Photo of Dr. Tristan C. Buzzini, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Dr. Tristan C. Buzzini
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
I sincerely believe in whole-person wellness and that mind, body, and spirit need to be nurtured for overall mental health and well-being to be stabilized. It is my hope to support you in taking the steps you believe need to be taken to live a healthy, fulfilling, peaceful, and empowered life. As an expert in mindfulness and meditation, I work with adults and teens to effectively manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I am also skilled in working with individuals who struggle with substance use, conduct disorders, and academic challenges.
I sincerely believe in whole-person wellness and that mind, body, and spirit need to be nurtured for overall mental health and well-being to be stabilized. It is my hope to support you in taking the steps you believe need to be taken to live a healthy, fulfilling, peaceful, and empowered life. As an expert in mindfulness and meditation, I work with adults and teens to effectively manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I am also skilled in working with individuals who struggle with substance use, conduct disorders, and academic challenges.
(916) 269-5660 View (916) 269-5660
Photo of Jason Briggs, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Jason Briggs
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BSW, MHRS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
What do you want? What are you doing to get it? Is it working, and if not, what can you do differently? Your personal goals for therapy, once defined, will be at the heart of our work together. I'll support you in applying your strengths, deepening your sense of connection to yourself and those you love, and finding healthy ways to relate to negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Suffering is part of the human condition, but together, we can learn to respond to it skillfully. Slowing down, healing and integrating life experiences will be our focus!
What do you want? What are you doing to get it? Is it working, and if not, what can you do differently? Your personal goals for therapy, once defined, will be at the heart of our work together. I'll support you in applying your strengths, deepening your sense of connection to yourself and those you love, and finding healthy ways to relate to negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Suffering is part of the human condition, but together, we can learn to respond to it skillfully. Slowing down, healing and integrating life experiences will be our focus!
(530) 723-1579 View (530) 723-1579
Photo of The Sacramento Counselor Group, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Sacramento, CA
The Sacramento Counselor Group
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95826
In the tapestry of life, there are moments when one feels adrift, questioning the very core of their existence. My ideal client is not just seeking a service; they are on a profound journey of self-discovery, a quest to unravel the layers of their identity and purpose. My ideal client apse for more than just superficial change- they crave a transformation that goes to the roots. Their goals extend beyond tangible; they are in pursuit of a life that aligns with their authentic self. It's not nearly about reaching a destination, but about the profound journey that shapes them along the way. Together, we embark on a journey of meaning.
In the tapestry of life, there are moments when one feels adrift, questioning the very core of their existence. My ideal client is not just seeking a service; they are on a profound journey of self-discovery, a quest to unravel the layers of their identity and purpose. My ideal client apse for more than just superficial change- they crave a transformation that goes to the roots. Their goals extend beyond tangible; they are in pursuit of a life that aligns with their authentic self. It's not nearly about reaching a destination, but about the profound journey that shapes them along the way. Together, we embark on a journey of meaning.
(916) 659-8109 View (916) 659-8109
Photo of Jesse Wade, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Jesse Wade
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95811
My training would be defined as "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" but I engage in general therapy. This means that I will work with my clients to meet them where they are and use tools, interventions and approaches that respect their person and strives to align with who they are. I am here for the client and make it a point to engage on a humanistic level. I am not a therapist who sits in a chair and asks "how does that make you feel?" I am a therapist who wants to actively help you identify your goal(s) and come up with a plan for you to reach them. I will not waste your time and I am invested as much as you are.
My training would be defined as "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" but I engage in general therapy. This means that I will work with my clients to meet them where they are and use tools, interventions and approaches that respect their person and strives to align with who they are. I am here for the client and make it a point to engage on a humanistic level. I am not a therapist who sits in a chair and asks "how does that make you feel?" I am a therapist who wants to actively help you identify your goal(s) and come up with a plan for you to reach them. I will not waste your time and I am invested as much as you are.
(916) 507-0392 View (916) 507-0392
Photo of Ron McCormack, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Ron McCormack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
In-person therapy is where it’s at! Have you tried in-person therapy? If yes, then you know the power it can have to help. If no, then I urge you to reach out and schedule - with me or another therapist with an office. Let isolation be over. Being private with things is good, as far as it goes but doesn’t do much to move us out of endless loops or confusing despair. I have no agenda for you but to be well. What can I do to help?
