Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Erica Antoinette Nocera, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Erica Antoinette Nocera
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94108  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Erica, a warm, empathetic, and open Marriage and Family Therapist that helps clients find their purpose, heal, and thrive! I'd love to be your guide to holistic healing and transformation. With expertise in trauma- rooted anxiety and depression, recovery counseling with addictions, and women’s issues including body image, low self esteem, and eating disorders, I'll help teach you evidence-based tools to reframe thoughts and regulate emotions, as well as explore root causes for symptom management. Let's empower you to achieve resilience and personal growth, leading to a healthier and happier future:)
Hi! I'm Erica, a warm, empathetic, and open Marriage and Family Therapist that helps clients find their purpose, heal, and thrive! I'd love to be your guide to holistic healing and transformation. With expertise in trauma- rooted anxiety and depression, recovery counseling with addictions, and women’s issues including body image, low self esteem, and eating disorders, I'll help teach you evidence-based tools to reframe thoughts and regulate emotions, as well as explore root causes for symptom management. Let's empower you to achieve resilience and personal growth, leading to a healthier and happier future:)
(949) 704-6606 View (949) 704-6606
Photo of Arturo Trujillo, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Arturo Trujillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121
I’ve had training in various modalities but ultimately use an eclectic approach emphasizing cognitive behavior therapy. I operate from the position that our thoughts strongly influence our moods and actions. My clients will gain a more intuitive understanding of themselves, better process their situation, and consider which course of action makes the most sense. With some flexibility, a healthier perspective, and the right support, clients find that they are much more resilient and that situations don’t have to be as detrimental. My goal as your therapist is to support you on your path called life.
I’ve had training in various modalities but ultimately use an eclectic approach emphasizing cognitive behavior therapy. I operate from the position that our thoughts strongly influence our moods and actions. My clients will gain a more intuitive understanding of themselves, better process their situation, and consider which course of action makes the most sense. With some flexibility, a healthier perspective, and the right support, clients find that they are much more resilient and that situations don’t have to be as detrimental. My goal as your therapist is to support you on your path called life.
(628) 336-1363 View (628) 336-1363
Photo of Triona Coyle, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Triona Coyle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I'm a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in working with adults and teens in the Bay Area. I utilize evidence based practices stemming from an integrative approach to encourage and provide support, comfort, and productivity within the therapeutic process. I work with each client to develop healthy goals to support positive change. My expertise includes depression, anxiety, adjustment difficulties, ADHD, relationship issues, perinatal support, trauma, grief and loss, as well as life phase transitions.
I'm a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in working with adults and teens in the Bay Area. I utilize evidence based practices stemming from an integrative approach to encourage and provide support, comfort, and productivity within the therapeutic process. I work with each client to develop healthy goals to support positive change. My expertise includes depression, anxiety, adjustment difficulties, ADHD, relationship issues, perinatal support, trauma, grief and loss, as well as life phase transitions.
(415) 963-3718 View (415) 963-3718
Photo of Teressa Armstrong, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Teressa Armstrong
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Everyone runs into trouble at some point in their life. When they do, they often benefit from talking to someone who isn't primarily their friend or member of their family, someone who is empathic, curious, non-judgmental, and relentlessly focused on helping you feel better. Therapy isn't a one-size-fits-all enterprise, but has to tailored to what you need. Whether it's about simply feeling less anxious or depressed, or mastering an inhibition or block you've had all your life, therapy can get you back on the track you once were on or want to be on.
Everyone runs into trouble at some point in their life. When they do, they often benefit from talking to someone who isn't primarily their friend or member of their family, someone who is empathic, curious, non-judgmental, and relentlessly focused on helping you feel better. Therapy isn't a one-size-fits-all enterprise, but has to tailored to what you need. Whether it's about simply feeling less anxious or depressed, or mastering an inhibition or block you've had all your life, therapy can get you back on the track you once were on or want to be on.
(415) 630-4514 View (415) 630-4514
Photo of Alexis Monnier, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Alexis Monnier
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Many couples work so hard to resolve conflict on thier own and end up getting stuck over and over. Though each couple has hot topics they can often argue over something as simple as the toilet paper roll. They try to resolve repetitive conflicts on their own and get stuck. There are specific tools and perspectives that are key to having a successful relationship. Learning these tools can deepen a relationship and build a foundation for a potential future family.
