Therapists in Sacramento, CA

View neighborhoods in Sacramento
Photo of Kristina Holt-Reber, PsyD, Psychologist
Kristina Holt-Reber
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Are you looking for a safe space to explore and work on making changes (big or small)? My name is Dr. Kristina Holt-Reber and I want to help you move toward change to create a life where you feel like you can be your best self. Collaboratively we will create a treatment plan and use a self-compassionate, empathetic, person-centered and open approach while utilizing various therapeutic, evidence based tools to help you meet your goals!
Are you looking for a safe space to explore and work on making changes (big or small)? My name is Dr. Kristina Holt-Reber and I want to help you move toward change to create a life where you feel like you can be your best self. Collaboratively we will create a treatment plan and use a self-compassionate, empathetic, person-centered and open approach while utilizing various therapeutic, evidence based tools to help you meet your goals!
(916) 546-7976 View (916) 546-7976
Photo of Nathaniel Mills, PhD, Psychologist
Nathaniel Mills
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
I treat adults suffering from anxiety, depression, and relationship difficulties in my midtown Sacramento office. I've found success working with intelligent people stuck in situations they can't think their way out of. I enjoy challenging cases and working with diverse clients. I enjoy LGBT clients, people struggling with existential issues, and busy people trying to balance life with career. I have extensive experience working with treatment-resistant Depression, Anxiety, and Bipolar Disorders and can often help clients with innovative treatments. I am also Past President of the Sacramento Valley Psychological Association.
I treat adults suffering from anxiety, depression, and relationship difficulties in my midtown Sacramento office. I've found success working with intelligent people stuck in situations they can't think their way out of. I enjoy challenging cases and working with diverse clients. I enjoy LGBT clients, people struggling with existential issues, and busy people trying to balance life with career. I have extensive experience working with treatment-resistant Depression, Anxiety, and Bipolar Disorders and can often help clients with innovative treatments. I am also Past President of the Sacramento Valley Psychological Association.
(916) 722-7792 View (916) 722-7792
Photo of Jessica Dicenzo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Dicenzo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95823
Aloha my name is Jessica DiCenzo and I am a Maui native who is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Hawaii and California. I have twenty years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults in various settings. I provide a space where clients can feel safe to explore their thoughts and feelings without judgment. I respect the many ways in which we heal and recover, that everyone’s journey is unique, and recognize the potential for empowerment. I have always considered the whole person in their environment and will partner with you in your process of healing.
Aloha my name is Jessica DiCenzo and I am a Maui native who is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Hawaii and California. I have twenty years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults in various settings. I provide a space where clients can feel safe to explore their thoughts and feelings without judgment. I respect the many ways in which we heal and recover, that everyone’s journey is unique, and recognize the potential for empowerment. I have always considered the whole person in their environment and will partner with you in your process of healing.
(916) 659-6664 View (916) 659-6664
Photo of Skye K. Innerarity, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Skye K. Innerarity
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed or “stuck”? Are you wanting more from life? Are you struggling with letting go, changing, getting rid of and/or avoiding difficult and painful thoughts and feelings? Utilizing a genuinely warm, humorous, and direct humanistic approach, I will gently challenge you and invite you to step out of your current comfort zone and step into authentic, mindful living. Throughout our sessions, we will: hold space for difficult thoughts and feelings, highlight underlying patterns of thinking and behaving that may no longer serve you, and imagine new ways of being and doing.
Are you feeling overwhelmed or “stuck”? Are you wanting more from life? Are you struggling with letting go, changing, getting rid of and/or avoiding difficult and painful thoughts and feelings? Utilizing a genuinely warm, humorous, and direct humanistic approach, I will gently challenge you and invite you to step out of your current comfort zone and step into authentic, mindful living. Throughout our sessions, we will: hold space for difficult thoughts and feelings, highlight underlying patterns of thinking and behaving that may no longer serve you, and imagine new ways of being and doing.
(530) 203-5458 View (530) 203-5458
Photo of Aubrey Grande-Strathdee, MA, RCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Aubrey Grande-Strathdee
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My approach is centered around curiosity, possibility, and the celebration of each individual’s unique story. I offer a collaborative therapeutic environment that counters normativity and recognizes the impact of oppressive systems within our society. I utilize narrative therapy in my work, this approach will recognize your personal values and highlight your skills. I aim to assist you in exploring and strengthening the version of you that might be struggling to come to the surface.
My approach is centered around curiosity, possibility, and the celebration of each individual’s unique story. I offer a collaborative therapeutic environment that counters normativity and recognizes the impact of oppressive systems within our society. I utilize narrative therapy in my work, this approach will recognize your personal values and highlight your skills. I aim to assist you in exploring and strengthening the version of you that might be struggling to come to the surface.
