Support Groups in Los Angeles, CA

Codependency is not a clinical diagnosis or formally categorized personality disorder on its own. Generally speaking, it incorporates aspects of attachment style patterns developed in early childhood. Codependency can also overlap with other personality disorders, including dependent personality disorder. Groups will explore together what it looks like to heal from these issues & thrive. Groups run for 8 weeks and include 1 individual session at the onset.
Photo of Nicolette Mullins, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Nicolette Mullins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90042
Codependency is not a clinical diagnosis or formally categorized personality disorder on its own. Generally speaking, it incorporates aspects of attachment style patterns developed in early childhood. Codependency can also overlap with other personality disorders, including dependent personality disorder. Groups will explore together what it looks like to heal from these issues & thrive. Groups run for 8 weeks and include 1 individual session at the onset.
(323) 310-5446 View (323) 310-5446
2 hour Workshops combining gentle yoga, journaling and guided meditation while lying down on supported mats, bolsters, blocks, in local yoga studios or the office. Different locations each month. Check SC NAMETH PSYCHOTHERAPY AND YOGA NIDRA on Facebook for updates.
Photo of Stacy-Colleen Nameth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR, SEP, RYT
Hosted by Stacy-Colleen Nameth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR, SEP, RYT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90041
2 hour Workshops combining gentle yoga, journaling and guided meditation while lying down on supported mats, bolsters, blocks, in local yoga studios or the office. Different locations each month. Check SC NAMETH PSYCHOTHERAPY AND YOGA NIDRA on Facebook for updates.
(626) 654-2498 View (626) 654-2498
Starting April, 2024, this group will help gay men work on their sex, love and commitment issues through sharing and journaling. $70 per session. Dr. Sadownick founded the nation’s first LGBT Specialization at Antioch University and also Colors LGBTQ Youth Counseling Center and co-founded Highway Performance Art Space and is an award-winning journalist and author. A session or two will be required at $175 to see if it is a good fit. Dr. Sadownick has been running group for gay men for 30 years.
Photo of Dr. Douglas G. Sadownick, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Hosted by Dr. Douglas G. Sadownick
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90019
Starting April, 2024, this group will help gay men work on their sex, love and commitment issues through sharing and journaling. $70 per session. Dr. Sadownick founded the nation’s first LGBT Specialization at Antioch University and also Colors LGBTQ Youth Counseling Center and co-founded Highway Performance Art Space and is an award-winning journalist and author. A session or two will be required at $175 to see if it is a good fit. Dr. Sadownick has been running group for gay men for 30 years.
(323) 739-4971 View (323) 739-4971
Meridian Recovery is an intensive outpatient program designed for those seeking a path to recovery from addiction and dual diagnosis mental health conditions. Our program offers personalized care, evidence-based therapies, and a supportive community, ensuring comprehensive healing. At Meridian Recovery, clients benefit from expert clinicians, individualized treatment plans, and holistic approaches that address the root causes of addiction and mental health challenges. With flexible scheduling and a compassionate team, we empower individuals to reclaim their lives and achieve lasting recovery. Choose Meridian Recovery and take the first step towards a healthier, more fulfilling future.
Photo of Sandra Kushnir, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Sandra Kushnir
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90064
Meridian Recovery is an intensive outpatient program designed for those seeking a path to recovery from addiction and dual diagnosis mental health conditions. Our program offers personalized care, evidence-based therapies, and a supportive community, ensuring comprehensive healing. At Meridian Recovery, clients benefit from expert clinicians, individualized treatment plans, and holistic approaches that address the root causes of addiction and mental health challenges. With flexible scheduling and a compassionate team, we empower individuals to reclaim their lives and achieve lasting recovery. Choose Meridian Recovery and take the first step towards a healthier, more fulfilling future.
(424) 361-6088 View (424) 361-6088
This group will be an opportunity for student clinicians to deepen their self-knowledge and explore interpersonal, cultural, and group-level dynamics. Process groups emphasize the experience of the “here and now” and invite attention to what comes up for group members as they talk about their experiences with others. You'll have the chance to build your relational skills and awareness, engage in new ways of experiencing yourself and others, and enhance your clinical growth and aptitude. You’ll also be able to connect with other early professionals in a supportive space. Co-led with Dr. Michael Olivared.
