Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Courtney Thomas, Psychologist, PsyD
Courtney Thomas
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I am extremely familiar working with high risk, treatment resistant populations, as well as high functioning, therapeutically minded individuals who are motivated to become better at mastering life's obstacles. I believe that in therapy emotional and behavioral change begins with the relationship between the therapist and the client. My role as your therapist is not to be an expert on how you should live your life; rather I am an active participant in your personal journey of self-exploration.
I am extremely familiar working with high risk, treatment resistant populations, as well as high functioning, therapeutically minded individuals who are motivated to become better at mastering life's obstacles. I believe that in therapy emotional and behavioral change begins with the relationship between the therapist and the client. My role as your therapist is not to be an expert on how you should live your life; rather I am an active participant in your personal journey of self-exploration.
(510) 876-9319 View (510) 876-9319
Photo of Mikhaëla Beaudet-DeBus, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Mikhaëla Beaudet-DeBus
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
Welcome! I support my Clients' path to arrive at a freer, more empowered version of themselves. I am passionate about working through an intersectional and trauma-informed lens with everyone. I respect my Clients deeply and give them my genuine warmth and attentiveness. I am a good fit for people who are nervous about therapy, people working on boundaries, self love, finding their voice, embodiment, healing from trauma/complex trauma as well as folks from all parts of the LGBT+ family. I am here for gender exploration, questioning, arrival and take a non judgmental stance on all corners of consensual sex/sexuality/kink/non-monog+
Welcome! I support my Clients' path to arrive at a freer, more empowered version of themselves. I am passionate about working through an intersectional and trauma-informed lens with everyone. I respect my Clients deeply and give them my genuine warmth and attentiveness. I am a good fit for people who are nervous about therapy, people working on boundaries, self love, finding their voice, embodiment, healing from trauma/complex trauma as well as folks from all parts of the LGBT+ family. I am here for gender exploration, questioning, arrival and take a non judgmental stance on all corners of consensual sex/sexuality/kink/non-monog+
(510) 880-3764 View (510) 880-3764
Photo of Lisa Anderson - Happy Heart Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Happy Heart Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Online Only
Hello all, I am an African-American marriage and family therapist who provides services in the Bay Area & So. Cal. I specialize in somatic therapy modalities that work well with individuals or couples who have experienced any trauma whether acute or developmental. I also work with client's experiencing grief, depression, and relational issues. My clients' find me easy to talk to and non-judgmental, this coupled with my life experience, creates a safe environment for healing to happen.
Hello all, I am an African-American marriage and family therapist who provides services in the Bay Area & So. Cal. I specialize in somatic therapy modalities that work well with individuals or couples who have experienced any trauma whether acute or developmental. I also work with client's experiencing grief, depression, and relational issues. My clients' find me easy to talk to and non-judgmental, this coupled with my life experience, creates a safe environment for healing to happen.
(424) 354-2814 View (424) 354-2814
Photo of Jules Farzan, Psychologist, PhD
Jules Farzan
Psychologist, PhD
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting New Clients - Are you finding it difficult to navigate stress and anxiety? Are you coping with struggles on your own and looking for additional support? You may be encountering worry, sleeplessness, panic attacks, or general lack of direction. Perhaps your life doesn’t feel authentically consistent with your values. It may be difficult to connect with others or engage in activities you once enjoyed. You may feel stuck. Expect a warm, authentic, and mindful approach when working with me.
Accepting New Clients - Are you finding it difficult to navigate stress and anxiety? Are you coping with struggles on your own and looking for additional support? You may be encountering worry, sleeplessness, panic attacks, or general lack of direction. Perhaps your life doesn’t feel authentically consistent with your values. It may be difficult to connect with others or engage in activities you once enjoyed. You may feel stuck. Expect a warm, authentic, and mindful approach when working with me.
(510) 272-7079 View (510) 272-7079
Photo of Rafinee Butler, Marriage & Family Therapist, DHS, PCC, LMFT
Rafinee Butler
Marriage & Family Therapist, DHS, PCC, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
In working together, I will help you identify themes and patterns of feeling and thinking that create barriers to having healthy relationships and preventing you from living life to your fullest potential. I emphasize meeting you where you are at and expanding in ways that are attuned to your needs and your experiences in your social context. I aim for a therapeutic relationship that allows for an experience of respect and equal engagement that is crucial to the foundation of change and exploration.
In working together, I will help you identify themes and patterns of feeling and thinking that create barriers to having healthy relationships and preventing you from living life to your fullest potential. I emphasize meeting you where you are at and expanding in ways that are attuned to your needs and your experiences in your social context. I aim for a therapeutic relationship that allows for an experience of respect and equal engagement that is crucial to the foundation of change and exploration.