(916) 510-0804 View (916) 510-0804
Photo of Rick James Kelly, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rick James Kelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Not currently accepting clients. EMDR/Brainspotting trained- Life can feel relentless. We keep getting back up but it gets harder to rebound each time. I'm here to help and I want to help you. Give me a text/call at 530636-0789 and I'll respond as soon as I can. Emotional wounds run deeper than anything that bleeds and it all adds up. These issues can turn our lives upside down where we don't feel like ourselves anymore (rude). How do I know? I've also experienced depression, anxiety and ADHD. Thankfully, it's not a life sentence and through our therapy together you can feel alive again and live a life you find meaningful
Not currently accepting clients. EMDR/Brainspotting trained- Life can feel relentless. We keep getting back up but it gets harder to rebound each time. I'm here to help and I want to help you. Give me a text/call at 530636-0789 and I'll respond as soon as I can. Emotional wounds run deeper than anything that bleeds and it all adds up. These issues can turn our lives upside down where we don't feel like ourselves anymore (rude). How do I know? I've also experienced depression, anxiety and ADHD. Thankfully, it's not a life sentence and through our therapy together you can feel alive again and live a life you find meaningful
(530) 207-8848 View (530) 207-8848
Photo of Kathryn Gooden Gonzales, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kathryn Gooden Gonzales
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95827
Waitlist for new clients
My years training and work has helped patients gain self-awareness, increase in their positive perceptions of themselves, gain and building upon new strategies in breaking unhealthy cycles, and addressing the "elephant in the room". It is understood that stressors & life changes happen; so knowing these challenges we can get stuck on where to go next. So, let me assist in gaining the joy and happiness in a healthy functional manner that you so deserve.
My years training and work has helped patients gain self-awareness, increase in their positive perceptions of themselves, gain and building upon new strategies in breaking unhealthy cycles, and addressing the "elephant in the room". It is understood that stressors & life changes happen; so knowing these challenges we can get stuck on where to go next. So, let me assist in gaining the joy and happiness in a healthy functional manner that you so deserve.
(916) 945-2465 View (916) 945-2465
Photo of Makisha Michelle Smith, Pre-Licensed Professional
Makisha Michelle Smith
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
I specialize in supporting clients who are dealing with past traumas from familial and interpersonal relationships looking to process their feelings and emotions in a safe space conducive to their healing. I promote empowerment and self awareness in an empathetic manner which allows each client to discover their higher self healing at a soul level.
I specialize in supporting clients who are dealing with past traumas from familial and interpersonal relationships looking to process their feelings and emotions in a safe space conducive to their healing. I promote empowerment and self awareness in an empathetic manner which allows each client to discover their higher self healing at a soul level.
(916) 661-4829 View (916) 661-4829
Photo of Lori T Pranger, MA, LPCC, LMFT
Lori T Pranger
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Thank you for taking this first step to care for yourself. While it's hard to seek help, it can change your life. Many individuals have been socialized to believe that they are the reason for all of their difficulties in life. I focus on how the problem is impacting your life and on how you can rediscover your strengths to create an alternative approach to your life, so the problem no longer defines your life. I have experience in working with anxiety, depression, PTSD and gender dysphoria, and have worked with individuals who identity as transgender or gender nonconforming and the LGBT community.
Thank you for taking this first step to care for yourself. While it's hard to seek help, it can change your life. Many individuals have been socialized to believe that they are the reason for all of their difficulties in life. I focus on how the problem is impacting your life and on how you can rediscover your strengths to create an alternative approach to your life, so the problem no longer defines your life. I have experience in working with anxiety, depression, PTSD and gender dysphoria, and have worked with individuals who identity as transgender or gender nonconforming and the LGBT community.
(916) 621-6138 View (916) 621-6138
Photo of Michael Grant Rocco, DSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Grant Rocco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831
I may be a psychotherapist, but I’m also a person in the world and not that different from you. I have a family and have been a lifelong learner. I grew up in a large, extended family who were working class. My family is diverse - different ethnicities, religious backgrounds, class levels, disabilities, educational levels, gender/sexualities, ages, geographical origin. As a person, I have had a few struggles and a few triumphs. I try to learn from life, my mistakes, other people, and my professional/academic experiences. I like to think that all these experiences have made me a better person and a better psychotherapist.
