Therapists in San Francisco, CA

View neighborhoods in San Francisco
Photo of Wing Shall Lem, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Wing Shall Lem
Pre-Licensed Professional, D Min, M Div, Trainee
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94127
Rev. Wing Lem has counseled couples and individuals for 30 years as an ordained pastor. Wing is currently attending Western Seminary for his Masters Degree in Marriage and Family Counseling and is a MFT Trainee. Wing is excited to help men and women who are "stuck" in their relationships whether you are single, married, part of a growing family or single again. Wing can help you feel less anxious and gain mastery in art of communication, which is vital to having successful relationships. He enjoys working with individuals and couples like you who desire to enrich, strengthen, and increase joy in your lives.
Rev. Wing Lem has counseled couples and individuals for 30 years as an ordained pastor. Wing is currently attending Western Seminary for his Masters Degree in Marriage and Family Counseling and is a MFT Trainee. Wing is excited to help men and women who are "stuck" in their relationships whether you are single, married, part of a growing family or single again. Wing can help you feel less anxious and gain mastery in art of communication, which is vital to having successful relationships. He enjoys working with individuals and couples like you who desire to enrich, strengthen, and increase joy in your lives.
(415) 841-2629 x233 View (415) 841-2629 x233
Photo of Brooke Bendix, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Brooke Bendix
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Growing up in today’s world isn’t easy! As a parent you want to ensure your 'GenZ'er has the emotional support they need to thrive in life. Imagine your child or teen with an improved sense of self-awareness and confidence in themselves. I provide a safe space to explore and manage their emotions and thoughts so they can develop a better sense of self. Our mission at Therapyology is to empower the next generation to lead a more valued life! It takes a village, am I right? I practice with a team approach working together with parents/doctors/teachers/school counselors to ensure each individual and family receives the best care.
Growing up in today’s world isn’t easy! As a parent you want to ensure your 'GenZ'er has the emotional support they need to thrive in life. Imagine your child or teen with an improved sense of self-awareness and confidence in themselves. I provide a safe space to explore and manage their emotions and thoughts so they can develop a better sense of self. Our mission at Therapyology is to empower the next generation to lead a more valued life! It takes a village, am I right? I practice with a team approach working together with parents/doctors/teachers/school counselors to ensure each individual and family receives the best care.
(248) 733-4899 x2 View (248) 733-4899 x2
Photo of Margo Levi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Margo Levi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
You deserve to be heard. My specialties include connecting with strong willed teens, healing family conflicts and helping adults translate pain and difficulty into opportunities for transformation. I have a particular interest in the enhanced opportunity for change and growth that come from big developmental transitions such as adolescence, becoming an adult and becoming a parent. My style is warm, active and solution oriented.
You deserve to be heard. My specialties include connecting with strong willed teens, healing family conflicts and helping adults translate pain and difficulty into opportunities for transformation. I have a particular interest in the enhanced opportunity for change and growth that come from big developmental transitions such as adolescence, becoming an adult and becoming a parent. My style is warm, active and solution oriented.
(415) 423-1030 View (415) 423-1030
Photo of Lynn E O'Connor, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lynn E O'Connor
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
My practice, Prosocial Consulting, Counseling, & Psychotherapy, specializes in helping other mental health providers and coaches, offering clinical and research consultation, along with psychotherapy. My approach is relational, integrative, and case-specific. My research and clinical work have been focused on empathy, compassion, guilt, pathological altruism, and psychological problems. Using skills and experience derived from 25 years teaching doctoral students how to conduct research and write, along with training in Allen's Getting Things Done (GTD) and Forte's Building a Second Brain have led to a specialty in productivity.
My practice, Prosocial Consulting, Counseling, & Psychotherapy, specializes in helping other mental health providers and coaches, offering clinical and research consultation, along with psychotherapy. My approach is relational, integrative, and case-specific. My research and clinical work have been focused on empathy, compassion, guilt, pathological altruism, and psychological problems. Using skills and experience derived from 25 years teaching doctoral students how to conduct research and write, along with training in Allen's Getting Things Done (GTD) and Forte's Building a Second Brain have led to a specialty in productivity.
(415) 236-2981 View (415) 236-2981
Photo of Tamara Lipton, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Tamara Lipton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Are you interested in having a consistent place to explore and better understand yourself and your relationships? Are there issues that date back to early life that seem to surface in your current relationships or in how you see yourself? Do you find it difficult to feel comfortable in social situations, or avoid them because they leave you feeling anxious? Or perhaps you are a couple with many strengths, yet find differences in history, approaches to life, coping or communication styles that result in recurring disconnections or communication roadblocks. I would like to help.