Photo of Maleeha Naqvi, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Maleeha Naqvi
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90069
This group will be an opportunity for student clinicians to deepen their self-knowledge and explore interpersonal, cultural, and group-level dynamics. Process groups emphasize the experience of the “here and now” and invite attention to what comes up for group members as they talk about their experiences with others. You'll have the chance to build your relational skills and awareness, engage in new ways of experiencing yourself and others, and enhance your clinical growth and aptitude. You’ll also be able to connect with other early professionals in a supportive space. Co-led with Dr. Michael Olivared.
(323) 991-9631 View (323) 991-9631
The Parenting Groups use the Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S.T.E.P) format, and includes the following topics: Parenting Styles, Goals of Misbehavior, Effective Discipline, Effective Communication, Self-Esteem Building for Children and Parents, Cooperation and Logical Consequences, and Personal Safety. There are eight sessions that are 2 hours each. Curriculum, video, and handouts are provided along with lively group discussions.
Photo of Faye Ingrid Mandell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Faye Ingrid Mandell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90056
The Parenting Groups use the Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S.T.E.P) format, and includes the following topics: Parenting Styles, Goals of Misbehavior, Effective Discipline, Effective Communication, Self-Esteem Building for Children and Parents, Cooperation and Logical Consequences, and Personal Safety. There are eight sessions that are 2 hours each. Curriculum, video, and handouts are provided along with lively group discussions.
(424) 570-3077 View (424) 570-3077
A group for adults whose parents divorced later in life and who are navigating the emotional, relational, and identity shifts that follow. Gray divorce is on the rise — a term used to describe couples over 50 who divorce after long-term marriages. This means more adults are navigating a unique kind of grief that people don’t typically associate with divorce. This group is for adults who may be experiencing loyalty conflicts, feeling pulled into the role of emotional support, grieving the loss of the family structure they were accustomed to, or trying to make sense of new family dynamics.
Photo of Katie Okawa, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Hosted by Katie Okawa
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90039
A group for adults whose parents divorced later in life and who are navigating the emotional, relational, and identity shifts that follow. Gray divorce is on the rise — a term used to describe couples over 50 who divorce after long-term marriages. This means more adults are navigating a unique kind of grief that people don’t typically associate with divorce. This group is for adults who may be experiencing loyalty conflicts, feeling pulled into the role of emotional support, grieving the loss of the family structure they were accustomed to, or trying to make sense of new family dynamics.
(818) 650-3751 View (818) 650-3751
Welcome to Well Brain & Body – a compassionate mental health and wellness practice founded by a team of dedicated professionals who proudly align with the LGBTQ+ and minority communities. We are deeply committed to providing holistic, inclusive, and affirming care for individuals from all walks of life.
Photo of Leroy Scott, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Hosted by Leroy Scott
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90017
Welcome to Well Brain & Body – a compassionate mental health and wellness practice founded by a team of dedicated professionals who proudly align with the LGBTQ+ and minority communities. We are deeply committed to providing holistic, inclusive, and affirming care for individuals from all walks of life.
(213) 486-3886 View (213) 486-3886
NATIONAL REMOTE THERAPY GROUP Join my bi-annual group for those who weigh over 200lbs due to lifestyle changes, health or illness. If you want to improve life, motivation and physical and mental health & nutrition. Let go of emotional setbacks and use the 200 group to begin a new life. There are 2 programs. Each will participate in weekly group sessions: 1) weekly therapy group OR 2) Nutrition coaching and therapy group more one on one sessions or module benefits). Weekly group interaction, resources and pdf's to increase your goals. Jessica Dawn Russell (310) 801-6211
Photo of Jessica Dawn Russell, CHT, CCht, NBC-HWC, BAAOS P, Health
Hosted by Jessica Dawn Russell
Verified Verified
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90048
NATIONAL REMOTE THERAPY GROUP Join my bi-annual group for those who weigh over 200lbs due to lifestyle changes, health or illness. If you want to improve life, motivation and physical and mental health & nutrition. Let go of emotional setbacks and use the 200 group to begin a new life. There are 2 programs. Each will participate in weekly group sessions: 1) weekly therapy group OR 2) Nutrition coaching and therapy group more one on one sessions or module benefits). Weekly group interaction, resources and pdf's to increase your goals. Jessica Dawn Russell (310) 801-6211
(424) 364-2061 View (424) 364-2061
Our lives are lived in groups; of friends, coworkers, family, neighbors, culture, & society. Therapy in groups can embolden us for a life lived in community. This group is a space for adults of all genders to explore themselves, their relationship patterns and behaviors, and how their conscious and unconscious feelings impact themselves and the world around them. This group is open to adults age 24 and up who reside in Arizona or California, is currently in formation.
