Support Groups in Los Angeles, CA

This limited-time, 6-week group is a space for artists of all disciplines to come together and share about the profound joys of creating and expressing oneself through art, and the struggles and challenges of living in a world built around capitalism and productivity that too often commodifies and devalues our sacred gifts. It will meet in-person every Friday, starting at the end of January.
Photo of David Patty, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Hosted by David Patty
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90036
This limited-time, 6-week group is a space for artists of all disciplines to come together and share about the profound joys of creating and expressing oneself through art, and the struggles and challenges of living in a world built around capitalism and productivity that too often commodifies and devalues our sacred gifts. It will meet in-person every Friday, starting at the end of January.
(323) 553-5894 View (323) 553-5894
Join our 8-week Brainspotting Group to heal from trauma and reduce symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, avoidance, nightmares, and flashbacks. Using Brainspotting, a somatic therapy that targets where trauma is stored in the brain, you’ll process deep emotional pain that talk therapy often can’t reach. Each session blends psychoeducation, group discussions, and Brainspotting exercises to help alleviate trauma symptoms and activate the brain’s natural healing abilities. Connect with others on a similar journey, share experiences, and work through challenges in a safe, supportive environment. Experience the transformative power of trauma healing and recovery.
Photo of Daishea Poole, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Daishea Poole
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90039
Join our 8-week Brainspotting Group to heal from trauma and reduce symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, avoidance, nightmares, and flashbacks. Using Brainspotting, a somatic therapy that targets where trauma is stored in the brain, you’ll process deep emotional pain that talk therapy often can’t reach. Each session blends psychoeducation, group discussions, and Brainspotting exercises to help alleviate trauma symptoms and activate the brain’s natural healing abilities. Connect with others on a similar journey, share experiences, and work through challenges in a safe, supportive environment. Experience the transformative power of trauma healing and recovery.
(818) 293-4791 View (818) 293-4791
Therapy Lab offers evidence-based services for everyday mental health concerns across the lifespan–like anxiety, burnout, insomnia, and parenting. We offer personalized CBT therapy plans and brief assessments for ADHD, autism spectrum, and aging. Therapy Lab is based in Los Angeles and offers virtual therapy in AZ, CA, MA, MD, MI, NY, TX, and WA.
Photo of Neha Uberoi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Neha Uberoi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90017
Therapy Lab offers evidence-based services for everyday mental health concerns across the lifespan–like anxiety, burnout, insomnia, and parenting. We offer personalized CBT therapy plans and brief assessments for ADHD, autism spectrum, and aging. Therapy Lab is based in Los Angeles and offers virtual therapy in AZ, CA, MA, MD, MI, NY, TX, and WA.
(929) 419-3796 View (929) 419-3796
Our practice offers a weekly DBT Skills group focused on helping individuals better manage their mood, change their behavior, and have healthier relationships. Across the 16 weeks, individuals will learn 16 different skills in four areas: Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, and Distress Tolerance. The group meets virtually and is available to individuals across California. For more information, please contact us via www.copepsychology.com
Photo of Tamar Kodish, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Tamar Kodish
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90025
Our practice offers a weekly DBT Skills group focused on helping individuals better manage their mood, change their behavior, and have healthier relationships. Across the 16 weeks, individuals will learn 16 different skills in four areas: Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, and Distress Tolerance. The group meets virtually and is available to individuals across California. For more information, please contact us via www.copepsychology.com
(310) 499-2581 View (310) 499-2581
Sufferers of social anxiety disorder often feel that they are under the scrutiny of the public eye. They become intensely nervous when having to perform or interact in public. Sufferers perceive others as critically judgmental of them, and consequently fear making mistakes, appearing foolish, and feeling embarrassed. Consequently, certain people, places, or situations are often avoided or endured with extreme anxiety. This affects over 16 million Americans, and numerous athletic/media performers. **This group will teach members a variety of effective tools to combat their fears during social/performance/sports anxiety in order to facilitate positive social interactions.
Photo of Jenny C Yip, Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Hosted by Jenny C Yip
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90025
Sufferers of social anxiety disorder often feel that they are under the scrutiny of the public eye. They become intensely nervous when having to perform or interact in public. Sufferers perceive others as critically judgmental of them, and consequently fear making mistakes, appearing foolish, and feeling embarrassed. Consequently, certain people, places, or situations are often avoided or endured with extreme anxiety. This affects over 16 million Americans, and numerous athletic/media performers. **This group will teach members a variety of effective tools to combat their fears during social/performance/sports anxiety in order to facilitate positive social interactions.
