Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

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Photo of Esmé Edwards, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Esmé Edwards
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027
I work with clients who are struggling with obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. If you are feeling out of control of your thoughts and actions, like you are not the main character in your life, I am here to help you become the author of your story.
I work with clients who are struggling with obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. If you are feeling out of control of your thoughts and actions, like you are not the main character in your life, I am here to help you become the author of your story.
(213) 693-4770 View (213) 693-4770
Photo of Alex Rivera, Pre-Licensed Professional in Los Angeles, CA
Alex Rivera
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90011  (Online Only)
My approach in therapy is to build a connection with you to be able to uncover a deeper sense of awareness, challenge core beliefs from childhood/adulthood, and motivate you to work towards healing. I challenge my clients to create goals that will have a meaningful and positive impact in their lives. Although therapy can sometimes be short lived, I want to be able to provide you with the tools necessary that will allow you to manage your symptoms (I.e., anxiety, depression, ADHD, a mood disorder, trauma, substance use issues, adjusting to a new chapter in your life, relationship issues), and increase a more joyful life.
My approach in therapy is to build a connection with you to be able to uncover a deeper sense of awareness, challenge core beliefs from childhood/adulthood, and motivate you to work towards healing. I challenge my clients to create goals that will have a meaningful and positive impact in their lives. Although therapy can sometimes be short lived, I want to be able to provide you with the tools necessary that will allow you to manage your symptoms (I.e., anxiety, depression, ADHD, a mood disorder, trauma, substance use issues, adjusting to a new chapter in your life, relationship issues), and increase a more joyful life.
(323) 968-5642 View (323) 968-5642
Photo of Laurence Rosenthal, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Laurence Rosenthal
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048
What keeps you up at night? Anxiety? Depression? A fucked-up relationship? Or do you simply find that the world is spinning out of order? As Marshall McLuhan said, "We don't know who discovered water, but we know it wasn't a fish." The point is: it’s hard to see the whole picture when you’re in the middle of the picture. That's where therapy helps. Therapy offers you the chance to sift through your thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a safe and compassionate space. From there, a deeper consciousness can emerge. And with that consciousness comes the opportunity to create change.
What keeps you up at night? Anxiety? Depression? A fucked-up relationship? Or do you simply find that the world is spinning out of order? As Marshall McLuhan said, "We don't know who discovered water, but we know it wasn't a fish." The point is: it’s hard to see the whole picture when you’re in the middle of the picture. That's where therapy helps. Therapy offers you the chance to sift through your thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a safe and compassionate space. From there, a deeper consciousness can emerge. And with that consciousness comes the opportunity to create change.
(424) 286-4924 View (424) 286-4924
Photo of Aurisha Smolarski, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Aurisha Smolarski
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027
You can and will thrive in your relationships, creativity and career. I help individuals, couples and co-parents navigate and heal from the complexities and messiness life brings. Couples Therapy: Develop more effective communication and conflict resolution; increase intimacy, trust, and care; learn to navigate transitions and life stressors as a team. Co-Parenting: I will help you get from conflict to cooperation and become a successful co-parenting team so your kids can thrive. Individual Therapy: Release negative patterns and fears; resolve trauma, anxiety, and old issues that are holding you back. You are not alone.
You can and will thrive in your relationships, creativity and career. I help individuals, couples and co-parents navigate and heal from the complexities and messiness life brings. Couples Therapy: Develop more effective communication and conflict resolution; increase intimacy, trust, and care; learn to navigate transitions and life stressors as a team. Co-Parenting: I will help you get from conflict to cooperation and become a successful co-parenting team so your kids can thrive. Individual Therapy: Release negative patterns and fears; resolve trauma, anxiety, and old issues that are holding you back. You are not alone.
(323) 378-3052 View (323) 378-3052
Photo of Dr. Shannon N Thomas, Psychological Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Shannon N Thomas
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90071
I offer therapy ($295: individual, $345: couples) and assessment for ADHD, learning disorders, mood & neuropsychological testing ($3,500+). I empower my clients to take the next personalized, informed steps towards lasting change. As you learn coping skills in a warm, relational setting, we'll alleviate your symptoms by identifying and challenging your maladaptive thought, emotional or behavioral patterns that no longer serve you. Together, we'll identify your strengths and apply them towards achieving your goals. My goal is to enable you to achieve a meaningful life of purpose, connection with others, and fulfillment with yourself.
