.
I work with children, adolescents, and adults seeking support to improve social and emotional well-being and alleviate distress. I support children struggling at home or at school due to academic or environmental stressors, mood and behavioral challenges, attention and concentration difficulties, and those with learning differences. I also provide supportive parent consultation in which we work together towards a better understanding of your child’s experience and behavior to increase social-emotional functioning and academic success.
(628) 203-1132 View (628) 203-1132
Photo of Emelia Applegate, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Emelia Applegate
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
People start therapy for a variety of reasons. Are you curious about therapy because you’ve heard its been helpful for others? Maybe you lack contentment in aspects of your life or relationships. You may feel like this is a particularly difficult time in your life and you need help making sense of it. Perhaps you’ve always felt like life has been hard and you don’t want to keep feeling this way. The beauty of therapy is that is it tailored just for you. We work together to make sense of how you are feeling, make changes when it feels appropriate, and allow you to have more choice in your life.
People start therapy for a variety of reasons. Are you curious about therapy because you’ve heard its been helpful for others? Maybe you lack contentment in aspects of your life or relationships. You may feel like this is a particularly difficult time in your life and you need help making sense of it. Perhaps you’ve always felt like life has been hard and you don’t want to keep feeling this way. The beauty of therapy is that is it tailored just for you. We work together to make sense of how you are feeling, make changes when it feels appropriate, and allow you to have more choice in your life.
(415) 329-6954 View (415) 329-6954
Photo of Dr. Katiah Llerena, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Katiah Llerena
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist providing scientifically-based individual psychotherapy for adults experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship difficulties, life transitions, and other painful challenges. I can help you understand and navigate life stressors that affect your emotional health and impact your behaviors. Together, we can also work on increasing your motivation and resilience to help you achieve your personal and professional goals. Although I work with all adults, I have extensive experience working with young professionals and high-performing individuals. I also specialize in dating coaching.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist providing scientifically-based individual psychotherapy for adults experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship difficulties, life transitions, and other painful challenges. I can help you understand and navigate life stressors that affect your emotional health and impact your behaviors. Together, we can also work on increasing your motivation and resilience to help you achieve your personal and professional goals. Although I work with all adults, I have extensive experience working with young professionals and high-performing individuals. I also specialize in dating coaching.
(628) 345-7310 View (628) 345-7310
Photo of Brian Wolfe, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Brian Wolfe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94124  (Online Only)
I cannot imagine an "ideal" client.(s) I do enjoy working with engaged individuals, teenagers, couples and families interested in learning more about themselves and their relationships in the world. I have been well versed in a myriad of theoretical modalities Being eclectic means being able to utilize many different ways of treatment for support with an emphasis on evidence based treatment. I do not believe my clients must be in therapy forever. I appreciate setting benchmarks in treatment with achievable outcome goals. I believe most people want to feel graceful and dignified in their lives and relationships.
I cannot imagine an "ideal" client.(s) I do enjoy working with engaged individuals, teenagers, couples and families interested in learning more about themselves and their relationships in the world. I have been well versed in a myriad of theoretical modalities Being eclectic means being able to utilize many different ways of treatment for support with an emphasis on evidence based treatment. I do not believe my clients must be in therapy forever. I appreciate setting benchmarks in treatment with achievable outcome goals. I believe most people want to feel graceful and dignified in their lives and relationships.
(510) 650-1917 View (510) 650-1917
Photo of Ana Elena Noles, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Ana Elena Noles
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Each individual or couple's suffering is unique. Despite significant success the sources of this suffering can elude and confuse you. Together, we can talk and think about your suffering and gradually you can develop the capacity for a sense of sturdiness and purpose. Thoughtfully examining your unique experiences in the presence of a warm, nonjudgmental therapist can allow you to discover new ways of relating to yourself and others and the flexibility to live your life differently. The power of talk therapy lies in getting to the heart of the matter, and the therapy relationship is a powerful venue for insight and transformation.
Each individual or couple's suffering is unique. Despite significant success the sources of this suffering can elude and confuse you. Together, we can talk and think about your suffering and gradually you can develop the capacity for a sense of sturdiness and purpose. Thoughtfully examining your unique experiences in the presence of a warm, nonjudgmental therapist can allow you to discover new ways of relating to yourself and others and the flexibility to live your life differently. The power of talk therapy lies in getting to the heart of the matter, and the therapy relationship is a powerful venue for insight and transformation.
(510) 470-7582 View (510) 470-7582
Photo of Lauren LaPointe - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lauren LaPointe - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, BA, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Have you tried talk therapy before and eventually came to a place of feeling stuck or like it wasn't helping anymore? Are you struggling with feelings of depression, anxiety and chronic pain? Are you a part of the LGBTQ+ community and looking for a therapist who is knowledgeable about the struggles faced in this community? Do you need help navigating life transitions? Do you want to explore and better understand the dynamics of your family and friends? Do you need help processing challenging experiences or trauma? Are you curious about psychedelic assisted therapy? Or maybe you just want to deepen your understanding of yourself.