(310) 268-1888 View (310) 268-1888
This 8-week group is designed for confused and frustrated couples who’ve worked hard to understand each other, but still aren’t feeling solid in their relationship. This group is a part psychoeducational and part process group. The closed group allows for couples to connect with others, gain feedback for their relationship struggles, and gain tools for effective communication.
Photo of Jasmine McMeeking, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, REAT
Hosted by Jasmine McMeeking
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, REAT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90027
This 8-week group is designed for confused and frustrated couples who’ve worked hard to understand each other, but still aren’t feeling solid in their relationship. This group is a part psychoeducational and part process group. The closed group allows for couples to connect with others, gain feedback for their relationship struggles, and gain tools for effective communication.
(213) 885-4674 View (213) 885-4674
This 4-week Online introduction to Mindfulness consists of foundational teachings, guided instructions in everyday mindfulness, meditation, and group discussion. • Connect more deeply with your integrity, your tribe and your purpose • Learn evidence-based mindfulness practices that can reduce stress, depression anxiety, insomnia and help you work more effectively with difficult emotions Week 1: How to Befriend Yourself Using Mindfulness Week 2: Self-Compassion Week 3: Conn
Photo of Michelle Renee, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Michelle Renee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90017
This 4-week Online introduction to Mindfulness consists of foundational teachings, guided instructions in everyday mindfulness, meditation, and group discussion. • Connect more deeply with your integrity, your tribe and your purpose • Learn evidence-based mindfulness practices that can reduce stress, depression anxiety, insomnia and help you work more effectively with difficult emotions Week 1: How to Befriend Yourself Using Mindfulness Week 2: Self-Compassion Week 3: Conn
(213) 810-3275 View (213) 810-3275
An interpersonal process group differs from most group interactions in that special attention is paid to how members experience one another in the moment. Participants are encouraged to notice and share the feelings, reactions, and assumptions that arise here-and-now within the group. As these experiences are explored, relational patterns become visible. The power of a process group lies in examining habitual ways of seeing others, receiving honest feedback about how one is experienced, and experimenting with new ways of relating. Through these interactions, what is often invisible in everyday relationships becomes clearer and open to change.
Photo of Kira Mintz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Kira Mintz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90036
An interpersonal process group differs from most group interactions in that special attention is paid to how members experience one another in the moment. Participants are encouraged to notice and share the feelings, reactions, and assumptions that arise here-and-now within the group. As these experiences are explored, relational patterns become visible. The power of a process group lies in examining habitual ways of seeing others, receiving honest feedback about how one is experienced, and experimenting with new ways of relating. Through these interactions, what is often invisible in everyday relationships becomes clearer and open to change.
(213) 657-6700 View (213) 657-6700
Get support with effective tools for managing ADHD. Facilitated by a licensed therapist with years of experience supporting people with ADHD, this group will provide a space to process various aspects of being neurodiverse, including: transitions, problem solving, sensory processing, stigma, difference, self compassion. Connect with others and yourself in a nurturing environment--practical tools and reflection on the unique challenges and strengths of ADHD. Use somatic grounding to reduce the anxiety and stress associated with being neurodiverse in a neurotypical world. Facilitated by Dana Dart-McLean, LMFT *Not therapy but therapy informed skills and process group via Zoom. Zoom link provided after registration.
Photo of Dana Dart McLean, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Dana Dart McLean
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90026
Get support with effective tools for managing ADHD. Facilitated by a licensed therapist with years of experience supporting people with ADHD, this group will provide a space to process various aspects of being neurodiverse, including: transitions, problem solving, sensory processing, stigma, difference, self compassion. Connect with others and yourself in a nurturing environment--practical tools and reflection on the unique challenges and strengths of ADHD. Use somatic grounding to reduce the anxiety and stress associated with being neurodiverse in a neurotypical world. Facilitated by Dana Dart-McLean, LMFT *Not therapy but therapy informed skills and process group via Zoom. Zoom link provided after registration.
