Therapists in Bloomington, MN

Photo of Heidi Edgett, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Heidi Edgett
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Bloomington, MN 55431
I enjoy working with a variety of presenting issues including but not limited to: depression and mood disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD and C-PTSD, grief, emotion regulation difficulties, sleep difficulties, self-harm and suicidal ideation, work and relationship stress, improving communication in important relationships and navigating life stress. I enjoy including family members in therapy sessions when desired or appropriate. I incorporate DBT, CBT, Mindfulness and strengths-based, solution-focused perspectives into my practice. I am not currently working with couples or children under 13.
I enjoy working with a variety of presenting issues including but not limited to: depression and mood disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD and C-PTSD, grief, emotion regulation difficulties, sleep difficulties, self-harm and suicidal ideation, work and relationship stress, improving communication in important relationships and navigating life stress. I enjoy including family members in therapy sessions when desired or appropriate. I incorporate DBT, CBT, Mindfulness and strengths-based, solution-focused perspectives into my practice. I am not currently working with couples or children under 13.
(612) 445-3682 x723 View (612) 445-3682 x723
Photo of Shakea Roper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Shakea Roper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Welcome — this is a space where you can be honest, seen, and understood. I’m Shakea “Kea” Roper, LCSW, and I bring 15 years of clinical and life experience to our therapeutic partnership. If you’ve ever felt stuck, overwhelmed, or burdened by cycles that just won’t shift — I see you. I specialize in helping people manage anxiety, depression, racing or intrusive thoughts, life transitions, and relational struggles. My style is active, grounded, and rooted in both compassion and challenge. Many clients say: “Kea listens like no one else — and she’s not afraid to stretch me when I need it.”
Welcome — this is a space where you can be honest, seen, and understood. I’m Shakea “Kea” Roper, LCSW, and I bring 15 years of clinical and life experience to our therapeutic partnership. If you’ve ever felt stuck, overwhelmed, or burdened by cycles that just won’t shift — I see you. I specialize in helping people manage anxiety, depression, racing or intrusive thoughts, life transitions, and relational struggles. My style is active, grounded, and rooted in both compassion and challenge. Many clients say: “Kea listens like no one else — and she’s not afraid to stretch me when I need it.”
(952) 242-0783 View (952) 242-0783
Photo of Phillip Tarmann, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Phillip Tarmann
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55420
When you’re trying to juggle work, relationships, and everything else, it’s easy to end up feeling burned out, disconnected, or stuck. I take a calm, down-to-earth approach to therapy, with a dose of humor and zero judgment. I’m not here to “fix” you, I’m here to listen and help you make sense of what’s going on by finding practical ways to get back to feeling like yourself again.
When you’re trying to juggle work, relationships, and everything else, it’s easy to end up feeling burned out, disconnected, or stuck. I take a calm, down-to-earth approach to therapy, with a dose of humor and zero judgment. I’m not here to “fix” you, I’m here to listen and help you make sense of what’s going on by finding practical ways to get back to feeling like yourself again.
(507) 877-8273 View (507) 877-8273
Photo of Mikaela K. Ward, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mikaela K. Ward
Pre-Licensed Professional
Bloomington, MN 55420
Not accepting new clients
Navigating life with feelings of anxiety, despair, or negative self beliefs can feel overwhelming and isolating. Deciding to start therapy can be a courageous (and sometimes scary) step towards meaningful self understanding and change. Many of my clients struggle with relational challenges, the weight of social comparison, trauma, and/or the weight of making major life decisions - which can leave them feeling emotionally drained or disconnected. I specialize in supporting individuals through these experiences, helping them to navigate difficult relationship dynamics, emotional pain, and the inner critic that never seems to let up
Navigating life with feelings of anxiety, despair, or negative self beliefs can feel overwhelming and isolating. Deciding to start therapy can be a courageous (and sometimes scary) step towards meaningful self understanding and change. Many of my clients struggle with relational challenges, the weight of social comparison, trauma, and/or the weight of making major life decisions - which can leave them feeling emotionally drained or disconnected. I specialize in supporting individuals through these experiences, helping them to navigate difficult relationship dynamics, emotional pain, and the inner critic that never seems to let up
(763) 496-4996 View (763) 496-4996
Photo of Stacey L. Stillmunkes, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Stacey L. Stillmunkes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
I truly believe that all human beings have the ability to be mentally well; however, I recognize there are life experiences that can affect the human spirit deeply, guiding you to believe you are damaged, unlovable, or unwell. It is my passion to guide people back to seeing themselves and life through a more positive lens where hope can be awakened and where peace, security, contentment, and joy can be found. I believe all people are affected by life's hardships differently, however we all have one thing in common: the ability to be well. We just sometimes lose our way and need guidance back home.