(415) 475-0966 View (415) 475-0966
Photo of Laila Villaume, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Laila Villaume
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Oakland, CA 94610
I have a strong passion for helping individuals feel empowered and strive to live their best lives by finding meaning and purpose within themselves. Let’s face it, life can be difficult, but those difficult experiences do not have to define you as a person. By creating a safe and healing space my goal is to tap into your own personal power and natural strengths to focus on what is most important to you and your wellness.
I have a strong passion for helping individuals feel empowered and strive to live their best lives by finding meaning and purpose within themselves. Let’s face it, life can be difficult, but those difficult experiences do not have to define you as a person. By creating a safe and healing space my goal is to tap into your own personal power and natural strengths to focus on what is most important to you and your wellness.
(510) 306-1974 View (510) 306-1974
Photo of Kara A Schmitt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Kara A Schmitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Online Only
I specialize in treating adult anxiety, supporting with major life transitions (including divorce/separation, career changes, and geographical moves), parenting and co-parenting, and postpartum anxiety/depression. I’m also a certified couples therapist. I draw heavily on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Somatic Therapy to support my clients. I have broad professional experience, including Behavioral Health Lead at Santa Cruz Community Health Centers, extensive work in community mental health, clinical supervision, and program lead at Kaiser Permanente.
I specialize in treating adult anxiety, supporting with major life transitions (including divorce/separation, career changes, and geographical moves), parenting and co-parenting, and postpartum anxiety/depression. I’m also a certified couples therapist. I draw heavily on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Somatic Therapy to support my clients. I have broad professional experience, including Behavioral Health Lead at Santa Cruz Community Health Centers, extensive work in community mental health, clinical supervision, and program lead at Kaiser Permanente.
(415) 991-7802 View (415) 991-7802
Photo of Frankie Phipps, Pre-Licensed Professional, APCC, MA
Frankie Phipps
Pre-Licensed Professional, APCC, MA
Online Only
Counseling, to me, is a collaborative space where clients are empowered to explore, find their own path, and work towards their goals. I’m a queer, neurodiverse counselor, and while I am especially passionate about discussing gender, sexuality, and neurodiversity with clients, I enjoy working on a variety of concerns with clients of any identity or experience. Therapy with me often includes building self-awareness, learning and practicing validation, and challenging oneself to make desired changes at a realistic pace.
Counseling, to me, is a collaborative space where clients are empowered to explore, find their own path, and work towards their goals. I’m a queer, neurodiverse counselor, and while I am especially passionate about discussing gender, sexuality, and neurodiversity with clients, I enjoy working on a variety of concerns with clients of any identity or experience. Therapy with me often includes building self-awareness, learning and practicing validation, and challenging oneself to make desired changes at a realistic pace.
Photo of Alisa Zachery - Alisa Zachery - Inner Essence Therapy & Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCATP, CAMS-II
Alisa Zachery - Inner Essence Therapy & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCATP, CAMS-II
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re capable & driven – & you’ve been holding it together for a long time, but lately the stress, anxiety, or overwhelming pressure to perform has become too heavy to manage on your own. Whether you’re an older teen navigating new pressures, or an adult professional navigating high-pressure expectations while managing the evolving demands of work, family, & personal growth, you may be experiencing symptoms of anxiety, chronic stress, burnout, or emotional dysregulation that interfere with functioning. Confidentiality, discretion, & stigma-free care, is priority for clients working in sensitive professions or highly visible roles.
You’re capable & driven – & you’ve been holding it together for a long time, but lately the stress, anxiety, or overwhelming pressure to perform has become too heavy to manage on your own. Whether you’re an older teen navigating new pressures, or an adult professional navigating high-pressure expectations while managing the evolving demands of work, family, & personal growth, you may be experiencing symptoms of anxiety, chronic stress, burnout, or emotional dysregulation that interfere with functioning. Confidentiality, discretion, & stigma-free care, is priority for clients working in sensitive professions or highly visible roles.
(402) 685-8715 View (402) 685-8715
Photo of Cynthia Medina, Psychologist, PhD
Cynthia Medina
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I am a Licensed Psychologist (Ph.D.) dedicated to supporting Latinx emerging adults and professionals. My core expertise lies in treating individuals who are navigating high-stress environments and complex identity challenges. I employ evidence-based methods to address the clinical needs of high-achievers concerning trauma, ADHD, and crisis intervention, empowering them through major life transitions and the integration of their multicultural identity.
I am a Licensed Psychologist (Ph.D.) dedicated to supporting Latinx emerging adults and professionals. My core expertise lies in treating individuals who are navigating high-stress environments and complex identity challenges. I employ evidence-based methods to address the clinical needs of high-achievers concerning trauma, ADHD, and crisis intervention, empowering them through major life transitions and the integration of their multicultural identity.