Are you interested in having a consistent place to explore and better understand yourself and your relationships? Are there issues that date back to early life that seem to surface in your current relationships or in how you see yourself? Do you find it difficult to feel comfortable in social situations, or avoid them because they leave you feeling anxious? Or perhaps you are a couple with many strengths, yet find differences in history, approaches to life, coping or communication styles that result in recurring disconnections or communication roadblocks. I would like to help.
(415) 895-9215 View (415) 895-9215
Photo of Ashley Hansen, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ashley Hansen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I work with people of all ages and diverse backgrounds facing various kinds of transitions. Each new phase of life may bring changes that cause us to adapt and grow in somewhat unpredictable ways. Sometimes hurts from our past arise and get in our way. Whatever you're facing, my goal is to work with you to find unique strengths and creative solutions that allow you to thrive in the midst of change. I provide therapy virtually, so I can see anyone in California via telehealth. And I also see clients in person in Pacifica and San Francisco.
I work with people of all ages and diverse backgrounds facing various kinds of transitions. Each new phase of life may bring changes that cause us to adapt and grow in somewhat unpredictable ways. Sometimes hurts from our past arise and get in our way. Whatever you're facing, my goal is to work with you to find unique strengths and creative solutions that allow you to thrive in the midst of change. I provide therapy virtually, so I can see anyone in California via telehealth. And I also see clients in person in Pacifica and San Francisco.
(650) 242-5479 View (650) 242-5479
Photo of Pamela San Cristobal, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pamela San Cristobal
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
I work with teens, adults, and couples as they navigate different mental health and relational issues. I also provide parenting support to help parents understand their children's behaviors and emotions, particularly for parents and children who have been through early experiences of trauma. I am also interested in supporting first and second generation Americans navigate different psychological and cultural conflicts, particularly as they move through high school and college.
I work with teens, adults, and couples as they navigate different mental health and relational issues. I also provide parenting support to help parents understand their children's behaviors and emotions, particularly for parents and children who have been through early experiences of trauma. I am also interested in supporting first and second generation Americans navigate different psychological and cultural conflicts, particularly as they move through high school and college.
(415) 858-6739 View (415) 858-6739
Photo of Shelby Chantilly Alkire, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shelby Chantilly Alkire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
You've been on this personal development hamster wheel for YEARS. You've read all self-help books and follow all the psuedo-therapy social media accounts... but it's not helping. You've been feeling overwhelmed, burnt out, and ashamed. You desire to have a "healthy" relationship where your needs and desires are put first... yet you notice that you're repeating the same relationship patterns again and again. You question yourself and your judgment frequently and you want to learn to trust yourself more than the opinions of others.
You've been on this personal development hamster wheel for YEARS. You've read all self-help books and follow all the psuedo-therapy social media accounts... but it's not helping. You've been feeling overwhelmed, burnt out, and ashamed. You desire to have a "healthy" relationship where your needs and desires are put first... yet you notice that you're repeating the same relationship patterns again and again. You question yourself and your judgment frequently and you want to learn to trust yourself more than the opinions of others.
(310) 388-9321 View (310) 388-9321
Photo of Susannah Ruth Feder, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Susannah Ruth Feder
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I am most experienced in working with people with pain, illness, addictions, anxiety and depression. I use interpersonal and cognitive approaches to these issues, and believe that the client is best able to assist in selecting the types of approaches best suited to them.
I am most experienced in working with people with pain, illness, addictions, anxiety and depression. I use interpersonal and cognitive approaches to these issues, and believe that the client is best able to assist in selecting the types of approaches best suited to them.
(925) 448-9343 View (925) 448-9343
Photo of Pilar Dellano, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pilar Dellano
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94103
It may seem a world away and yet here you are; On the brink of a new day, in which courageous, interdependent, and radical connection to the life you’ve always wanted, is only an email away.
It may seem a world away and yet here you are; On the brink of a new day, in which courageous, interdependent, and radical connection to the life you’ve always wanted, is only an email away.
(415) 792-1796 View (415) 792-1796
Photo of Yasmin K Decuire, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Yasmin K Decuire
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
It takes courage to admit that you can no longer face life's challenges alone. It is also the most important step towards change. My style is warm, interactive and intuitive. I integrate various therapeutic methodologies, which enables me to creatively meet your distinctive, personal needs. In addition to talk therapy I offer Expressive Arts and Guided Imagery to help us connect with and process negative, painful, and fearful emotions.