I truly believe that all human beings have the ability to be mentally well; however, I recognize there are life experiences that can affect the human spirit deeply, guiding you to believe you are damaged, unlovable, or unwell. It is my passion to guide people back to seeing themselves and life through a more positive lens where hope can be awakened and where peace, security, contentment, and joy can be found. I believe all people are affected by life's hardships differently, however we all have one thing in common: the ability to be well. We just sometimes lose our way and need guidance back home.
(651) 583-5907 View (651) 583-5907
Photo of Lance Armstrong, Counselor, MS, LPCC, LADC
Lance Armstrong
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LADC
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55425
In all of our lives there are times when we struggle and could use support. As a licensed professional clinical counselor and licensed alcohol and drug counselor, I specialize in working with those who suffer from chemical and mental health issues. The past 20+ years my professional career has been dedicated to improving the lives of individuals and their families. I am also passionate about working with those who are simply trying to live a more fulfilled life.
In all of our lives there are times when we struggle and could use support. As a licensed professional clinical counselor and licensed alcohol and drug counselor, I specialize in working with those who suffer from chemical and mental health issues. The past 20+ years my professional career has been dedicated to improving the lives of individuals and their families. I am also passionate about working with those who are simply trying to live a more fulfilled life.
(612) 431-9761 View (612) 431-9761
Photo of Kristine Martin - Sacred Space Psychotherapy LLC Kristine Martin , Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Sacred Space Psychotherapy LLC Kristine Martin
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Bloomington, MN 55431
I feel honored to work with individuals and couples eager to explore their relationships. My therapy focuses on uncovering what blocks a sense of aliveness and an open, compassionate heart. I integrate various modalities, including Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Ketamine Assisted Therapy, and Brainspotting. These approaches help clients connect emotionally, process trauma, and develop deeper self-awareness. Together we'll create a safe space for exploration and healing, empowering you to embrace your authentic self and cultivate fulfilling relationships. I look forward to connecting!
I feel honored to work with individuals and couples eager to explore their relationships. My therapy focuses on uncovering what blocks a sense of aliveness and an open, compassionate heart. I integrate various modalities, including Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Ketamine Assisted Therapy, and Brainspotting. These approaches help clients connect emotionally, process trauma, and develop deeper self-awareness. Together we'll create a safe space for exploration and healing, empowering you to embrace your authentic self and cultivate fulfilling relationships. I look forward to connecting!
(952) 243-3336 View (952) 243-3336
Photo of Jen McVay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Jen McVay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55425
Not accepting new clients
Seeking and making changes takes courage. The evolutions that happen in the therapeutic process take place within the relationship between client and therapist. It's my role not to provide instant or easy answers, but to help you discover and understand your strengths and the things that keep you feeling hurt and stuck. We find the way through together.
Seeking and making changes takes courage. The evolutions that happen in the therapeutic process take place within the relationship between client and therapist. It's my role not to provide instant or easy answers, but to help you discover and understand your strengths and the things that keep you feeling hurt and stuck. We find the way through together.
(952) 373-0517 View (952) 373-0517
Photo of Hannah Daniels, Counselor, LPCC
Hannah Daniels
Counselor, LPCC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
People are unique human beings with a long list of remarkable qualities. Sometimes though, we feel that we have qualities that we need to work on to be our better selves. I work with individuals to find those qualities and strengthen the ones we want to stay around. You may be a good fit for me if you: have ADHD, have children, are a family with adult children in the home, are a lifelong learner, are tired of looking at the positive side all the time, and willing to work on your problems in and out of therapy!
People are unique human beings with a long list of remarkable qualities. Sometimes though, we feel that we have qualities that we need to work on to be our better selves. I work with individuals to find those qualities and strengthen the ones we want to stay around. You may be a good fit for me if you: have ADHD, have children, are a family with adult children in the home, are a lifelong learner, are tired of looking at the positive side all the time, and willing to work on your problems in and out of therapy!
(952) 522-7820 x720 View (952) 522-7820 x720
Photo of Elizabeth Sersland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Elizabeth Sersland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55431
You might be here because something feels heavy, confusing, or out of balance. Maybe you’re navigating a life transition, questioning who you are or who you’re becoming, or noticing patterns that keep showing up no matter how hard you try to change them. You may be feeling anxious, low, disconnected from yourself, or simply tired of carrying so much on your own. At the core, many people I work with want the same thing: to feel understood, to make sense of their inner world, and to develop a kinder, more compassionate relationship with themselves, while making intentional changes to enhance and Live Up to their full potential.
You might be here because something feels heavy, confusing, or out of balance. Maybe you’re navigating a life transition, questioning who you are or who you’re becoming, or noticing patterns that keep showing up no matter how hard you try to change them. You may be feeling anxious, low, disconnected from yourself, or simply tired of carrying so much on your own. At the core, many people I work with want the same thing: to feel understood, to make sense of their inner world, and to develop a kinder, more compassionate relationship with themselves, while making intentional changes to enhance and Live Up to their full potential.