I may be a psychotherapist, but I’m also a person in the world and not that different from you. I have a family and have been a lifelong learner. I grew up in a large, extended family who were working class. My family is diverse - different ethnicities, religious backgrounds, class levels, disabilities, educational levels, gender/sexualities, ages, geographical origin. As a person, I have had a few struggles and a few triumphs. I try to learn from life, my mistakes, other people, and my professional/academic experiences. I like to think that all these experiences have made me a better person and a better psychotherapist.
(916) 655-0409 View (916) 655-0409
Photo of Danielle Laughter, ASW
Danielle Laughter
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95811
Sometimes life doesn’t go the way we plan, and it's difficult to know how to navigate through the challenges we confront. Finding a therapist can be intimidating, and it takes courage to take the first step--so congratulations! Building rapport and trust are essential toward developing a collaborative therapeutic relationship. Therapy should never be a “one size fits all” approach, and I hope to help you feel validated and supported by acknowledging your own unique life journey. I work hard at creating an emotionally safe environment where you can feel free from biases and judgment.
Sometimes life doesn’t go the way we plan, and it's difficult to know how to navigate through the challenges we confront. Finding a therapist can be intimidating, and it takes courage to take the first step--so congratulations! Building rapport and trust are essential toward developing a collaborative therapeutic relationship. Therapy should never be a “one size fits all” approach, and I hope to help you feel validated and supported by acknowledging your own unique life journey. I work hard at creating an emotionally safe environment where you can feel free from biases and judgment.
(916) 796-1263 View (916) 796-1263
Photo of Ian Ratliff, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ian Ratliff
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
My ideal client seeks to dive deep into their anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. In my therapy room, you will have an empathic ear, that is eager to ask follow-ups about the issues that underlay our conversation. We will develop goals for our sessions, and regularly track how we are meeting those and if they have changed. Together, we can develop a plan that fits you and achieves the goals that we set out. While this might not always be an easy road, I promise that we will walk arm in arm toward the destination which is better mental health.
My ideal client seeks to dive deep into their anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. In my therapy room, you will have an empathic ear, that is eager to ask follow-ups about the issues that underlay our conversation. We will develop goals for our sessions, and regularly track how we are meeting those and if they have changed. Together, we can develop a plan that fits you and achieves the goals that we set out. While this might not always be an easy road, I promise that we will walk arm in arm toward the destination which is better mental health.
(916) 665-0830 View (916) 665-0830
Photo of Geanene Gordon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Geanene Gordon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95828
My name is Geanene Gordon, LCSW. I am committed to help initiate your healing journey from past pain, generational dysfunction and self-abandonment to increase self-love, change the narrative of your life, build strong boundaries and protect your peace. I am passionate about acknowledging your individual experiences and normalizing the human emotional experience.
My name is Geanene Gordon, LCSW. I am committed to help initiate your healing journey from past pain, generational dysfunction and self-abandonment to increase self-love, change the narrative of your life, build strong boundaries and protect your peace. I am passionate about acknowledging your individual experiences and normalizing the human emotional experience.
(916) 587-6346 View (916) 587-6346
Photo of Lindsay Conner - Clinic for Healing and Change, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Clinic for Healing and Change
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Are you feeling overwhelmed by depression, anxiety or struggling to maintain a healthy relationship? Let us provide you with compassionate support and guidance that you need. As an experienced therapist, I specialize in helping individuals find relief from their mental health challenges and work collaboratively with couples to enhance their connection and understanding. Together, we can navigate the complexities of your emotions and relationships, empower you to lead a happier and more fulfilling life. Take the first step towards healing and reach out today.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by depression, anxiety or struggling to maintain a healthy relationship? Let us provide you with compassionate support and guidance that you need. As an experienced therapist, I specialize in helping individuals find relief from their mental health challenges and work collaboratively with couples to enhance their connection and understanding. Together, we can navigate the complexities of your emotions and relationships, empower you to lead a happier and more fulfilling life. Take the first step towards healing and reach out today.
(916) 432-4070 View (916) 432-4070
Photo of Maura C. Cody, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maura C. Cody
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Are you searching for help to repair your most valued relationship? In recent years, our relationships have experienced unprecedented amounts of stress, uncertainty, and loss. As a result, our closest relationships are suffering. If you have lost connection with your spouse, children, family, or even yourself, I would like to help. I work with clients who desire more support and communication from those they love, and who hope to repair and re-build a stronger union. Relationships are my specialty, and I believe, the most valuable part of our lives. We are better when we are in healthy partnership with those we love.
Are you searching for help to repair your most valued relationship? In recent years, our relationships have experienced unprecedented amounts of stress, uncertainty, and loss. As a result, our closest relationships are suffering. If you have lost connection with your spouse, children, family, or even yourself, I would like to help. I work with clients who desire more support and communication from those they love, and who hope to repair and re-build a stronger union. Relationships are my specialty, and I believe, the most valuable part of our lives. We are better when we are in healthy partnership with those we love.
