Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Jannea Wolff, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jannea Wolff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19153  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel like you have lost yourself in motherhood and wonder who you are outside of that title? Do you want to regain a zest for life and be able to manage anxiety/depression that seems to keep you in a cycle of unfulfillment? Or, has past trauma impacted your relationship with self and/or others? I too, have been in your shoes after experiencing a traumatic birth that changed my life, and now I am committed to helping other women reclaim their lives. I specialize in working with women who want to find the joy in their lives again and manage symptoms of depression or anxiety.
Do you ever feel like you have lost yourself in motherhood and wonder who you are outside of that title? Do you want to regain a zest for life and be able to manage anxiety/depression that seems to keep you in a cycle of unfulfillment? Or, has past trauma impacted your relationship with self and/or others? I too, have been in your shoes after experiencing a traumatic birth that changed my life, and now I am committed to helping other women reclaim their lives. I specialize in working with women who want to find the joy in their lives again and manage symptoms of depression or anxiety.
(484) 573-7719 View (484) 573-7719
Photo of Ahyoung (Julie) Tae, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ahyoung (Julie) Tae
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19145
I believe that the better someone understands their experiences, the better they are able to understand themselves and the larger story of their identity. Our work together will involve being curious not only of what's being said but also what's not being said, resisted, or minimized. We may start to notice discrepancies that provoke insight. A deeper level of understanding of your experiences results in a more integrated sense of self. Changes in the way we understand ourselves and the interactions that fill our lives have a profound impact on the decisions we make and how we then live our lives.
I believe that the better someone understands their experiences, the better they are able to understand themselves and the larger story of their identity. Our work together will involve being curious not only of what's being said but also what's not being said, resisted, or minimized. We may start to notice discrepancies that provoke insight. A deeper level of understanding of your experiences results in a more integrated sense of self. Changes in the way we understand ourselves and the interactions that fill our lives have a profound impact on the decisions we make and how we then live our lives.
(267) 361-0584 View (267) 361-0584
Photo of Sarah Burnette, MS, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sarah Burnette
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19128
I'm Sarah and I specialize in working with neurodivergent toddlers, children and teens. My clients are often described as "quirky" and have interests that don't align with their peers. This makes it difficult for them to connect and make friends, even though they really want to. My clients also face challenges like communicating with their parents, tantrums/emotional outbursts, and emotional regulation. I help clients by giving them a space to talk, showing acceptance, and teaching them coping and social skills they can use to make the friendships they've always wanted.
I'm Sarah and I specialize in working with neurodivergent toddlers, children and teens. My clients are often described as "quirky" and have interests that don't align with their peers. This makes it difficult for them to connect and make friends, even though they really want to. My clients also face challenges like communicating with their parents, tantrums/emotional outbursts, and emotional regulation. I help clients by giving them a space to talk, showing acceptance, and teaching them coping and social skills they can use to make the friendships they've always wanted.
(267) 376-7251 View (267) 376-7251
Photo of Ray Hessek, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ray Hessek
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19143
FOR OVER 18 YEARS, Ray Hessek has helped many people cope with a wide variety of psychological issues and life transitions. He has training from both The Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis, Gestalt Training Institute of Philadelphia, and the EMDR International Association.
FOR OVER 18 YEARS, Ray Hessek has helped many people cope with a wide variety of psychological issues and life transitions. He has training from both The Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis, Gestalt Training Institute of Philadelphia, and the EMDR International Association.
(484) 214-2315 View (484) 214-2315
Photo of Julia Ferrence, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Ferrence
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19130
Therapy is about personal understanding, change, growth, and finding happiness within yourself. As a cognitive therapist, I help clients see the connection between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and use this inner awareness to improve their day to day lives. I work with adolescents and adults in individual, family and couples therapy to overcome emotional and relational challenges that may be keeping them from achieving their goals and living happy, fulfilled lives. I have expertise in working with clients suffering from anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, parenting issues, prenatal and post-natal challenges, family stressors, illness and losses of all kinds.
Therapy is about personal understanding, change, growth, and finding happiness within yourself. As a cognitive therapist, I help clients see the connection between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and use this inner awareness to improve their day to day lives. I work with adolescents and adults in individual, family and couples therapy to overcome emotional and relational challenges that may be keeping them from achieving their goals and living happy, fulfilled lives. I have expertise in working with clients suffering from anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, parenting issues, prenatal and post-natal challenges, family stressors, illness and losses of all kinds.