I offer therapy ($295: individual, $345: couples) and assessment for ADHD, learning disorders, mood & neuropsychological testing ($3,500+). I empower my clients to take the next personalized, informed steps towards lasting change. As you learn coping skills in a warm, relational setting, we'll alleviate your symptoms by identifying and challenging your maladaptive thought, emotional or behavioral patterns that no longer serve you. Together, we'll identify your strengths and apply them towards achieving your goals. My goal is to enable you to achieve a meaningful life of purpose, connection with others, and fulfillment with yourself.
(562) 600-7489 View (562) 600-7489
Photo of Amanda King in Los Angeles, CA
Amanda King
LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027  (Online Only)
You are highly insightful and perceptive but find yourself trapped in a cycle of overthinking, self-criticism, or placing the needs of others above your own. Unable to shake the feeling that something is inherently wrong with you or that certain parts of you are unacceptable, you try to numb away this feeling, which might manifest in tendencies such as workaholism, incessantly consuming self-help content, or entering into unhealthy but addictive relationships. You're seeking healing that is in-depth and lasting.
You are highly insightful and perceptive but find yourself trapped in a cycle of overthinking, self-criticism, or placing the needs of others above your own. Unable to shake the feeling that something is inherently wrong with you or that certain parts of you are unacceptable, you try to numb away this feeling, which might manifest in tendencies such as workaholism, incessantly consuming self-help content, or entering into unhealthy but addictive relationships. You're seeking healing that is in-depth and lasting.
(323) 709-7414 View (323) 709-7414
Photo of Carrie Paulus, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Carrie Paulus
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048
At any age, there are developmental, transitional and often unexpected circumstances that challenge us in life. Be it aspects of parenting, the social or emotional challenges of being a child or teenager, or concerns about life transitions as an adult, my approach is safe and comfortable. I work from a place of patience, sincerity, humor and nonjudgement. I want the counseling experience for my clients to feel helpful, worthwhile and to be a journey to better understanding and personal growth.
At any age, there are developmental, transitional and often unexpected circumstances that challenge us in life. Be it aspects of parenting, the social or emotional challenges of being a child or teenager, or concerns about life transitions as an adult, my approach is safe and comfortable. I work from a place of patience, sincerity, humor and nonjudgement. I want the counseling experience for my clients to feel helpful, worthwhile and to be a journey to better understanding and personal growth.
(925) 267-8571 View (925) 267-8571
Photo of Emily DeVercelly, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Emily DeVercelly
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Are you tired of worrying about the what ifs? What if you don't do or eat the "right" thing? What if the thing you fear most comes true? You've done everything the "right way" yet the what ifs and rules continue to change and the goals continue to move. You're left feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, irritable, lonely, or paralyzed with dread.
Are you tired of worrying about the what ifs? What if you don't do or eat the "right" thing? What if the thing you fear most comes true? You've done everything the "right way" yet the what ifs and rules continue to change and the goals continue to move. You're left feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, irritable, lonely, or paralyzed with dread.
(424) 396-0360 View (424) 396-0360
Photo of Anna Kosoff, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Anna Kosoff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
It can be hard growing up in Los Angeles and dealing with the intense pressure of school, family and friends. It's also hard trying to be an adult, working to establish one's self and feel comfortable in saying, "This is who I am, this is who I want to be." We all come through this process with different stories, experiences and perspective. I love to work with families and individuals on this journey. I have over ten years of experience working with families during their deepest moments of pain and confusion, joy and growth. These years of work with a diverse set of people and needs helps to inform my interactions with clients.
It can be hard growing up in Los Angeles and dealing with the intense pressure of school, family and friends. It's also hard trying to be an adult, working to establish one's self and feel comfortable in saying, "This is who I am, this is who I want to be." We all come through this process with different stories, experiences and perspective. I love to work with families and individuals on this journey. I have over ten years of experience working with families during their deepest moments of pain and confusion, joy and growth. These years of work with a diverse set of people and needs helps to inform my interactions with clients.
(323) 987-4584 View (323) 987-4584
Photo of Shannae Hart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Shannae Hart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), in Southern California. I have 6 years experience in working with adults, couples, and families.
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), in Southern California. I have 6 years experience in working with adults, couples, and families.