In-person therapy is where it’s at! Have you tried in-person therapy? If yes, then you know the power it can have to help. If no, then I urge you to reach out and schedule - with me or another therapist with an office. Let isolation be over. Being private with things is good, as far as it goes but doesn’t do much to move us out of endless loops or confusing despair. I have no agenda for you but to be well. What can I do to help?
(916) 758-9328 View (916) 758-9328
Photo of Aubrey-Pierre Keys, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Aubrey-Pierre Keys
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95821
I have a number of treatment modalities to address diverse patient treatment. In addition, I have worked with clinical depression both moderate and severe over the last 12 years. Also, grief has been a difficult process for patients who loss a love one both deceased and divorced that I have treated in both traumatic and non traumatic cases. I also have a speciality with those who are dealing with difficult oartner relationships. (i.e. blended famillies, reactionary communication that deteriiorate the couple relationship, remarriage and divorce mediation) I also provide medication monitoring for patients taking psychotropic meds.
I have a number of treatment modalities to address diverse patient treatment. In addition, I have worked with clinical depression both moderate and severe over the last 12 years. Also, grief has been a difficult process for patients who loss a love one both deceased and divorced that I have treated in both traumatic and non traumatic cases. I also have a speciality with those who are dealing with difficult oartner relationships. (i.e. blended famillies, reactionary communication that deteriiorate the couple relationship, remarriage and divorce mediation) I also provide medication monitoring for patients taking psychotropic meds.
(916) 510-0729 View (916) 510-0729
Photo of James G Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Sacramento, CA
James G Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 94203  (Online Only)
I AM CURRENTLY ONLY ABLE TO SEE CLIENTS VIA V-TEL. I enjoy working with individuals that recognize that something needs to change and just aren't sure which way to go. Together, we can explore your motivation to change and learn to live life based on your values, goals, and dreams. We will take a solution focused approach, strength-based approach to help you become more aware, more loving and capable of self love, and create a fuller, richer life. Clients that see me will find themselves in a safe, non-judgmental space. We are free to explore problems from a variety of angles and approaches.
I AM CURRENTLY ONLY ABLE TO SEE CLIENTS VIA V-TEL. I enjoy working with individuals that recognize that something needs to change and just aren't sure which way to go. Together, we can explore your motivation to change and learn to live life based on your values, goals, and dreams. We will take a solution focused approach, strength-based approach to help you become more aware, more loving and capable of self love, and create a fuller, richer life. Clients that see me will find themselves in a safe, non-judgmental space. We are free to explore problems from a variety of angles and approaches.
(530) 319-5215 View (530) 319-5215

Online Therapists

ZEAM Medical Group Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MD
Verified Verified
Roseville, CA 95678
ZEAM Medical has been convinced to offer the maximum trustful solution to clients’ problems or needs in the services, and products our company provides. ZEAM Medical offers aesthetic values, holds ownership, and is committed to providing individualized treatment and a pricing strategy with the best noticeable results ensuing in true genuine aesthetic products and services existing.
ZEAM Medical has been convinced to offer the maximum trustful solution to clients’ problems or needs in the services, and products our company provides. ZEAM Medical offers aesthetic values, holds ownership, and is committed to providing individualized treatment and a pricing strategy with the best noticeable results ensuing in true genuine aesthetic products and services existing.
(916) 378-7856 x101 View (916) 378-7856 x101
Photo of Peter Oppermann, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Peter Oppermann
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Feeling restless or easily distracted? Lacking energy, motivation, focus, or direction in life? Spinning your wheels in your career or relationships? Prone to pleasing others at all costs, yet feeling unhappy and misunderstood? Always too busy to stop and smell the flowers? I'd like to help you become more empowered, confident, and satisfied through facing and letting go of your fears, irritating beliefs, guilt, and suffering, so you can learn to communicate more effectively and have healthy relationships. For more than twenty-five years I have provided time-limited and in-depth psychotherapy to individuals, couples and groups.