(267) 399-1092 View (267) 399-1092
Photo of Caroline Springhorn, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Caroline Springhorn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
My ideal client is seeking therapy to become the best version of themselves. They would be committed to treatment and be willing to put in the work in and outside of therapy.
My ideal client is seeking therapy to become the best version of themselves. They would be committed to treatment and be willing to put in the work in and outside of therapy.
(267) 692-2511 View (267) 692-2511
Photo of Tanya Hess, PhD, Psychologist
Tanya Hess
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
I am a licensed psychologist located in Center City and have been treating patients in the Philadelphia area since 2007. I work with individuals, couples, children and families. I have trained in psychodynamic, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies. My research and practice specialties include personality assessment, eating disorders, and working with family systems. In treatment, I focus on using my understanding of human behavior to help my patients better understand what thoughts and wishes motivate them as well as what fears or anxieties might be getting in their way.
I am a licensed psychologist located in Center City and have been treating patients in the Philadelphia area since 2007. I work with individuals, couples, children and families. I have trained in psychodynamic, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies. My research and practice specialties include personality assessment, eating disorders, and working with family systems. In treatment, I focus on using my understanding of human behavior to help my patients better understand what thoughts and wishes motivate them as well as what fears or anxieties might be getting in their way.
(215) 600-3687 View (215) 600-3687
Photo of Mark Moran, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mark Moran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19122
I specialize in working with the LGBTQ+ community using IFS and CBT to help my clients recover from trauma, substance use disorder, OCD, compulsive sexual behaviors, anxiety and depression. Nothing makes me happier than seeing a client doing the work and flourishing. I feel honored when clients invite me into their world, sharing their struggles, triumphs, hopes, fears, and the absurdities life throws at us.
I specialize in working with the LGBTQ+ community using IFS and CBT to help my clients recover from trauma, substance use disorder, OCD, compulsive sexual behaviors, anxiety and depression. Nothing makes me happier than seeing a client doing the work and flourishing. I feel honored when clients invite me into their world, sharing their struggles, triumphs, hopes, fears, and the absurdities life throws at us.
(267) 682-8115 View (267) 682-8115
Photo of Dawn Martin, LSW, MSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dawn Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
Let's face it, life isn't easy. How many times have you repressed your thoughts, feelings, and emotions? Do you even know what victory feels like? Are you isolated and alone, or in need of emotional support? Are you having difficulty adjusting to civilian life, or just life in general? Do you even know where to start?
Let's face it, life isn't easy. How many times have you repressed your thoughts, feelings, and emotions? Do you even know what victory feels like? Are you isolated and alone, or in need of emotional support? Are you having difficulty adjusting to civilian life, or just life in general? Do you even know where to start?
(478) 253-5761 View (478) 253-5761
Photo of Michael Sugar, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Sugar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach utilizes a Narrative perspective while blending Cognitive and Mindfulness models. I use these perspectives to tailor a wellness plan that fits your needs. I emphasize expression and a holistic approach.
My therapeutic approach utilizes a Narrative perspective while blending Cognitive and Mindfulness models. I use these perspectives to tailor a wellness plan that fits your needs. I emphasize expression and a holistic approach.
(215) 458-5680 View (215) 458-5680
Photo of Isaac Kitching, Pre-Licensed Professional
Isaac Kitching
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19110
Welcome! I believe everyone has the potential to be who they want to be, but sometimes, we need support to navigate life's challenges. I'm here to offer a safe, supportive space to help you move toward your goals. I'm an active and engaged therapist, using humor and metaphor in my work. As a cis queer man from the evangelical South, I understand the intersectionality of power and privilege affecting marginalized identities. My training is rooted in social justice and I recognize power dynamics can also be at play in the therapy room. I believe in equality for everyone but recognize society doesn't reflect this.
Welcome! I believe everyone has the potential to be who they want to be, but sometimes, we need support to navigate life's challenges. I'm here to offer a safe, supportive space to help you move toward your goals. I'm an active and engaged therapist, using humor and metaphor in my work. As a cis queer man from the evangelical South, I understand the intersectionality of power and privilege affecting marginalized identities. My training is rooted in social justice and I recognize power dynamics can also be at play in the therapy room. I believe in equality for everyone but recognize society doesn't reflect this.