(916) 409-3551 View (916) 409-3551
Photo of Mary K Williamson, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary K Williamson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95864
Sometimes life challenges leave you overwhelmed and you do not know what to do. Seeking counseling can be difficult and it is often hard to take the first step. I offer a safe and supportive environment to work with you on making the changes to improve your life. I am committed to providing effective and non-judgemental services to the individuals and families I work with. Working with children who have experienced traumatic life experiences is an area that I have many years of experience. Helping these children build trusting relationships with others is very important to me.
Sometimes life challenges leave you overwhelmed and you do not know what to do. Seeking counseling can be difficult and it is often hard to take the first step. I offer a safe and supportive environment to work with you on making the changes to improve your life. I am committed to providing effective and non-judgemental services to the individuals and families I work with. Working with children who have experienced traumatic life experiences is an area that I have many years of experience. Helping these children build trusting relationships with others is very important to me.
(916) 546-3677 View (916) 546-3677
Photo of Christopher Underwood, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Christopher Underwood
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Are you ready to make a real change in your life? I’m here to help you heal and grow. If you're dealing with anger, identity crises, depression, anxiety, trauma, or facing the challenges of cancer; I work in supporting people like you, including military veterans and individuals and couples from all walks of life. My ideal client is anyone ready to heal. I work in a group practice. I blend CBT, existentialism, trauma-informed care, and Stoic principles, focusing on what you can control and accepting what you cannot. Inspired by Plato’s wisdom on living a good life, I offer empathetic support to help you achieve meaning.
Are you ready to make a real change in your life? I’m here to help you heal and grow. If you're dealing with anger, identity crises, depression, anxiety, trauma, or facing the challenges of cancer; I work in supporting people like you, including military veterans and individuals and couples from all walks of life. My ideal client is anyone ready to heal. I work in a group practice. I blend CBT, existentialism, trauma-informed care, and Stoic principles, focusing on what you can control and accepting what you cannot. Inspired by Plato’s wisdom on living a good life, I offer empathetic support to help you achieve meaning.
(916) 610-1964 View (916) 610-1964
Photo of Brittany Wade, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittany Wade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I seek to help you illuminate stories you tell yourself about your emotional experiences and to shift narratives that aren’t serving you to build a joyful, connected, fulfilling life. Engaging in therapy is a courageous, empowering choice. I believe the foundations of a healing, productive therapeutic relationship are trust, authenticity, and collaboration. I strive to create a safe, nonjudgemental space to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to build insight into and change painful or unskillful patterns. My approach is eclectic and strengths-based, drawing from an array of modalities tailored to your unique needs and goals.
I seek to help you illuminate stories you tell yourself about your emotional experiences and to shift narratives that aren’t serving you to build a joyful, connected, fulfilling life. Engaging in therapy is a courageous, empowering choice. I believe the foundations of a healing, productive therapeutic relationship are trust, authenticity, and collaboration. I strive to create a safe, nonjudgemental space to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to build insight into and change painful or unskillful patterns. My approach is eclectic and strengths-based, drawing from an array of modalities tailored to your unique needs and goals.
(916) 623-7641 View (916) 623-7641
Photo of Abigail Hollandsworth, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Abigail Hollandsworth
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Young adults: It's really hard when we start to lose hope. Life and relationships are so stressful sometimes. Pressure from family, loved ones, or society just makes it harder. I help you find that hope again so you can have a better life & happier relationships. I support adults, couples and teens at Sacramento's leading relationship therapy center. Schedule online with me at www.lovehealgrow.com
Young adults: It's really hard when we start to lose hope. Life and relationships are so stressful sometimes. Pressure from family, loved ones, or society just makes it harder. I help you find that hope again so you can have a better life & happier relationships. I support adults, couples and teens at Sacramento's leading relationship therapy center. Schedule online with me at www.lovehealgrow.com
(916) 572-7701 View (916) 572-7701
Photo of Sonya Mogilner Clinical Supervision, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sonya Mogilner Clinical Supervision
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95817
Hello new grads, ASWs and AMFTs! If you are looking for a clinical supervisor who will support your growth throughout your career, we will be a good fit!
Hello new grads, ASWs and AMFTs! If you are looking for a clinical supervisor who will support your growth throughout your career, we will be a good fit!
(916) 314-7678 View (916) 314-7678
1
...

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$158

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Coping Skills
70% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
68% Stress
60% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth
75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

54% Online Only
46% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.