Feeling restless or easily distracted? Lacking energy, motivation, focus, or direction in life? Spinning your wheels in your career or relationships? Prone to pleasing others at all costs, yet feeling unhappy and misunderstood? Always too busy to stop and smell the flowers? I'd like to help you become more empowered, confident, and satisfied through facing and letting go of your fears, irritating beliefs, guilt, and suffering, so you can learn to communicate more effectively and have healthy relationships. For more than twenty-five years I have provided time-limited and in-depth psychotherapy to individuals, couples and groups.
(925) 365-6955 View (925) 365-6955
Photo of Shawn O'Dell, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Shawn O'Dell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128
I am a licensed Psychologist with my practice based in California providing counseling and psychotherapy services to our California senior community. I work with older adults with a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety, adjustment, grief and loss, aging and change, health and disability issues as well as men's issues just to name a few. If you have Medicare and secondary insurance you are likely to be fully covered and not pay anything out of pocket. There is no need to suffer in silence. Please call for more information. I look forward to speaking with you. Please call 408-956-6896 to connect with me.
I am a licensed Psychologist with my practice based in California providing counseling and psychotherapy services to our California senior community. I work with older adults with a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety, adjustment, grief and loss, aging and change, health and disability issues as well as men's issues just to name a few. If you have Medicare and secondary insurance you are likely to be fully covered and not pay anything out of pocket. There is no need to suffer in silence. Please call for more information. I look forward to speaking with you. Please call 408-956-6896 to connect with me.
(408) 956-6896 View (408) 956-6896
Photo of Thomas Browne, Ph. D., Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Thomas Browne, Ph. D.
Psychologist, Ph, D
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94108
My work embraces two levels. 1. Licensed clinical psychologist with a range of classical methods. 2. Board Certified Senior Fellow in Medical Neurofeedback and QEEG (not consumer level for amusement/recreation). Clients develop a more powerful sense of relaxed self-esteem and an effective understanding of how to manage life traumas and stress more effectively. Several publications in mental health and medical neurofeedback. "The Encyclopedia of Mental Health", "Neurofeedback First 50 Years". The combination of clinical therapy and medical neurofeedback can be powerful, healing, and transformative in its ability to change lives.
My work embraces two levels. 1. Licensed clinical psychologist with a range of classical methods. 2. Board Certified Senior Fellow in Medical Neurofeedback and QEEG (not consumer level for amusement/recreation). Clients develop a more powerful sense of relaxed self-esteem and an effective understanding of how to manage life traumas and stress more effectively. Several publications in mental health and medical neurofeedback. "The Encyclopedia of Mental Health", "Neurofeedback First 50 Years". The combination of clinical therapy and medical neurofeedback can be powerful, healing, and transformative in its ability to change lives.
(415) 401-0777 View (415) 401-0777
Photo of Aspen Intervention Wellness Center in Sacramento, CA
Aspen Intervention Wellness Center
LAADC, ICADC
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926
At Aspen Intervention Wellness Center, we provide discreet, confidential assessment, communication and dedication to serve you and your loved one to get on the road to recovery. With guidance to wellness and healing we believe everyone deserves to have a better quality of life and access into recovery with the highest quality of care available. We have access to Medically Managed Detox and Dual-Diagnosis residential treatment or intensive outpatient treatment for individuals, families and professionals. We use an approach that is highly individualized with an array of options customized in a treatment plan specifically for you or a loved one. Our mission is to help our clients attain their full potential. Our passion is getting families present and focused on all that life has to offer. Aspen Wellness delivers access to quality and innovative chemical dependency and addiction disorder services in a caring and supportive environment. By consistently exceeding the expectations of our clients, we are recognized in the communities we serve to help motivate change and open doors to Health and Wellness for you or love one. For Confidential Consultations Call 888-628-0644.