(267) 361-0368 View (267) 361-0368
Photo of Merin Wexler, MSS, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Merin Wexler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19128
We all have untapped resilience. Adversity can be a gift. As a therapist my goal is to help you live your life with better relationships, increased agency and more joy. Change is possible at any stage of life. We are all life-long learners, and we can begin to change when we feel understood. During the pandemic, I shifted my practice to a secure online platform. I was pleasantly surprised at the intimacy of that format. But nothing can replace meeting face-to-face, and so I work now both remote and in-person. Either way, three years after the initial crisis, still I wonder: Who doesn't feel the need for more human contact?
We all have untapped resilience. Adversity can be a gift. As a therapist my goal is to help you live your life with better relationships, increased agency and more joy. Change is possible at any stage of life. We are all life-long learners, and we can begin to change when we feel understood. During the pandemic, I shifted my practice to a secure online platform. I was pleasantly surprised at the intimacy of that format. But nothing can replace meeting face-to-face, and so I work now both remote and in-person. Either way, three years after the initial crisis, still I wonder: Who doesn't feel the need for more human contact?
(646) 846-8832 View (646) 846-8832
Photo of Shanna M Williams, LCSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shanna M Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19121  (Online Only)
You are pregnant again, but the excitement isn’t there. You feel anxiety before your OB appointments and try to make sure you are prepped enough to ask all the questions you need to. More stress keeps coming up. The thought of announcing your pregnancy and each new pregnancy symptom brings anxiety. You can’t help but wonder what will happen if you lose this baby too. No one seems to understand. It hurts to hear your family and friends encouraging you to forget about your loss and move on. You are wondering if you will ever get to experience the joy of pregnancy and bringing home your baby.
You are pregnant again, but the excitement isn’t there. You feel anxiety before your OB appointments and try to make sure you are prepped enough to ask all the questions you need to. More stress keeps coming up. The thought of announcing your pregnancy and each new pregnancy symptom brings anxiety. You can’t help but wonder what will happen if you lose this baby too. No one seems to understand. It hurts to hear your family and friends encouraging you to forget about your loss and move on. You are wondering if you will ever get to experience the joy of pregnancy and bringing home your baby.
(484) 286-5507 View (484) 286-5507
Photo of Jacquelyn Farasat, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jacquelyn Farasat
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
Jacquelyn Farasat is a Licensed Professional Counselor. She holds National Counselor Certification and is also a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. She has 8 years of experience supporting the emotional, social, and personal growth and well-being of children, adolescents, and adults in both individual and group formats. Jacquelyn has a Master’s degree in Counseling and a Master’s degree in Education. She strives to develop a caring relationship with the client that is built on trust, respect, and collaboration.
Jacquelyn Farasat is a Licensed Professional Counselor. She holds National Counselor Certification and is also a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. She has 8 years of experience supporting the emotional, social, and personal growth and well-being of children, adolescents, and adults in both individual and group formats. Jacquelyn has a Master’s degree in Counseling and a Master’s degree in Education. She strives to develop a caring relationship with the client that is built on trust, respect, and collaboration.
(814) 713-3066 View (814) 713-3066
Photo of Christina Mattschei, Pre-Licensed Professional
Christina Mattschei
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
As someone who has struggled with anxiety and a highly sensitive nervous system, I know how important it is to learn as much about yourself as you can so you can understand what coping mechanisms work for you. I want to help you explore new ways to see your life and help you alleviate and heal your emotional suffering. In a safe space to share your true self, you can begin your journey toward optimal living. There is so much healing that comes from simply being able to speak your truth. Words have power, especially when said out loud.
As someone who has struggled with anxiety and a highly sensitive nervous system, I know how important it is to learn as much about yourself as you can so you can understand what coping mechanisms work for you. I want to help you explore new ways to see your life and help you alleviate and heal your emotional suffering. In a safe space to share your true self, you can begin your journey toward optimal living. There is so much healing that comes from simply being able to speak your truth. Words have power, especially when said out loud.
(267) 651-9071 View (267) 651-9071
Photo of Jodie Felder, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jodie Felder
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Jodie Felder is a Doctoral Fellow in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2023. She has a BA, Psychology from Temple University, a MS, School Psychology from Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, and will soon complete her PsyD in School Psychology from the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine as well.
Jodie Felder is a Doctoral Fellow in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2023. She has a BA, Psychology from Temple University, a MS, School Psychology from Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, and will soon complete her PsyD in School Psychology from the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine as well.