(952) 592-1208 View (952) 592-1208
Photo of Ellen Richmond, Counselor, LPCC
Ellen Richmond
Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
Do you often find yourself stuck in a mindset that doesn't seem to be working for you - one that's critical, repetitive, and overwhelming? Does it feel like stressful events from your past never go away, no matter how hard you try to move past them? Perhaps you feel exhausted from poor focus, issues with trusting, distressing emotions, or a general lack of meaning in life. It seems like everyone else has it together, but you are starting to lose hope that things can get better. You are looking for someone to help you find a sense of balance and move toward the life you desire.
Do you often find yourself stuck in a mindset that doesn't seem to be working for you - one that's critical, repetitive, and overwhelming? Does it feel like stressful events from your past never go away, no matter how hard you try to move past them? Perhaps you feel exhausted from poor focus, issues with trusting, distressing emotions, or a general lack of meaning in life. It seems like everyone else has it together, but you are starting to lose hope that things can get better. You are looking for someone to help you find a sense of balance and move toward the life you desire.
(952) 260-4876 View (952) 260-4876
Photo of Debi Fink, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Debi Fink
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55431
Difficulty with relationships, attachment, trauma, mood disorders or ADHD? You're not alone. At the heart of my work is a deep passion for fostering connection, resilience, and hope. I leave no stone unturned when working to support you, or your family toward your goals. I specialize in all things attachment, because when people feel safe and supported, humans thrive, and their relationships thrive. People describe me as warm and dedicated to supporting you.
Difficulty with relationships, attachment, trauma, mood disorders or ADHD? You're not alone. At the heart of my work is a deep passion for fostering connection, resilience, and hope. I leave no stone unturned when working to support you, or your family toward your goals. I specialize in all things attachment, because when people feel safe and supported, humans thrive, and their relationships thrive. People describe me as warm and dedicated to supporting you.
(952) 592-1208 View (952) 592-1208
LL'S Recovery Services
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, BS, CNCP
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
You may be struggling with substance use recovery, grief, or major life changes. You want clarity, practical tools, and support to navigate challenges and build a healthier, more balanced life. You’re looking for a safe, judgment-free space to explore your story, gain resilience, and create meaningful, lasting change. Together, we focus on your goals, values, and personal growth, helping you move forward with confidence and purpose.
You may be struggling with substance use recovery, grief, or major life changes. You want clarity, practical tools, and support to navigate challenges and build a healthier, more balanced life. You’re looking for a safe, judgment-free space to explore your story, gain resilience, and create meaningful, lasting change. Together, we focus on your goals, values, and personal growth, helping you move forward with confidence and purpose.
(952) 234-8303 View (952) 234-8303
Photo of Sarah A Ries, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Sarah A Ries
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Bloomington, MN 55437
Hello there! I am a dually licensed therapist credentialed as a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LADC) and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with training and experience treating adults with issues that affect mental health, such as trauma, relationship issues, life transitions, family of origin, identity confusion, and substance use. Do you feel overwhelmed and unsupported? Have you developed unhelpful ways of coping with life's challenges and wonder how you got here? If this is you, I want to work with you. We'll examine what's wrong, begin to heal from the past, and create new ways of thinking and being.
Hello there! I am a dually licensed therapist credentialed as a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LADC) and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with training and experience treating adults with issues that affect mental health, such as trauma, relationship issues, life transitions, family of origin, identity confusion, and substance use. Do you feel overwhelmed and unsupported? Have you developed unhelpful ways of coping with life's challenges and wonder how you got here? If this is you, I want to work with you. We'll examine what's wrong, begin to heal from the past, and create new ways of thinking and being.
(952) 209-8793 View (952) 209-8793
Photo of Deborah Dawn White Soulen - Deb White, Psychologist, PhD
Deb White
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55425
I’m honored to have worked with clients for 20+ years, grounding therapy in collaborative approaches that engage your whole self. This may mean exploring simple questions that get to the core of an issue or examining the story that guides your life. It may involve facing your fears, changing unhelpful habits, or engaging your creativity. In the process, you may wrestle with difficult feelings, laugh yourself silly, or explore new ways of being. You and I will tailor our approach to your current needs so you can find the insights you need, make the changes you want, and experience the healing you deserve.
I’m honored to have worked with clients for 20+ years, grounding therapy in collaborative approaches that engage your whole self. This may mean exploring simple questions that get to the core of an issue or examining the story that guides your life. It may involve facing your fears, changing unhelpful habits, or engaging your creativity. In the process, you may wrestle with difficult feelings, laugh yourself silly, or explore new ways of being. You and I will tailor our approach to your current needs so you can find the insights you need, make the changes you want, and experience the healing you deserve.