Many couples work so hard to resolve conflict on thier own and end up getting stuck over and over. Though each couple has hot topics they can often argue over something as simple as the toilet paper roll. They try to resolve repetitive conflicts on their own and get stuck. There are specific tools and perspectives that are key to having a successful relationship. Learning these tools can deepen a relationship and build a foundation for a potential future family.
(415) 801-0354 View (415) 801-0354
Photo of Sara Alexander, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sara Alexander
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Underneath depression, anxiety, marital conflict, eating disorders, substance abuse, and other troubles there lies a single, painful, relentless problem: self judgement. Feelings are transient, and there are not good ones or bad ones, but we are not all raised to understand that. Encouraged by our culture to appear strong and happy, we feel pressured to hide our true feelings from each other. But when we take the time and care to pay attention to our authentic experience, it is possible to grow an enormous love for ourselves and great tenderness towards others, and even deep inner peace and great humor.
Underneath depression, anxiety, marital conflict, eating disorders, substance abuse, and other troubles there lies a single, painful, relentless problem: self judgement. Feelings are transient, and there are not good ones or bad ones, but we are not all raised to understand that. Encouraged by our culture to appear strong and happy, we feel pressured to hide our true feelings from each other. But when we take the time and care to pay attention to our authentic experience, it is possible to grow an enormous love for ourselves and great tenderness towards others, and even deep inner peace and great humor.
(415) 969-7119 View (415) 969-7119
Photo of Shanna Holladay, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shanna Holladay
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Have you been strugging with Depression, Relationship issues, or Life Transitions? I can help you find a place of acceptance and healing through our relationship and work together. I have been helping people change their lives for 20 years. I use an interactive, relational approach to help guide you toward a higher level of self-awareness, and improved self-esteem. I believe therapy works through exploring your relationships to others, and by developing our relationship and connection to each other. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for us to explore who you are and who you want to be.
Have you been strugging with Depression, Relationship issues, or Life Transitions? I can help you find a place of acceptance and healing through our relationship and work together. I have been helping people change their lives for 20 years. I use an interactive, relational approach to help guide you toward a higher level of self-awareness, and improved self-esteem. I believe therapy works through exploring your relationships to others, and by developing our relationship and connection to each other. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for us to explore who you are and who you want to be.
(415) 936-8372 View (415) 936-8372
Photo of Zoe Lantelme, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Zoe Lantelme
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
If you struggle to stop or reduce substance use or other addictive behaviors, I can help. I use a harm reduction approach to understanding and treating substance use and abuse. Instead of focusing only on one’s addiction, this approach explores other contributing factors, such as co-occurring mental illnesses, family relationships, and medical problems. It encourages the client to explore their unique needs and background, and to develop their own treatment goals, which may involve moderation management, in addition to abstinence. I also offer treatment for other impulse control disorders, such as sex addiction.
If you struggle to stop or reduce substance use or other addictive behaviors, I can help. I use a harm reduction approach to understanding and treating substance use and abuse. Instead of focusing only on one’s addiction, this approach explores other contributing factors, such as co-occurring mental illnesses, family relationships, and medical problems. It encourages the client to explore their unique needs and background, and to develop their own treatment goals, which may involve moderation management, in addition to abstinence. I also offer treatment for other impulse control disorders, such as sex addiction.
(415) 214-9148 View (415) 214-9148
Photo of Audrey Lehmann, PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Audrey Lehmann, PhD
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CADCIII
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I am committed to learning about who you truly are and working with you to make long lasting change. Based on 25 years clinical experience, I take an active role in the therapy process by helping you gain insight into patterns in your life. Therapy can also involve weekly homework assignments - this is optional.
I am committed to learning about who you truly are and working with you to make long lasting change. Based on 25 years clinical experience, I take an active role in the therapy process by helping you gain insight into patterns in your life. Therapy can also involve weekly homework assignments - this is optional.
(415) 366-1001 View (415) 366-1001
Photo of Frances Verrinder, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Frances Verrinder
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94146  (Online Only)
Feeling anxious, depressed, stuck in your life? I offer individual therapy to help you identify your strengths, work through your unresolved issues and find greater pleasure and success in everyday life. If you are struggling with romantic relationships, I can assist you in developing romantic intelligence skills. Dealing with communication problems and conflict in your relationship? I offer Psycho-biological Attachment Couples Therapy to expand your loving connection and build trust and safety.
Feeling anxious, depressed, stuck in your life? I offer individual therapy to help you identify your strengths, work through your unresolved issues and find greater pleasure and success in everyday life. If you are struggling with romantic relationships, I can assist you in developing romantic intelligence skills. Dealing with communication problems and conflict in your relationship? I offer Psycho-biological Attachment Couples Therapy to expand your loving connection and build trust and safety.