Have you tried talk therapy before and eventually came to a place of feeling stuck or like it wasn't helping anymore? Are you struggling with feelings of depression, anxiety and chronic pain? Are you a part of the LGBTQ+ community and looking for a therapist who is knowledgeable about the struggles faced in this community? Do you need help navigating life transitions? Do you want to explore and better understand the dynamics of your family and friends? Do you need help processing challenging experiences or trauma? Are you curious about psychedelic assisted therapy? Or maybe you just want to deepen your understanding of yourself.
(510) 345-1832 View (510) 345-1832
Photo of Helen Chuong Brody, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Helen Chuong Brody
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I bring compassion, curiosity and extensive experience to help clients who may be stuck in repetitive patterns or struggles, or facing unexpected challenges. If you are at a loss for what to do or how to feel better, we can work together to understand what brings you to therapy, relieve distress and develop resilience to help you move forward. My style is warm, collaborative, and grounded in effective practices that calm anxiety, strengthen relationships and foster communication, connection and empathy. I create a safe and nonjudgmental space to attune and meet clients where they are every step of the way.
I bring compassion, curiosity and extensive experience to help clients who may be stuck in repetitive patterns or struggles, or facing unexpected challenges. If you are at a loss for what to do or how to feel better, we can work together to understand what brings you to therapy, relieve distress and develop resilience to help you move forward. My style is warm, collaborative, and grounded in effective practices that calm anxiety, strengthen relationships and foster communication, connection and empathy. I create a safe and nonjudgmental space to attune and meet clients where they are every step of the way.
(415) 304-8799 View (415) 304-8799
Photo of Sebastian Earl, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sebastian Earl
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
My approach is holistic(mind, body and spirit) and I work with individuals and couples primarily around self-acceptance/love, learning how to achieve intimacy and breaking free of conditioning. Helping you discover your deepest truths and find your purpose, desire and drive in life. I provide an opportunity for people to grow and heal, in a safe, supportive, non-judgmental and nurturing environment. This work helps to heal trauma/ PTSD), depression, low self-esteem, addictions and anxiety. I also welcome those who simply want the added flexibility good therapy can achieve, enabling them to live fuller, richer, happier lives.
My approach is holistic(mind, body and spirit) and I work with individuals and couples primarily around self-acceptance/love, learning how to achieve intimacy and breaking free of conditioning. Helping you discover your deepest truths and find your purpose, desire and drive in life. I provide an opportunity for people to grow and heal, in a safe, supportive, non-judgmental and nurturing environment. This work helps to heal trauma/ PTSD), depression, low self-esteem, addictions and anxiety. I also welcome those who simply want the added flexibility good therapy can achieve, enabling them to live fuller, richer, happier lives.
(415) 795-2685 View (415) 795-2685
Photo of Carol Mills, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carol Mills
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Have you been struggling with feelings of anxiety or loss or sadness? Do you have questions and concerns about relationships with a spouse or a partner or a child? Are you recovering from substance abuse? Psychotherapy can offer a path to change and personal growth. We will engage in a conversation that will be shaped by you and your own unique goals and hopes for the future. I will be your ally, supporting your self-discovery and healing, looking for what is going right in your life and encouraging experimentation toward something new.
Have you been struggling with feelings of anxiety or loss or sadness? Do you have questions and concerns about relationships with a spouse or a partner or a child? Are you recovering from substance abuse? Psychotherapy can offer a path to change and personal growth. We will engage in a conversation that will be shaped by you and your own unique goals and hopes for the future. I will be your ally, supporting your self-discovery and healing, looking for what is going right in your life and encouraging experimentation toward something new.
(415) 635-0417 View (415) 635-0417
Photo of Natasha Smolkin, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Natasha Smolkin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Dr. Natasha Smolkin is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with patients who struggle with chronic pain, stress and anxiety, addiction, interpersonal challenges, depression, self-esteem issues, and many more of life’s mental wellness obstacles. She utilizes an integrative, strength-based approach, which focuses on cultivating sense-of-efficacy around changes, obstacles, and goals.
Dr. Natasha Smolkin is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with patients who struggle with chronic pain, stress and anxiety, addiction, interpersonal challenges, depression, self-esteem issues, and many more of life’s mental wellness obstacles. She utilizes an integrative, strength-based approach, which focuses on cultivating sense-of-efficacy around changes, obstacles, and goals.
(415) 480-5482 View (415) 480-5482

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$188

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.