(510) 709-3318 View (510) 709-3318
Photo of Miranda Becker, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Miranda Becker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
We all carry wounds that run deeper than we’d like to admit. Sometimes these wounds continue to affect us in the present, even if we hope we’ve put the past firmly behind us. Maybe you’re struggling with people-pleasing patterns, self-judgment, or perfectionism. Perhaps it’s hard to identify how you feel or what you really need. Or maybe you just have a nagging sense that something isn’t quite right. I help clients address anxiety, codependency, trauma, and more in order to reclaim their lives and build the future they want. As a queer therapist, I also specialize in working with LGBTQIA+ individuals.
We all carry wounds that run deeper than we’d like to admit. Sometimes these wounds continue to affect us in the present, even if we hope we’ve put the past firmly behind us. Maybe you’re struggling with people-pleasing patterns, self-judgment, or perfectionism. Perhaps it’s hard to identify how you feel or what you really need. Or maybe you just have a nagging sense that something isn’t quite right. I help clients address anxiety, codependency, trauma, and more in order to reclaim their lives and build the future they want. As a queer therapist, I also specialize in working with LGBTQIA+ individuals.
(510) 439-9539 View (510) 439-9539
Photo of Melissa Cetlin, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Melissa Cetlin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
I'm Melissa Cetlin, I help individuals connect with their authentic selves, fostering inner trust and growth. My approach is rooted in psychodynamic therapy, exploring unconscious patterns that shape thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I hold a Master’s in Counseling from the Wright Institute and have experience with diverse clients in private practice and school settings. I'm certified in Ketamine-Assisted Therapy (KAT), trained in dream analysis, and offer psychedelic integration therapy. I also provide relationship counseling and am passionate about helping clients build a deeper connection with their sense of self.
I'm Melissa Cetlin, I help individuals connect with their authentic selves, fostering inner trust and growth. My approach is rooted in psychodynamic therapy, exploring unconscious patterns that shape thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I hold a Master’s in Counseling from the Wright Institute and have experience with diverse clients in private practice and school settings. I'm certified in Ketamine-Assisted Therapy (KAT), trained in dream analysis, and offer psychedelic integration therapy. I also provide relationship counseling and am passionate about helping clients build a deeper connection with their sense of self.
(510) 631-0524 View (510) 631-0524
Photo of Joan Davidson, Psychologist, PhD
Joan Davidson
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Adults struggling with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety (panic, social anxiety, worry, and generalized anxiety), life problems and transitions, stress, or BFRBs such as hair pulling and skin picking. Clients interested in better understanding their problems and using cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and evidence-based treatment strategies to address them. Ideally, clients interested in changing current patterns and learning life-long tools to maintain healthy, more adaptive ways of responding to triggers of their problems.
Adults struggling with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety (panic, social anxiety, worry, and generalized anxiety), life problems and transitions, stress, or BFRBs such as hair pulling and skin picking. Clients interested in better understanding their problems and using cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and evidence-based treatment strategies to address them. Ideally, clients interested in changing current patterns and learning life-long tools to maintain healthy, more adaptive ways of responding to triggers of their problems.
(510) 876-9104 x2 View (510) 876-9104 x2
Photo of Dr. Elizabeth Gayner, Psychologist, PsyD, PMH-C
Dr. Elizabeth Gayner
Psychologist, PsyD, PMH-C
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Supporting Women, Parents, Therapists, and Helping Professionals Through Trauma, Fertility, and Perinatal Challenges. I’m a licensed psychologist with over 25 years of clinical experience and a doctorate in Clinical Psychology, with advanced training in trauma treatment, ADHD, and reproductive mental health. I’m certified in Perinatal Mental Health (PMH-C) and Brainspotting. I help clients who are struggling with: TTC, pregnancy, postpartum transitions, fertility challenges, parenting a child with PANS/PANDAS, and stress or burnout in helping professions such as therapists or physicians.
Supporting Women, Parents, Therapists, and Helping Professionals Through Trauma, Fertility, and Perinatal Challenges. I’m a licensed psychologist with over 25 years of clinical experience and a doctorate in Clinical Psychology, with advanced training in trauma treatment, ADHD, and reproductive mental health. I’m certified in Perinatal Mental Health (PMH-C) and Brainspotting. I help clients who are struggling with: TTC, pregnancy, postpartum transitions, fertility challenges, parenting a child with PANS/PANDAS, and stress or burnout in helping professions such as therapists or physicians.