At Aspen Intervention Wellness Center, we provide discreet, confidential assessment, communication and dedication to serve you and your loved one to get on the road to recovery. With guidance to wellness and healing we believe everyone deserves to have a better quality of life and access into recovery with the highest quality of care available. We have access to Medically Managed Detox and Dual-Diagnosis residential treatment or intensive outpatient treatment for individuals, families and professionals. We use an approach that is highly individualized with an array of options customized in a treatment plan specifically for you or a loved one. Our mission is to help our clients attain their full potential. Our passion is getting families present and focused on all that life has to offer. Aspen Wellness delivers access to quality and innovative chemical dependency and addiction disorder services in a caring and supportive environment. By consistently exceeding the expectations of our clients, we are recognized in the communities we serve to help motivate change and open doors to Health and Wellness for you or love one. For Confidential Consultations Call 888-628-0644.
(916) 507-1147 View (916) 507-1147
Photo of Shani Robins, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Shani Robins
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95131
Our relationships, work, and health can be stressful or fulfilling. There are specific, practical, scientifically proven methods for increasing happiness, success, and well being for yourself and in your relationships and significantly reducing anger, anxiety, stress, job loss, relationship conflicts, and hypertension. I have 15 years of clinical experience in bringing together best practices that work! I teach Stanford University's courses in Wisdom, Emotional Intelligence, Career Development, and related Research regarding the best and most practical methods for effectively reducing anger, anxiety, and stress, and significantly improving personal and professional relationships, health & well being, and professional goals and success.
Our relationships, work, and health can be stressful or fulfilling. There are specific, practical, scientifically proven methods for increasing happiness, success, and well being for yourself and in your relationships and significantly reducing anger, anxiety, stress, job loss, relationship conflicts, and hypertension. I have 15 years of clinical experience in bringing together best practices that work! I teach Stanford University's courses in Wisdom, Emotional Intelligence, Career Development, and related Research regarding the best and most practical methods for effectively reducing anger, anxiety, and stress, and significantly improving personal and professional relationships, health & well being, and professional goals and success.
(650) 830-5041 View (650) 830-5041
Photo of Abraham M Karabel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Abraham M Karabel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94566  (Online Only)
I am compassionate and empathetic therapist who is deeply committed to helping individuals navigate their emotional and mental well-being. I am well versed in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. I also have training in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), as well as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) techniques.I enjoy working with individuals/families with anxiety disorders, depression, behavioral problems, and/or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
I am compassionate and empathetic therapist who is deeply committed to helping individuals navigate their emotional and mental well-being. I am well versed in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. I also have training in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), as well as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) techniques.I enjoy working with individuals/families with anxiety disorders, depression, behavioral problems, and/or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
(925) 397-1852 View (925) 397-1852
Photo of Daniel Main, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Daniel Main
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lafayette, CA 94549
I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, and life transitions. I use a combination of Comprehensive Resource Model (CRM), Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Existential-Humanistic psychotherapy to treat a variety of mental health disorders. What creates long lasting effective change is my investment in you and your investment in yourself. I have the ability to attune to your feelings in the here and now; this allows for insight to grow and happiness to build in your life. Contact me now if you would like to be happier about your life. danmaincounseling.com
I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, and life transitions. I use a combination of Comprehensive Resource Model (CRM), Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Existential-Humanistic psychotherapy to treat a variety of mental health disorders. What creates long lasting effective change is my investment in you and your investment in yourself. I have the ability to attune to your feelings in the here and now; this allows for insight to grow and happiness to build in your life. Contact me now if you would like to be happier about your life. danmaincounseling.com
(925) 807-7058 View (925) 807-7058
Photo of Gustavo S. Olvera (Bilingual), Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Gustavo S. Olvera (Bilingual)
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Modesto, CA 95354  (Online Only)
My experience as a Mental Health Therapist has developed over the year by providing support to clients who have experienced: Severe Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Mood Disregulation Disorders, Phobias, and other diagnosis that often impair a persons's ability to function and achieve goals in life. I believe that we all have the potential to succeed in life and the potential to achieve greatness. A healthy mind is crucial to success, as we often face critical decisions on a daily basis. I firmly believe that by cultivating and maintaining a positive outlook on our mental health, we can all reach our desired goals.
My experience as a Mental Health Therapist has developed over the year by providing support to clients who have experienced: Severe Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Mood Disregulation Disorders, Phobias, and other diagnosis that often impair a persons's ability to function and achieve goals in life. I believe that we all have the potential to succeed in life and the potential to achieve greatness. A healthy mind is crucial to success, as we often face critical decisions on a daily basis. I firmly believe that by cultivating and maintaining a positive outlook on our mental health, we can all reach our desired goals.