(213) 698-3526 View (213) 698-3526
Your past doesn’t define you. This 6-week trauma-processing group provides a safe space for adult survivors of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Through guided discussions, coping strategies, and inner child healing, you’ll gain tools to manage triggers, set boundaries, and build resilience. Connect with others who understand your journey and reclaim control over your life. You are stronger than you think. Reach out for a free diagnostic tool and a 20-minute consultation to see if this group is right for you. Healing is possible—you don’t have to do it alone.
Photo of Sheron Gershelis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Hosted by Sheron Gershelis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90039
Your past doesn’t define you. This 6-week trauma-processing group provides a safe space for adult survivors of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Through guided discussions, coping strategies, and inner child healing, you’ll gain tools to manage triggers, set boundaries, and build resilience. Connect with others who understand your journey and reclaim control over your life. You are stronger than you think. Reach out for a free diagnostic tool and a 20-minute consultation to see if this group is right for you. Healing is possible—you don’t have to do it alone.
(424) 484-2457 View (424) 484-2457
The Parenting Groups use the Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S.T.E.P) format, and includes the following topics: Parenting Styles, Goals of Misbehavior, Effective Discipline, Effective Communication, Self-Esteem Building for Children and Parents, Cooperation and Logical Consequences, and Personal Safety. There are eight sessions that are 2 hours each. Curriculum, video, and handouts are provided along with lively group discussions.
Photo of Faye Ingrid Mandell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Faye Ingrid Mandell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90056
The Parenting Groups use the Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S.T.E.P) format, and includes the following topics: Parenting Styles, Goals of Misbehavior, Effective Discipline, Effective Communication, Self-Esteem Building for Children and Parents, Cooperation and Logical Consequences, and Personal Safety. There are eight sessions that are 2 hours each. Curriculum, video, and handouts are provided along with lively group discussions.
(424) 570-3077 View (424) 570-3077
Wildflower's Movement is a psychoeducational support group with a collaborative approach of giving and receiving mindful peer support, self-awareness, and radical wellness.
Photo of Denise Maratos, Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, EdM
Hosted by Denise Maratos
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, EdM
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90230
Wildflower's Movement is a psychoeducational support group with a collaborative approach of giving and receiving mindful peer support, self-awareness, and radical wellness.
(323) 347-3849 View (323) 347-3849
This group is for women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, queer and/or questioning. Your identify is not a phase, nor does it have to prevent you from being loved or accepted. In this group you will examine the ways you've learned to protect yourself from stigma or discrimination. Process repressed anger, grief, or internalized shame. Learn how to build healthy, intimate friendships and relationships within and outside of the group. And explore sexuality and sexual identity in a safe and affirming environment with others who share your lived experience.
Photo of Liz Mohun - Los Angeles Emotional Wellness Group, Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT
Hosted by Los Angeles Emotional Wellness Group
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90027
This group is for women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, queer and/or questioning. Your identify is not a phase, nor does it have to prevent you from being loved or accepted. In this group you will examine the ways you've learned to protect yourself from stigma or discrimination. Process repressed anger, grief, or internalized shame. Learn how to build healthy, intimate friendships and relationships within and outside of the group. And explore sexuality and sexual identity in a safe and affirming environment with others who share your lived experience.
(818) 210-3093 View (818) 210-3093
The group is focused on understanding the interpersonal patterns, behaviors, and beliefs that get in the way of having the closeness, intimacy, and connection you are seeking in all areas of your life. The group helps you make here- and-now emotional self-disclosures by putting your thoughts and feelings within yourself AND toward others into words as you become aware of them in the moment. Through the group process we work towards resolving long standing barriers to intimacy, generating new ways of relating to oneself and others that create more nourishing relationships, and feeling most authentically yourself.
Photo of Alana Jacobs, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Alana Jacobs
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90025
The group is focused on understanding the interpersonal patterns, behaviors, and beliefs that get in the way of having the closeness, intimacy, and connection you are seeking in all areas of your life. The group helps you make here- and-now emotional self-disclosures by putting your thoughts and feelings within yourself AND toward others into words as you become aware of them in the moment. Through the group process we work towards resolving long standing barriers to intimacy, generating new ways of relating to oneself and others that create more nourishing relationships, and feeling most authentically yourself.
(424) 377-0199 View (424) 377-0199
Receive support from others who are struggling with watching parents age as you try to figure out how to manage your own work and families. This group will help you to communicate with your parents with compassion as you assist them to adjust to changes in their and your lives. Group is held over zoom.