(415) 723-4161 View (415) 723-4161
Photo of Alissa Benporat, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Alissa Benporat
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in working with couples who want to heal from past experiences, improve communication, understand each other, develop a deeper bond, and balance freedom with connection. With an attachment lens, we address topics such as sex, gender, culture, health, spirituality, monogamy, polyamory, childhood trauma, and psychedelic integration. I help you reshape the way you respond to yourself and your partner around painful experiences. I believe that healing happens in relationship, and offer warmth and curiosity to help explore the truth of your experience in order to heal and embrace life's challenges.
I specialize in working with couples who want to heal from past experiences, improve communication, understand each other, develop a deeper bond, and balance freedom with connection. With an attachment lens, we address topics such as sex, gender, culture, health, spirituality, monogamy, polyamory, childhood trauma, and psychedelic integration. I help you reshape the way you respond to yourself and your partner around painful experiences. I believe that healing happens in relationship, and offer warmth and curiosity to help explore the truth of your experience in order to heal and embrace life's challenges.
(510) 330-1145 View (510) 330-1145
Photo of Emily Pavlisin, Psychologist, PsyD
Emily Pavlisin
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
Whether you are constantly showing up for everyone but yourself, working in an environment that leaves you drained, or feeling crushed by anxiety, self-doubt, or the weight of the world- you are not alone. I work with high-achievers, folks navigating the perinatal period, parents and others struggling to feel good enough, folks interested in working through complex family dynamics or breaking unhelpful patterns, and more. Together, we will build healthy coping skills, identify patterns keeping you stuck, and reconnect you with your values.
Whether you are constantly showing up for everyone but yourself, working in an environment that leaves you drained, or feeling crushed by anxiety, self-doubt, or the weight of the world- you are not alone. I work with high-achievers, folks navigating the perinatal period, parents and others struggling to feel good enough, folks interested in working through complex family dynamics or breaking unhelpful patterns, and more. Together, we will build healthy coping skills, identify patterns keeping you stuck, and reconnect you with your values.
(650) 686-2256 View (650) 686-2256
Photo of Emily Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Emily Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Starting therapy can be daunting. Perhaps you are in crisis and feeling overwhelmed. Or you have long meant to get help with an issue, but it feels hard to know where to start. I am skilled at helping people find the part of themselves that most urgently needs to be attended to.
Starting therapy can be daunting. Perhaps you are in crisis and feeling overwhelmed. Or you have long meant to get help with an issue, but it feels hard to know where to start. I am skilled at helping people find the part of themselves that most urgently needs to be attended to.
(510) 878-4537 View (510) 878-4537
Photo of Brandy Dunn - Silver Lake Psychology--Oakland location, Psychologist, PsyD
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 943-1903 View (415) 943-1903
Photo of Saun-Toy Trotter, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Saun-Toy Trotter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
The health of an individual informs and inspires the health of the community. Are you, or a loved one, experiencing anxiety, depression, chronic irritation, grief and loss, fear or stuck in a pattern that no longer serves you? I am a healer and psychotherapist with over 20 years experience serving adults, adolescents and families impacted by interpersonal, community and historical trauma. I am committed to fostering healthy communities and families by supporting individuals and couples to access healing that reveals wholeness. Regardless of the past, you can experience a sense ease and wellbeing.
The health of an individual informs and inspires the health of the community. Are you, or a loved one, experiencing anxiety, depression, chronic irritation, grief and loss, fear or stuck in a pattern that no longer serves you? I am a healer and psychotherapist with over 20 years experience serving adults, adolescents and families impacted by interpersonal, community and historical trauma. I am committed to fostering healthy communities and families by supporting individuals and couples to access healing that reveals wholeness. Regardless of the past, you can experience a sense ease and wellbeing.
(510) 661-3187 View (510) 661-3187
Photo of Amynta Hayenga, Psychologist, PsyD
Amynta Hayenga
Psychologist, PsyD
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
You may feel lost, but you are not alone. We all experience suffering as a part of the human condition, yet sometimes our symptoms of stress, despair, worry, or self-criticism stand in the way of living the life that we want. If you find yourself troubled by a particular life problem or psychological condition, or generally lacking a sense of vitality and purpose, working with a clinician can help you reconnect with yourself and your strengths. Therapy often helps us to make useful connections between our actions, our thinking, our emotional reality, and patterns in relationships that we have developed over years.
You may feel lost, but you are not alone. We all experience suffering as a part of the human condition, yet sometimes our symptoms of stress, despair, worry, or self-criticism stand in the way of living the life that we want. If you find yourself troubled by a particular life problem or psychological condition, or generally lacking a sense of vitality and purpose, working with a clinician can help you reconnect with yourself and your strengths. Therapy often helps us to make useful connections between our actions, our thinking, our emotional reality, and patterns in relationships that we have developed over years.
(510) 781-9761 View (510) 781-9761

See more therapy options for Oakland

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
67% Grief
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aetna
56% Other
53% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
20% Male
6% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.