(415) 689-9150 View (415) 689-9150
Photo of Carolyn B Cooper, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carolyn B Cooper
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, SEP, SAP, EMDR
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Somatic Experiencing (SE) takes healing to a deeper level. Combined with 'top-down' approaches, SE helps identify strengths and intentions beneath painful survival patterns. Shame, fear and anger transform into vital life energy. Surviving becomes thriving. As a private practice psychotherapist based in SF & Marin, I primarily work with adults, but also love to assist children in the healing process.
Somatic Experiencing (SE) takes healing to a deeper level. Combined with 'top-down' approaches, SE helps identify strengths and intentions beneath painful survival patterns. Shame, fear and anger transform into vital life energy. Surviving becomes thriving. As a private practice psychotherapist based in SF & Marin, I primarily work with adults, but also love to assist children in the healing process.
(415) 342-5196 View (415) 342-5196
Photo of Ashley Witt, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Ashley Witt
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I am a licensed psychologist specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, sleep difficulties, and body-focused repetitive behaviors such as hair-pulling and skin-picking. I provide treatment approaches that have been supported by research, while tailoring treatment to the unique needs of each client. I believe that therapy works best when it is a collaborative partnership between the client and the therapist, and I work with my clients to clarify their goals and develop an individualized treatment plan.
I am a licensed psychologist specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, sleep difficulties, and body-focused repetitive behaviors such as hair-pulling and skin-picking. I provide treatment approaches that have been supported by research, while tailoring treatment to the unique needs of each client. I believe that therapy works best when it is a collaborative partnership between the client and the therapist, and I work with my clients to clarify their goals and develop an individualized treatment plan.
(415) 741-2231 View (415) 741-2231
Photo of Carla L Durkin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carla L Durkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Over 17 years practicing has affirmed my belief that most of the emotional wounding and on-going pain, difficulties, confusion and “stuckness” plaguing individuals, and the relational problems of couples can move and improve significantly in psychotherapy with a warm, intelligent, highly attuned, interactive, and skilled psychotherapist. I work hard at creating a safe, reliable and connected therapeutic relationship, in which the client feels comfortable, seen, understood and accepted for who they are, communicated with honestly and directly, and free to drive the focus, pace and intensity as feels right to them.
Over 17 years practicing has affirmed my belief that most of the emotional wounding and on-going pain, difficulties, confusion and “stuckness” plaguing individuals, and the relational problems of couples can move and improve significantly in psychotherapy with a warm, intelligent, highly attuned, interactive, and skilled psychotherapist. I work hard at creating a safe, reliable and connected therapeutic relationship, in which the client feels comfortable, seen, understood and accepted for who they are, communicated with honestly and directly, and free to drive the focus, pace and intensity as feels right to them.
(650) 605-3981 View (650) 605-3981
Photo of Jay Reid, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Jay Reid
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Do you defer to others too easily? Do you privately criticize yourself while easily finding good qualities in others? Are you more worried about others' reactions than your own? Do you feel anxious about where you stand with people? Living this way - no matter what it looks like from the outside - can feel demanding, frustrating, and perilous. I offer therapy that empowers you to go after what you want in love and work, with less fear of rejection or guilt over being 'selfish'.
Do you defer to others too easily? Do you privately criticize yourself while easily finding good qualities in others? Are you more worried about others' reactions than your own? Do you feel anxious about where you stand with people? Living this way - no matter what it looks like from the outside - can feel demanding, frustrating, and perilous. I offer therapy that empowers you to go after what you want in love and work, with less fear of rejection or guilt over being 'selfish'.
(415) 944-3628 View (415) 944-3628
Photo of Elvira Kitrar, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Elvira Kitrar
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
My approach to psychotherapy is holistic. I not only treat the "tip of the iceberg" problems, but also address the deeper, "bottom of the ocean," issues. I treat the whole person and honor the mind-body-spirit connections, taking into account the client's cultural, religious and ethnic background, ancestry, race and immigration history. I recognize the complexity of each person's history and circumstances and employ a wide variety of techniques to guide my clients in their self-discovery.
My approach to psychotherapy is holistic. I not only treat the "tip of the iceberg" problems, but also address the deeper, "bottom of the ocean," issues. I treat the whole person and honor the mind-body-spirit connections, taking into account the client's cultural, religious and ethnic background, ancestry, race and immigration history. I recognize the complexity of each person's history and circumstances and employ a wide variety of techniques to guide my clients in their self-discovery.