(562) 685-8589 View (562) 685-8589
Photo of Mary Zupancic Nagashima, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Mary Zupancic Nagashima
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90034
My name is Mary Nagashima, and I am Marriage and Family Therapist, LMFT, based in Northern California, working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults and specialize in working with trauma and the anxiety and depression that often accompanies it, using mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy, BrainSpotting, and EMDR. My approach is client-centered; I work with each client differently depending on your needs. I most frequently use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness training as both modalities help me and the client build a shared understanding of their reality.
My name is Mary Nagashima, and I am Marriage and Family Therapist, LMFT, based in Northern California, working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults and specialize in working with trauma and the anxiety and depression that often accompanies it, using mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy, BrainSpotting, and EMDR. My approach is client-centered; I work with each client differently depending on your needs. I most frequently use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness training as both modalities help me and the client build a shared understanding of their reality.
(424) 699-4176 View (424) 699-4176
Photo of Garett Weinstein - Expansive Therapy, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
Garett Weinstein - Expansive Therapy
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, AMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
I believe in the transformative power of genuine connection, acknowledging the unique intersections of each person's journey and creating an affirming environment where diverse identities are celebrated. Together we will navigate the intricacies of relationships, identity, and personal growth in a holistic and affirming manner.
I believe in the transformative power of genuine connection, acknowledging the unique intersections of each person's journey and creating an affirming environment where diverse identities are celebrated. Together we will navigate the intricacies of relationships, identity, and personal growth in a holistic and affirming manner.
(805) 222-7982 View (805) 222-7982
Photo of California Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
California Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90095  (Online Only)
Accepting New Clients: You deserve to be free from the burdens of anxiety, PTSD/traumatic stress, and depression. Unfortunately, many therapists don't have the experience and training necessary to help you make the changes you need. The California Center for Anxiety Traumatic Stress was formed to fill this gap in quality, evidence-based care. Our team of elite clinicians are not only validating and supportive (the foundations of any good therapy), but are specially trained in gold-standard treatments for these difficulties.
Accepting New Clients: You deserve to be free from the burdens of anxiety, PTSD/traumatic stress, and depression. Unfortunately, many therapists don't have the experience and training necessary to help you make the changes you need. The California Center for Anxiety Traumatic Stress was formed to fill this gap in quality, evidence-based care. Our team of elite clinicians are not only validating and supportive (the foundations of any good therapy), but are specially trained in gold-standard treatments for these difficulties.
(424) 242-1091 View (424) 242-1091
Photo of Aliss C. C. Wang, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Aliss C. C. Wang
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90012
As a leader in your field, someone who seeks to support everyone and everything is your calling. Even so, stressors, anxiety, depression, burnout, imposter syndrome, and navigating challenging life transitions is no stranger to you. Perhaps deep wounds or traumas are (re)surfacing for processing. Today marks an important step towards prioritizing yourself. I will support you through the journey of your wellbeing. Allow me to hold your process and difficulties with compassion, support your balancing of life's chaos, reinstate healthy boundaries, embrace positive transformations, and reignite your aliveness.
As a leader in your field, someone who seeks to support everyone and everything is your calling. Even so, stressors, anxiety, depression, burnout, imposter syndrome, and navigating challenging life transitions is no stranger to you. Perhaps deep wounds or traumas are (re)surfacing for processing. Today marks an important step towards prioritizing yourself. I will support you through the journey of your wellbeing. Allow me to hold your process and difficulties with compassion, support your balancing of life's chaos, reinstate healthy boundaries, embrace positive transformations, and reignite your aliveness.
(415) 562-0685 View (415) 562-0685
Photo of Dr. John Drimmer, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. John Drimmer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90049
I'm told I'm warm, down to earth, and that I have a good sense of humor. I specialize in helping people to melt obstacles and to fulfill their potential. I believe therapy has to show results. I see both individuals and couples. My approach combines Positive Psychology and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), with mindfulness and a powerful mix of the best approaches known to modern psychology. I take an uplifting holistic approach.
I'm told I'm warm, down to earth, and that I have a good sense of humor. I specialize in helping people to melt obstacles and to fulfill their potential. I believe therapy has to show results. I see both individuals and couples. My approach combines Positive Psychology and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), with mindfulness and a powerful mix of the best approaches known to modern psychology. I take an uplifting holistic approach.