(952) 592-3666 View (952) 592-3666
Photo of Martina Jensen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, ASDCS
Martina Jensen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, ASDCS
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55425
Does your brain or body—or that of your child— seem to work differently than everyone else’s? Do you struggle to feel understood personally or in your care of a loved one? Perhaps you’ve tried traditional therapy spaces that expect you to fit into a narrow mold and have felt out of place. You need someone who will meet you and your family where you are with patience, creativity, and humor—whether that means silence, play, deep conversation, or exploring new strategies.
Does your brain or body—or that of your child— seem to work differently than everyone else’s? Do you struggle to feel understood personally or in your care of a loved one? Perhaps you’ve tried traditional therapy spaces that expect you to fit into a narrow mold and have felt out of place. You need someone who will meet you and your family where you are with patience, creativity, and humor—whether that means silence, play, deep conversation, or exploring new strategies.
(952) 592-1886 View (952) 592-1886
Photo of Tanner Zimmerman, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Tanner Zimmerman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Bloomington, MN 55431
I specialize in guiding individuals and couples through the intricate dynamics of their lives and their relationships, offering a judgment-free zone where vulnerability and authenticity can thrive. Whether you're facing communication hurdles, trust issues, or navigating life transitions, I'm here to support you. My passion lies in the energy and complexity of intimate partnerships, and I'm especially enthusiastic about addressing aspects of sex, sexual orientation, gender, and kink with individuals and relationships of all structures.
I specialize in guiding individuals and couples through the intricate dynamics of their lives and their relationships, offering a judgment-free zone where vulnerability and authenticity can thrive. Whether you're facing communication hurdles, trust issues, or navigating life transitions, I'm here to support you. My passion lies in the energy and complexity of intimate partnerships, and I'm especially enthusiastic about addressing aspects of sex, sexual orientation, gender, and kink with individuals and relationships of all structures.
(952) 592-8842 View (952) 592-8842
Photo of Trisha Falvey, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Trisha Falvey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Bloomington, MN 55420
EMDR therapist. 15+ years experience working with individuals, families and couples. LGBTQIA+ affirming. Certified ADHD Clinical services Provider. Life transitions, Anxiety, Depression, Reproductive health, Relationships, Parenting, Parenting higher need kids.
EMDR therapist. 15+ years experience working with individuals, families and couples. LGBTQIA+ affirming. Certified ADHD Clinical services Provider. Life transitions, Anxiety, Depression, Reproductive health, Relationships, Parenting, Parenting higher need kids.
(952) 592-0868 View (952) 592-0868
Photo of Lauren Glazier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Lauren Glazier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Bloomington, MN 55437
Accepting new clients in SD, ND, and MN in February 2026 - Tired of pretending everything’s fine while trauma, family drama, or stress run the show? You’re not broken — you’re human. I bring realness, warmth, and evidence-based strategies, blending a humanistic approach with practical tools to help you feel calmer and more grounded. We’ll navigate your story together, build coping skills, and I’ll be with you every step, helping you feel more like yourself — grounded, capable, and maybe even quietly amused at life’s chaos.
Accepting new clients in SD, ND, and MN in February 2026 - Tired of pretending everything’s fine while trauma, family drama, or stress run the show? You’re not broken — you’re human. I bring realness, warmth, and evidence-based strategies, blending a humanistic approach with practical tools to help you feel calmer and more grounded. We’ll navigate your story together, build coping skills, and I’ll be with you every step, helping you feel more like yourself — grounded, capable, and maybe even quietly amused at life’s chaos.
(952) 214-7313 View (952) 214-7313
Photo of Shawn Gravelle, Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Shawn Gravelle
Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Bloomington, MN 55431
You might be someone who feels like the past still has too much power over your present. Maybe you’ve been through something painful—big or small—that still lingers in how you see yourself, how you show up in relationships, or how you handle stress. You’re self-aware, maybe even insightful, but still find yourself stuck in patterns that don’t feel good anymore. And while you know something needs to shift, you’re not exactly sure how to begin.
You might be someone who feels like the past still has too much power over your present. Maybe you’ve been through something painful—big or small—that still lingers in how you see yourself, how you show up in relationships, or how you handle stress. You’re self-aware, maybe even insightful, but still find yourself stuck in patterns that don’t feel good anymore. And while you know something needs to shift, you’re not exactly sure how to begin.
(952) 333-4624 View (952) 333-4624

See more therapy options for Bloomington

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bloomington, MN

300+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Bloomington, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
79% Trauma and PTSD
78% Self Esteem
73% Stress
65% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
83% Aetna
74% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Bloomington, MN see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bloomington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.