Photo of Angelynn Hermes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Hosted by Angelynn Hermes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90041
Our lives are lived in groups; of friends, coworkers, family, neighbors, culture, & society. Therapy in groups can embolden us for a life lived in community. This group is a space for adults of all genders to explore themselves, their relationship patterns and behaviors, and how their conscious and unconscious feelings impact themselves and the world around them. This group is open to adults age 24 and up who reside in Arizona or California, is currently in formation.
(323) 916-4266 View (323) 916-4266
This is a group for those who want to learn more about themselves, and their relationships with others. Members have a chance to discover how they think and why they react the way they do. Group is a safe, confidential place to learn information and help you change and feel better. We welcome women from all backgrounds, cultures & sexual orientations. Benefits of group include: developing an understanding of why you do what you do; gaining better control over your feelings/emotions; improving family/work relationships; practicing healthy communications/boundaries; and trying new behaviors & ways of thinking in a safe place.
Photo of Yeshiva Davis - K&S Therapeutic Services, Inc. , Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MBA
Hosted by K&S Therapeutic Services, Inc.
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MBA
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90045
This is a group for those who want to learn more about themselves, and their relationships with others. Members have a chance to discover how they think and why they react the way they do. Group is a safe, confidential place to learn information and help you change and feel better. We welcome women from all backgrounds, cultures & sexual orientations. Benefits of group include: developing an understanding of why you do what you do; gaining better control over your feelings/emotions; improving family/work relationships; practicing healthy communications/boundaries; and trying new behaviors & ways of thinking in a safe place.
(424) 294-8925 View (424) 294-8925
Do you feel like your emotions get really big, really fast, or sometimes shut down completely? Have you been told you’re “too much,” or felt like you had to bottle things up to keep the peace? This group offers another way. You’ll learn to make space for emotions and express yourself without blowing up, shutting down, or second-guessing yourself. We’ll focus on understanding feelings, staying grounded, riding out ineffective urges, communicating more effectively, and setting boundaries. This group is designed to help you feel more steady, more connected, and more in charge of your emotional world.
Photo of Dr. Dyan Connelly, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Dr. Dyan Connelly
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90064
Do you feel like your emotions get really big, really fast, or sometimes shut down completely? Have you been told you’re “too much,” or felt like you had to bottle things up to keep the peace? This group offers another way. You’ll learn to make space for emotions and express yourself without blowing up, shutting down, or second-guessing yourself. We’ll focus on understanding feelings, staying grounded, riding out ineffective urges, communicating more effectively, and setting boundaries. This group is designed to help you feel more steady, more connected, and more in charge of your emotional world.
(424) 587-3761 View (424) 587-3761
Healthy Wealthy Love is a therapeutic support group for women who feel stuck in cycles of self-criticism, scarcity, and loneliness. If you’ve ever felt like you “should” be further along but still struggle with low self-worth, crushing debt, and maintaining relationships, this group offers a supportive space to explore underlying patterns and create change from within. Together, we’ll process limiting beliefs, build emotional resilience, and practice new ways of relating to yourself and others.
Photo of Niki Christina Payne, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Niki Christina Payne
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90025
Healthy Wealthy Love is a therapeutic support group for women who feel stuck in cycles of self-criticism, scarcity, and loneliness. If you’ve ever felt like you “should” be further along but still struggle with low self-worth, crushing debt, and maintaining relationships, this group offers a supportive space to explore underlying patterns and create change from within. Together, we’ll process limiting beliefs, build emotional resilience, and practice new ways of relating to yourself and others.
(424) 378-5417 View (424) 378-5417
At Psychiatry Treatment Centers (PTC), we improve the mental well-being of our patients through a variety of techniques such as psychotherapy, medication management, TMS therapy, Esketamine Nasal Spray (Spravato®), telepsychiatry, and more. If you need help with your mental health, please request a consultation today.
Photo of Keerthan Somanath, Psychiatrist, MD
Hosted by Keerthan Somanath
Psychiatrist, MD
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90028
At Psychiatry Treatment Centers (PTC), we improve the mental well-being of our patients through a variety of techniques such as psychotherapy, medication management, TMS therapy, Esketamine Nasal Spray (Spravato®), telepsychiatry, and more. If you need help with your mental health, please request a consultation today.
(424) 588-5350 View (424) 588-5350
Do you have difficulty connecting with people? Do you feel like you never come off the way you intended to? Do social settings make you uncomfortable? This virtual group is a safe place to learn to connect to others. The group offers helpful homework assignments, processing of social fears, social skills training, and fosters connection within the group. If you're fed up and ready for a change, group is the perfect way to work on your social fears and insecurities. Contact me to learn more.