(424) 294-8165 View (424) 294-8165
Photo of Jacqueline Yocom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jacqueline Yocom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90004
Are you stressed? Not feeling like yourself? Struggling with relationships? Perhaps life isn't going the way you were hoping. Talking to someone can help. I help clients work through varied challenges to make meaningful changes in their lives. We will work together to build a deeper understanding of yourself and build coping tools. You do not need to struggle with your feelings alone! My goal is to help you cope with feelings, improve your relationships, and find hope in your life. I believe in this process and will provide space for you to begin the healing process of understanding and working through the challenges in your life.
Are you stressed? Not feeling like yourself? Struggling with relationships? Perhaps life isn't going the way you were hoping. Talking to someone can help. I help clients work through varied challenges to make meaningful changes in their lives. We will work together to build a deeper understanding of yourself and build coping tools. You do not need to struggle with your feelings alone! My goal is to help you cope with feelings, improve your relationships, and find hope in your life. I believe in this process and will provide space for you to begin the healing process of understanding and working through the challenges in your life.
(424) 361-0975 View (424) 361-0975
Photo of Lisa V Craig, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Lisa V Craig
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Welcome to my page! I imagine you are here because some form of pain, frustration or feeling stuck has caught your attention and you are ready to try something different. I am a licensed MFT who would like to come alongside you in this part of your journey toward change...recovery, healing, wholeness, peace. We will explore what is troubling you emotionally, relationally, spiritually, or professionally. We will sort out what you have already tried, how you understand your "problem" and discover the "invitation" to understand, practice or learn something different. Welcome to your own laboratory for personal growth and healing.
Welcome to my page! I imagine you are here because some form of pain, frustration or feeling stuck has caught your attention and you are ready to try something different. I am a licensed MFT who would like to come alongside you in this part of your journey toward change...recovery, healing, wholeness, peace. We will explore what is troubling you emotionally, relationally, spiritually, or professionally. We will sort out what you have already tried, how you understand your "problem" and discover the "invitation" to understand, practice or learn something different. Welcome to your own laboratory for personal growth and healing.
(424) 324-3439 View (424) 324-3439
Photo of Yossi Benperlas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Yossi Benperlas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90035  (Online Only)
As a therapist who has worked with individuals and families within the community for the last 20 years, it is my goal to provide you with an opportunity to create change in areas of your life where you feel stuck. Whether your struggle is in a relationship or stress related to some other circumstance, we will discuss the issues so that you can feel empowered to take action that will lead to positive changes.
As a therapist who has worked with individuals and families within the community for the last 20 years, it is my goal to provide you with an opportunity to create change in areas of your life where you feel stuck. Whether your struggle is in a relationship or stress related to some other circumstance, we will discuss the issues so that you can feel empowered to take action that will lead to positive changes.
(310) 361-4275 View (310) 361-4275
Photo of Mishanda Freeman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Mishanda Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90034  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, work and health? Are you having difficulty coping with life's many stressors. I help empower clients to build positive coping skills and help manage their life stressors. Together, we can identify what's not working and get you back to balance. I have experience working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic pain/illness, work stress, life transitions and general mental health concerns.
Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, work and health? Are you having difficulty coping with life's many stressors. I help empower clients to build positive coping skills and help manage their life stressors. Together, we can identify what's not working and get you back to balance. I have experience working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, chronic pain/illness, work stress, life transitions and general mental health concerns.
(858) 330-5810 View (858) 330-5810
Photo of Carla Garrett, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Carla Garrett
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Not accepting new clients
I consider it an honor and privilege to work with my clients and share in their quest for growth. My first goal with you is to build an authentic and trusting relationship in which your privacy and individuality are respected. Together we will identify and discuss areas of your life you want to reflect on, clarify, strengthen, and change. There may be relationship patterns that are interfering with your development and well- being. My professional style includes being interactive with my client and offering feedback.I particular enjoy and am effective working with people wanting to break addictive/compulsive patterns.
I consider it an honor and privilege to work with my clients and share in their quest for growth. My first goal with you is to build an authentic and trusting relationship in which your privacy and individuality are respected. Together we will identify and discuss areas of your life you want to reflect on, clarify, strengthen, and change. There may be relationship patterns that are interfering with your development and well- being. My professional style includes being interactive with my client and offering feedback.I particular enjoy and am effective working with people wanting to break addictive/compulsive patterns.
(424) 294-8539 View (424) 294-8539

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.