(415) 534-9620 View (415) 534-9620
Photo of Ron Burg, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Ron Burg
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I work with men, regardless of sexual orientation, who feel stuck in their lives in one way or another. My approach is individualized and varies depending upon who you are and what you want to work on. As a rule, however, my sessions are very active and directed. Men who have been in talk therapy before typically tell me that working with me is different. They say that we are breaking new ground rather than rehashing familiar territory. Things move and they start to see changes rather quickly. Check out at my website for more information.
I work with men, regardless of sexual orientation, who feel stuck in their lives in one way or another. My approach is individualized and varies depending upon who you are and what you want to work on. As a rule, however, my sessions are very active and directed. Men who have been in talk therapy before typically tell me that working with me is different. They say that we are breaking new ground rather than rehashing familiar territory. Things move and they start to see changes rather quickly. Check out at my website for more information.
(415) 858-6856 View (415) 858-6856
Photo of Alyssa Casimiro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Alyssa Casimiro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94108  (Online Only)
I work with AAPI Millennial and Generation Z women grappling with anxiety and imposter syndrome. My mission is to empower you to reclaim self-confidence, discover clarity, and embrace your authentic selves. Whether you're navigating life transitions or seeking to explore generational trauma and family patterns, I'm here to provide support and guidance every step of the way. With a profound connection to Guam, the birthplace of my parents, I'm rooted in the rich tapestry of Chamoru culture, fostering a deep appreciation for the values of community and family.
I work with AAPI Millennial and Generation Z women grappling with anxiety and imposter syndrome. My mission is to empower you to reclaim self-confidence, discover clarity, and embrace your authentic selves. Whether you're navigating life transitions or seeking to explore generational trauma and family patterns, I'm here to provide support and guidance every step of the way. With a profound connection to Guam, the birthplace of my parents, I'm rooted in the rich tapestry of Chamoru culture, fostering a deep appreciation for the values of community and family.
(925) 744-6216 x4 View (925) 744-6216 x4
Photo of Jhoana Sarabia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jhoana Sarabia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
Jhoana Sarabia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. Whether a client is facing anxiety, depression, experiencing grief and loss, or has substance abuse issues, Jhoana offers a judgement free environment for people of all ages, genders, cultures, and social backgrounds to explore their concerns. She specializes in helping members of the Latinx community, and has extensive cultural and linguistic knowledge.
Jhoana Sarabia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. Whether a client is facing anxiety, depression, experiencing grief and loss, or has substance abuse issues, Jhoana offers a judgement free environment for people of all ages, genders, cultures, and social backgrounds to explore their concerns. She specializes in helping members of the Latinx community, and has extensive cultural and linguistic knowledge.
(310) 943-1244 View (310) 943-1244
Photo of Joseph Choy, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Joseph Choy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
We are often ruled by thoughts and patterns of conditioning that are largely outside of our awareness. While adaptive, this process can sometimes lead us astray. I aim to help you uncover unhealthy patterns of conditioning by cultivating awareness through mindful intention which will ultimately help guide you towards a more conscious and fulfilling life. I have extensive experience working with individuals suffering from mood disorders, trauma-related disorders and substance abuse.
We are often ruled by thoughts and patterns of conditioning that are largely outside of our awareness. While adaptive, this process can sometimes lead us astray. I aim to help you uncover unhealthy patterns of conditioning by cultivating awareness through mindful intention which will ultimately help guide you towards a more conscious and fulfilling life. I have extensive experience working with individuals suffering from mood disorders, trauma-related disorders and substance abuse.
(628) 300-0288 View (628) 300-0288
Photo of Therapy with Esma, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Therapy with Esma
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Clients come to my practice looking for a therapist who can get to the root of their problem. I help clients overcome anxiety, manage stress, set boundaries, process unresolved trauma, and improve relationships. I have a nurturing, caring personality which I combine with practical therapeutic solutions in order to help you reach your goals and achieve change. I work with clients who are feeling stuck and overwhelmed but have the desire to improve. Clients who are highly motivated to start working on themselves.
Clients come to my practice looking for a therapist who can get to the root of their problem. I help clients overcome anxiety, manage stress, set boundaries, process unresolved trauma, and improve relationships. I have a nurturing, caring personality which I combine with practical therapeutic solutions in order to help you reach your goals and achieve change. I work with clients who are feeling stuck and overwhelmed but have the desire to improve. Clients who are highly motivated to start working on themselves.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.