(209) 780-0872 View (209) 780-0872
Photo of David A Martinez, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
David A Martinez
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Clara, CA 95054  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I provide care for clients who reside in California. I work with people who are interested in improving: Depression; Social Anxiety and other specific phobias; Generalized Anxiety; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Panic Disorder; Health behavior (e.g., adherence, coping with chronic illness, managing chronic pain); Smoking cessation; Insomnia; Trauma/PTSD; Issues related to experiences of LGBTQI+; Sexual health; Grief; and Stress.
I provide care for clients who reside in California. I work with people who are interested in improving: Depression; Social Anxiety and other specific phobias; Generalized Anxiety; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Panic Disorder; Health behavior (e.g., adherence, coping with chronic illness, managing chronic pain); Smoking cessation; Insomnia; Trauma/PTSD; Issues related to experiences of LGBTQI+; Sexual health; Grief; and Stress.
(510) 937-3211 View (510) 937-3211
Photo of Bedford Palmer, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Bedford Palmer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with a diverse clientele and specialize in providing social justice oriented psychotherapy to Black people and other POC, as well as members of LGBTQIA+ communities. I provide culturally responsive therapy, which focuses on the strengths you already have. I tend to use a cognitive-behavioral theoretical approach (CBT), while also paying attention to your environment and access to social support. I work with you to build a safe space where you can share your experiences without the fear of being judged, and where you can focus on becoming clear about what you want, and how you want to go about making that happen.
I work with a diverse clientele and specialize in providing social justice oriented psychotherapy to Black people and other POC, as well as members of LGBTQIA+ communities. I provide culturally responsive therapy, which focuses on the strengths you already have. I tend to use a cognitive-behavioral theoretical approach (CBT), while also paying attention to your environment and access to social support. I work with you to build a safe space where you can share your experiences without the fear of being judged, and where you can focus on becoming clear about what you want, and how you want to go about making that happen.
(510) 298-3362 View (510) 298-3362
Photo of Paul Kramer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Paul Kramer
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
At some point we all struggle to adjustment to life's changes; it's normal to feel stuck and I believe people have what it takes to adjust. For the past 20 years, I have been working with children and teens who are struggling to balance the demands of school and their social life. I integrate parents in my work as much as possible. I also work with adults and Couples often come to me for help in distress and are confused about how or why their relationship has derailed. I am dedicated to helping people build stronger; more intimate relationships and I use several modalities when attempting to help couples in distress.
At some point we all struggle to adjustment to life's changes; it's normal to feel stuck and I believe people have what it takes to adjust. For the past 20 years, I have been working with children and teens who are struggling to balance the demands of school and their social life. I integrate parents in my work as much as possible. I also work with adults and Couples often come to me for help in distress and are confused about how or why their relationship has derailed. I am dedicated to helping people build stronger; more intimate relationships and I use several modalities when attempting to help couples in distress.
(925) 320-0698 View (925) 320-0698
Photo of Mark David Hayman-Martinez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Mark David Hayman-Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist, RN, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
My practice is focused on people with depression responses, anxieties and difficult adjustments to their health or perceived health. As an RN, AND a psychotherapist, I am also very experienced with family members adjusting to a new major diagnosis in a child or other family member. The people that I help the most are motivated to feel more hopeful about their relationship with health including their relationships with their body and the health care community. If you feel overwhelmed or hopeless, please consider reaching out. I also have a special place in my heart for people working on nutrition and weight control.
My practice is focused on people with depression responses, anxieties and difficult adjustments to their health or perceived health. As an RN, AND a psychotherapist, I am also very experienced with family members adjusting to a new major diagnosis in a child or other family member. The people that I help the most are motivated to feel more hopeful about their relationship with health including their relationships with their body and the health care community. If you feel overwhelmed or hopeless, please consider reaching out. I also have a special place in my heart for people working on nutrition and weight control.
(510) 916-2295 View (510) 916-2295
Medication Management Therapists

What are the most effective ways to manage medications?

One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?

A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?

While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.