Photo of Jennifer Cornett, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA , AMFT
Hosted by Jennifer Cornett
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA , AMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90024
Do you have difficulty connecting with people? Do you feel like you never come off the way you intended to? Do social settings make you uncomfortable? This virtual group is a safe place to learn to connect to others. The group offers helpful homework assignments, processing of social fears, social skills training, and fosters connection within the group. If you're fed up and ready for a change, group is the perfect way to work on your social fears and insecurities. Contact me to learn more.
(424) 321-7135 View (424) 321-7135
safe and containing environment to discuss issues in a nonjudgmental way.
Photo of Erit Moradzadeh, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Hosted by Erit Moradzadeh
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90035
safe and containing environment to discuss issues in a nonjudgmental way.
(310) 912-3473 View (310) 912-3473
Pockets of Presence are 2–3 hour outdoor gatherings led by psychotherapist and nature therapy guide Marina Mendes. Through breathwork, guided meditation, forest bathing, and somatic practices, participants are invited to slow down and reconnect—with themselves, one another, and the natural world. Each gathering includes nature-based invitations, optional group sharing, and closes with sound healing, tea, and community connection. When & Where April 12 & 26: Griffith Park | May 10: Topanga Canyon (1–3pm) Exact location shared after registration. To join: marina@therapyonfig.com
Photo of Sharon Yu, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Sharon Yu
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90027
Pockets of Presence are 2–3 hour outdoor gatherings led by psychotherapist and nature therapy guide Marina Mendes. Through breathwork, guided meditation, forest bathing, and somatic practices, participants are invited to slow down and reconnect—with themselves, one another, and the natural world. Each gathering includes nature-based invitations, optional group sharing, and closes with sound healing, tea, and community connection. When & Where April 12 & 26: Griffith Park | May 10: Topanga Canyon (1–3pm) Exact location shared after registration. To join: marina@therapyonfig.com
(626) 325-0637 View (626) 325-0637
This in-person, closed therapy group aims to foster resilience for BIPOC women and gender expansive folks through the modality of written and spoken-word poetry. It is a process-oriented expressive arts group and a co-created space where community is collectively cultivated by empowering folks with the tools and platform to write and speak out their stories.
Photo of Alexandra Corral, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MA-CP
Hosted by Alexandra Corral
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MA-CP
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90042
This in-person, closed therapy group aims to foster resilience for BIPOC women and gender expansive folks through the modality of written and spoken-word poetry. It is a process-oriented expressive arts group and a co-created space where community is collectively cultivated by empowering folks with the tools and platform to write and speak out their stories.
(323) 690-1756 View (323) 690-1756
In Defense of Girlhood: A Doll Play Group for children ages 5-11 years, providing safe spaces for children to embrace and celebrate their innocence. This group addresses adultification bias.
Photo of Renee Curry, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Hosted by Renee Curry
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90043
In Defense of Girlhood: A Doll Play Group for children ages 5-11 years, providing safe spaces for children to embrace and celebrate their innocence. This group addresses adultification bias.
(747) 220-0439 View (747) 220-0439
These DBT skills are practical tools that make everyday life more manageable and meaningful. Emotion regulation helps you calm intense feelings so you can respond instead of react; distress-tolerance gives strategies to survive crisis moments without making things worse; mindfulness increases moment-to-moment awareness and reduces overwhelm; and interpersonal effectiveness strengthens boundaries, communication, and connection. In group you’ll learn, practice, and get feedback in a supportive environment, so skills generalize to work, relationships, and daily stresses—leading to greater stability, clearer choices, and a more satisfying life.
Photo of Paradise Saghafi, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Paradise Saghafi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Los Angeles, CA 90017
These DBT skills are practical tools that make everyday life more manageable and meaningful. Emotion regulation helps you calm intense feelings so you can respond instead of react; distress-tolerance gives strategies to survive crisis moments without making things worse; mindfulness increases moment-to-moment awareness and reduces overwhelm; and interpersonal effectiveness strengthens boundaries, communication, and connection. In group you’ll learn, practice, and get feedback in a supportive environment, so skills generalize to work, relationships, and daily stresses—leading to greater stability, clearer choices, and a more satisfying life.
(213) 722-4049 View (213) 722-4049

See more therapy options for Los Angeles

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Los Angeles?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.