Photo of Michele Shepherd, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Michele Shepherd
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90064
Receive support from others who are struggling with watching parents age as you try to figure out how to manage your own work and families. This group will help you to communicate with your parents with compassion as you assist them to adjust to changes in their and your lives. Group is held over zoom.
(747) 246-7815 View (747) 246-7815
This group is safe place for people with Parkinson's disease to provide resources, share experiences and teach practical coping skills. This AMAZING support group is offered WEEKLY on ZOOM. This group is led by two clinical psychologists, Dana Lieberman, PsyD and Kelsey Holiday, PhD who have personal and professional connections and a passion for working with those who have Parkinson’s Disease and the Parkinson’s Community. Groups will also include occasional expert guest speakers such as psychiatrists, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, neuropsychologists, social workers, nutritionists, and movement disorder specialists. Email us to join or learn more!
Photo of Kelsey Holiday, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Kelsey Holiday
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90049
This group is safe place for people with Parkinson's disease to provide resources, share experiences and teach practical coping skills. This AMAZING support group is offered WEEKLY on ZOOM. This group is led by two clinical psychologists, Dana Lieberman, PsyD and Kelsey Holiday, PhD who have personal and professional connections and a passion for working with those who have Parkinson’s Disease and the Parkinson’s Community. Groups will also include occasional expert guest speakers such as psychiatrists, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, neuropsychologists, social workers, nutritionists, and movement disorder specialists. Email us to join or learn more!
(424) 667-4367 View (424) 667-4367
If you are looking to reinvigorate your intimate partnership, recharge the love & attraction you once felt, renew the regard you once held for your beloved, this workshop is designed to turn your marital doldrums into marital enlightenment. Join our Workshop, “The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work - a six week experience Based on the research and methodology of Dr. John Gottman, the foremost expert in repairing troubled marriages, along with strengthening happy ones. If you’re interested please e mail MBtherapy@yahoo.com for more information.
Photo of Marcia Brandwynne, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Marcia Brandwynne
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90004
If you are looking to reinvigorate your intimate partnership, recharge the love & attraction you once felt, renew the regard you once held for your beloved, this workshop is designed to turn your marital doldrums into marital enlightenment. Join our Workshop, “The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work - a six week experience Based on the research and methodology of Dr. John Gottman, the foremost expert in repairing troubled marriages, along with strengthening happy ones. If you’re interested please e mail MBtherapy@yahoo.com for more information.
(323) 275-9532 View (323) 275-9532
As of 11/2023, this group is active. It is for individuals looking to do CBT and DBT based therapy for anxiety, depression, bipolar, borderline personality.
Photo of Bruce Bassi - TelepsychHealth, Psychiatrist, MD, NP, LCPC
Hosted by TelepsychHealth
Psychiatrist, MD, NP, LCPC
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90011
As of 11/2023, this group is active. It is for individuals looking to do CBT and DBT based therapy for anxiety, depression, bipolar, borderline personality.
(408) 539-0754 View (408) 539-0754
This group will focus on building girls' self esteem and body image through a variety of activities. The girls will explore their current views about themselves and identify more adaptive ways of coping with teen issues. They will learn to work with each other and gain support from one another while they build confidence in who they are.
Photo of Dana Zienert Kind, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Dana Zienert Kind
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90036
This group will focus on building girls' self esteem and body image through a variety of activities. The girls will explore their current views about themselves and identify more adaptive ways of coping with teen issues. They will learn to work with each other and gain support from one another while they build confidence in who they are.
(310) 431-9937 View (310) 431-9937
This group will focus on psycho-education and support for teens (ages 14-18) struggling with OCD or suspected OCD. Participants will gain skills to manage compulsions and ruminating thoughts, backed by evidence-based approaches, such as ERP (exposure and response prevention) and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy). Reach out to sign up!
Photo of Zoe Moctezuma, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Hosted by Zoe Moctezuma
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90029
This group will focus on psycho-education and support for teens (ages 14-18) struggling with OCD or suspected OCD. Participants will gain skills to manage compulsions and ruminating thoughts, backed by evidence-based approaches, such as ERP (exposure and response prevention) and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy). Reach out to sign up!
(323) 694-7546 View (323) 694-7546

See more therapy options for Los Angeles

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Los Angeles?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.