It takes courage to admit that you can no longer face life's challenges alone. It is also the most important step towards change. My style is warm, interactive and intuitive. I integrate various therapeutic methodologies, which enables me to creatively meet your distinctive, personal needs. In addition to talk therapy I offer Expressive Arts and Guided Imagery to help us connect with and process negative, painful, and fearful emotions.
(415) 423-3935 View (415) 423-3935
Photo of Sarah Stroe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sarah Stroe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
I’m so glad to meet you. Many clients come to see me because they are experiencing loss, serious or chronic illness, or struggling with grief. Others have a sense that something is not right. I have specific experience and training in geriatric social work and nearly a decade of experience helping individuals and their families navigate psychosocial challenges of grief, loss and serious illness. I can also help with conceptualizing end of life wishes and legacy work.
I’m so glad to meet you. Many clients come to see me because they are experiencing loss, serious or chronic illness, or struggling with grief. Others have a sense that something is not right. I have specific experience and training in geriatric social work and nearly a decade of experience helping individuals and their families navigate psychosocial challenges of grief, loss and serious illness. I can also help with conceptualizing end of life wishes and legacy work.
(628) 277-5785 View (628) 277-5785
Photo of Rhea St. Julien, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Rhea St. Julien
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
My speciality is working with women and non-binary people who have experienced trauma. I use a range of modalities, including EMDR, Expressive Arts Therapy, and Trauma-Informed Talk Therapy, to help my patients see real change. My approach is engaged, relational, and embodied.
My speciality is working with women and non-binary people who have experienced trauma. I use a range of modalities, including EMDR, Expressive Arts Therapy, and Trauma-Informed Talk Therapy, to help my patients see real change. My approach is engaged, relational, and embodied.
(415) 858-6773 View (415) 858-6773
Photo of Sophia Lu, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sophia Lu
Marriage & Family Therapist, LFMT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122  (Online Only)
Feeling stressed, anxious, or conflicted? Struggling with relationships (romantic, familial, friends, work), life transitions, or work-life balance? Looking to improve communication and set better boundaries? Effective therapy starts with comfort, builds with trust & collaboration, and ends with a happier sense of self. I have an affinity for helping working professionals and those in educational settings as I've spent my most recent years working in the counseling center at Stanford University. I have a relaxed and conversational style that helps put people at ease when they are feeling vulnerable.
Feeling stressed, anxious, or conflicted? Struggling with relationships (romantic, familial, friends, work), life transitions, or work-life balance? Looking to improve communication and set better boundaries? Effective therapy starts with comfort, builds with trust & collaboration, and ends with a happier sense of self. I have an affinity for helping working professionals and those in educational settings as I've spent my most recent years working in the counseling center at Stanford University. I have a relaxed and conversational style that helps put people at ease when they are feeling vulnerable.
(650) 200-2757 View (650) 200-2757
Photo of Rebekah B. Tinker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Rebekah B. Tinker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117
I believe the therapeutic relationship is built from trust and sincerity. My hope is to hold space for a genuine connection that fosters dynamic self reflection. Looking deeper into the layers of experience that inform our internal gaze and external lens, and what we intrinsically value and believe. Whether you are looking to unravel patterns of codependency, improve communication with your partner(s), or navigate through body shame and disordered eating, I see opportunity for clarity and resolve.
I believe the therapeutic relationship is built from trust and sincerity. My hope is to hold space for a genuine connection that fosters dynamic self reflection. Looking deeper into the layers of experience that inform our internal gaze and external lens, and what we intrinsically value and believe. Whether you are looking to unravel patterns of codependency, improve communication with your partner(s), or navigate through body shame and disordered eating, I see opportunity for clarity and resolve.
(415) 534-4113 View (415) 534-4113
Photo of Laura M Jasen, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Laura M Jasen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
Life's hurdles can challenge even the strongest of us. With therapeutic support and compassionate guidance, we can overcome your struggles to help you improve your mental health, regain control and start your healing so you can live the life you've always envisioned. With the proper help, you can improve your anxiety, strengthen your relationships, push yourself to take on new challenges, and find the right tools to help you manage the difficulties you face and find your well-being. Areas of specialty include: Life Transitions, Anxiety, Feelings of Unease, Healing Trauma, Relationship Issues, Grief and Loss.