(484) 573-6588 View (484) 573-6588
Photo of Kathleen Taylor, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kathleen Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119
I offer therapy to unravel the fear of being a burden and embrace a life of simple authenticity. You could think of yourself as a chameleon. In your family, you sort of disappear into the roles people expect of you. In your relationships, you’re kind but sometimes that’s all you are—all there feels space for of you. You have clarity about yourself deep down, but you don’t feel clear on how to be yourself in a way that isn’t a burden on others or that isn’t selfish. So you stay kind. But you also stay unhappy. And you’re not sure if the people close to you notice, or if they notice, you’re not sure if they deep down really care.
I offer therapy to unravel the fear of being a burden and embrace a life of simple authenticity. You could think of yourself as a chameleon. In your family, you sort of disappear into the roles people expect of you. In your relationships, you’re kind but sometimes that’s all you are—all there feels space for of you. You have clarity about yourself deep down, but you don’t feel clear on how to be yourself in a way that isn’t a burden on others or that isn’t selfish. So you stay kind. But you also stay unhappy. And you’re not sure if the people close to you notice, or if they notice, you’re not sure if they deep down really care.
(484) 623-5418 View (484) 623-5418
Photo of Christine Gehringer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Gehringer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19130  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you are experiencing difficulty resolving the current challenges in your life, I am here to help. I am a licensed clinical social worker who has spent over a decade working with individuals of diverse backgrounds and experiences, treating issues of trauma, depression, anxiety and relationship conflict. As a social worker, I believe that seeing, hearing and serving those who are oppressed is crucial to addressing the injustices within our society. My practice with you will be respectful and non-judgmental as we all struggle at times, and it is critical to have a source of support with whom we feel safe and can be open.
If you are experiencing difficulty resolving the current challenges in your life, I am here to help. I am a licensed clinical social worker who has spent over a decade working with individuals of diverse backgrounds and experiences, treating issues of trauma, depression, anxiety and relationship conflict. As a social worker, I believe that seeing, hearing and serving those who are oppressed is crucial to addressing the injustices within our society. My practice with you will be respectful and non-judgmental as we all struggle at times, and it is critical to have a source of support with whom we feel safe and can be open.
(267) 609-8586 View (267) 609-8586
Photo of Angelo Adson, MSS, MSLP, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angelo Adson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, MSLP, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19151
I know that taking the first step toward therapy can feel scary, especially if you’re unsure of the process. But after 30+ years of helping thousands of adults, adolescents, couples, & families navigate life’s challenges, I can assure you that therapy can be a powerful tool for healing & growth. Whether you're dealing with trauma, high levels of stress, anger, or relationship struggles, I’m here to be a part of your journey. My approach is warm, empathetic & down-to-earth. Clients often tell me that they feel supported in our sessions, but they also feel gently challenged to stretch themselves, grow & become the best version of you.
I know that taking the first step toward therapy can feel scary, especially if you’re unsure of the process. But after 30+ years of helping thousands of adults, adolescents, couples, & families navigate life’s challenges, I can assure you that therapy can be a powerful tool for healing & growth. Whether you're dealing with trauma, high levels of stress, anger, or relationship struggles, I’m here to be a part of your journey. My approach is warm, empathetic & down-to-earth. Clients often tell me that they feel supported in our sessions, but they also feel gently challenged to stretch themselves, grow & become the best version of you.
(610) 890-9331 View (610) 890-9331
Photo of Martha Napolitana, MA, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Martha Napolitana
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
If you had a magic wand, how would your life be different? Would your child’s anxiety, fear, and struggles vanish? Could parenting become easy and conflict-free? When your child or adolescent struggles with behavioral, emotional, and trauma issues, it affects the whole family and makes you feel powerless and overwhelmed. Welcome to Invictus Counseling! I work with children, teens, and parents to address behaviors, emotions, and trauma and develop goals to overcome those obstacles. There’s no magic wand – but there is a way to help, to nurture, and to improve.
If you had a magic wand, how would your life be different? Would your child’s anxiety, fear, and struggles vanish? Could parenting become easy and conflict-free? When your child or adolescent struggles with behavioral, emotional, and trauma issues, it affects the whole family and makes you feel powerless and overwhelmed. Welcome to Invictus Counseling! I work with children, teens, and parents to address behaviors, emotions, and trauma and develop goals to overcome those obstacles. There’s no magic wand – but there is a way to help, to nurture, and to improve.
(610) 890-8746 View (610) 890-8746
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

52% Online Only
48% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.