Life's hurdles can challenge even the strongest of us. With therapeutic support and compassionate guidance, we can overcome your struggles to help you improve your mental health, regain control and start your healing so you can live the life you've always envisioned. With the proper help, you can improve your anxiety, strengthen your relationships, push yourself to take on new challenges, and find the right tools to help you manage the difficulties you face and find your well-being. Areas of specialty include: Life Transitions, Anxiety, Feelings of Unease, Healing Trauma, Relationship Issues, Grief and Loss.
(415) 226-4854 View (415) 226-4854
Photo of Jaime M Bardacke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jaime M Bardacke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I work with individuals, children, and families from a psychodynamic perspective to explore the ways conscious and unconscious processes affect current patterns, emotions, and behavior. The goal of this type of therapy is to increase awareness, relieve tension, and open avenues for change. I also practice Somatic Experiencing, a body-orientated method designed to support people in processing traumatic experiences and connect with their own capacity for healing. I incorporate principles of Mindfulness into my practice. I work with compassion, respect, and a deep belief in our ability to develop increased ease and clarity in our lives.
I work with individuals, children, and families from a psychodynamic perspective to explore the ways conscious and unconscious processes affect current patterns, emotions, and behavior. The goal of this type of therapy is to increase awareness, relieve tension, and open avenues for change. I also practice Somatic Experiencing, a body-orientated method designed to support people in processing traumatic experiences and connect with their own capacity for healing. I incorporate principles of Mindfulness into my practice. I work with compassion, respect, and a deep belief in our ability to develop increased ease and clarity in our lives.
(415) 612-5926 View (415) 612-5926
Photo of Sandra Stevenson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sandra Stevenson, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
As a solution-oriented depth therapist, I intend to promote your capacity to reveal your true potential and embrace your life as worthy of celebrating. While we cannot alter problematic or painful events from the past, we can work together to restructure their impact on the present. Through the use of complementary therapy approaches, we will adjust adverse perceptions and behavior patterns that may be binding you from fully living your life. If you are seeking professional direction through rough circumstances or traumatic crises, and if you aim to enhance your emotional well-being, I look forward to working with you to accomplish your objectives.
As a solution-oriented depth therapist, I intend to promote your capacity to reveal your true potential and embrace your life as worthy of celebrating. While we cannot alter problematic or painful events from the past, we can work together to restructure their impact on the present. Through the use of complementary therapy approaches, we will adjust adverse perceptions and behavior patterns that may be binding you from fully living your life. If you are seeking professional direction through rough circumstances or traumatic crises, and if you aim to enhance your emotional well-being, I look forward to working with you to accomplish your objectives.
(415) 735-4744 View (415) 735-4744
Photo of Curiosity Meets Compassion - Ketamine And Counseling With Chris Restivo, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Curiosity Meets Compassion - Ketamine And Counseling With Chris Restivo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
As we embark on this journey together, I aspire to provide you with my full attention and engagement, allowing you to experience the benefits of gentle, generous focus. With nearly a decade of experience working with non-ordinary states of consciousness (e.g. psychotic, manic, dissociative, ecstatic, etc.), I'm confident that I can help you manage most anything you're experiencing. You will find our time together has depth due to my background in Jungian theory; yet the somatic (embodied) and trauma-informed approach underlying everything we focus your curious attention on will remain rooted in your felt-sense of the present moment.
As we embark on this journey together, I aspire to provide you with my full attention and engagement, allowing you to experience the benefits of gentle, generous focus. With nearly a decade of experience working with non-ordinary states of consciousness (e.g. psychotic, manic, dissociative, ecstatic, etc.), I'm confident that I can help you manage most anything you're experiencing. You will find our time together has depth due to my background in Jungian theory; yet the somatic (embodied) and trauma-informed approach underlying everything we focus your curious attention on will remain rooted in your felt-sense of the present moment.
(415) 800-4621 View (415) 800-4621
Photo of Kim Strong @ The Connective, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kim Strong @ The Connective
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Hi, I’m Kim, and I am honored to be a catalyst to healing and change in your life. Everyone’s story is unique and challenging in it’s own way. I believe life is a journey of learning how to be your best self, and this is not always easy. You must be brave. Sometimes we need support in learning how to learn about ourselves. I believe therapy can be an effective tool for gaining insight into who you are now, who you want to become, and how to get there.
Hi, I’m Kim, and I am honored to be a catalyst to healing and change in your life. Everyone’s story is unique and challenging in it’s own way. I believe life is a journey of learning how to be your best self, and this is not always easy. You must be brave. Sometimes we need support in learning how to learn about ourselves. I believe therapy can be an effective tool for gaining insight into who you are now, who you want to become, and how to get there.
(415) 914-1191 View (415) 914-1191

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.