Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Mandy Sun - LifeStance Health, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
LifeStance Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Sacramento, CA 95825
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(916) 694-1867 View (916) 694-1867
Photo of Joël Dubois, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, ThD
Joël Dubois
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, ThD
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Like Riley in the "Inside Out" movies, many of us struggle to balance the feelings, thoughts and sensations arising day in and day out, whether we are by ourselves, among colleagues or strangers, with friends or family. An impulse may drive us to act in a certain way, but another voice criticizes our choices, while yet another part secretly fears something bad will happen whatever we do; and these thoughts are linked to sensations of unease in our bodies. We seek meaning in outer accomplishments, yet when there is tension between different parts of ourselves, we often end up feeling dissatisfied no matter how successful we appear.
Like Riley in the "Inside Out" movies, many of us struggle to balance the feelings, thoughts and sensations arising day in and day out, whether we are by ourselves, among colleagues or strangers, with friends or family. An impulse may drive us to act in a certain way, but another voice criticizes our choices, while yet another part secretly fears something bad will happen whatever we do; and these thoughts are linked to sensations of unease in our bodies. We seek meaning in outer accomplishments, yet when there is tension between different parts of ourselves, we often end up feeling dissatisfied no matter how successful we appear.
(916) 432-2212 View (916) 432-2212
Photo of Brandt Noey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brandt Noey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Most of my clients are highly capable, high-functioning individuals who look like they’re holding it all together, but under the surface, they’re exhausted. They’re the ones everyone depends on. But lately, something’s shifted. You’re tired of redlining your nervous system just to keep the world spinning. You’ve outgrown the version of yourself that built this life, but no one taught you what’s on the other side of survival. You’ve done therapy before. But when it didn’t push you or help you make real changes, you left.
Most of my clients are highly capable, high-functioning individuals who look like they’re holding it all together, but under the surface, they’re exhausted. They’re the ones everyone depends on. But lately, something’s shifted. You’re tired of redlining your nervous system just to keep the world spinning. You’ve outgrown the version of yourself that built this life, but no one taught you what’s on the other side of survival. You’ve done therapy before. But when it didn’t push you or help you make real changes, you left.
(916) 602-3148 View (916) 602-3148
Photo of Janet Saravia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Janet Saravia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Online Only
As a therapist, my intention is to create a safe space for clients to feel comfortable to face their life challenges. I want to assure clients that they are able and deserving of healing and achieving their life goals. I am committed to empowering clients to honor themselves and maintain their mental health.
As a therapist, my intention is to create a safe space for clients to feel comfortable to face their life challenges. I want to assure clients that they are able and deserving of healing and achieving their life goals. I am committed to empowering clients to honor themselves and maintain their mental health.
(916) 269-5049 View (916) 269-5049
Photo of Loretta Parker - Loretta Parker - ESA Letter, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Loretta Parker - ESA Letter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
I am an Online Provider of Emotional Support Animal (ESA) and Psychiatric Service Dog (PSD) letters serving California. As a Licensed Mental Health Professional I can legally classify ESAs and PSDs. My letters are legally recognized and compliant with federal and state laws, and in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. I will provide an official letter that meets the requirements for the CA and federal laws for housing and travel. Reach Out to Me and Learn How to Qualify Today.
I am an Online Provider of Emotional Support Animal (ESA) and Psychiatric Service Dog (PSD) letters serving California. As a Licensed Mental Health Professional I can legally classify ESAs and PSDs. My letters are legally recognized and compliant with federal and state laws, and in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. I will provide an official letter that meets the requirements for the CA and federal laws for housing and travel. Reach Out to Me and Learn How to Qualify Today.
(916) 758-9282 View (916) 758-9282
Photo of Sonja Kerschner, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sonja Kerschner
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95821
I am a Marriage and Family Therapy trainee with Life Practice Counseling Group, a non-profit training facility under the supervision of Carisa Sherwood, a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (license number 48768). I am passionate about working with adolescents and young adults, the Queer community, the Neurodivergent community, immigrants, and clients who are struggling with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicidality, identity exploration, difficult life-transitions, or general life challenges. I also really enjoy helping couples and families to build communication and connection skills.
I am a Marriage and Family Therapy trainee with Life Practice Counseling Group, a non-profit training facility under the supervision of Carisa Sherwood, a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (license number 48768). I am passionate about working with adolescents and young adults, the Queer community, the Neurodivergent community, immigrants, and clients who are struggling with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicidality, identity exploration, difficult life-transitions, or general life challenges. I also really enjoy helping couples and families to build communication and connection skills.
(916) 461-8870 View (916) 461-8870
Photo of Rachel Land-Bills, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Rachel Land-Bills
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling stressed, frustrated over relationship issues, depression or anxiety? Have you experienced overwhelming situations and feel like you've lost part of yourself? The discomfort of uncertainty can become almost unbearable, leaving you unable to figure out what comes next. You’re seeking support to help you feel okay again. I get it. But we all have the inner capacity to process trauma, heal from loss, and discover our truth. Therapy is a safe space for you to feel seen, heard & understood. You deserve to feel grounded and empowered. Insight and understanding through a holistic approach are key components. Let's talk.
Are you feeling stressed, frustrated over relationship issues, depression or anxiety? Have you experienced overwhelming situations and feel like you've lost part of yourself? The discomfort of uncertainty can become almost unbearable, leaving you unable to figure out what comes next. You’re seeking support to help you feel okay again. I get it. But we all have the inner capacity to process trauma, heal from loss, and discover our truth. Therapy is a safe space for you to feel seen, heard & understood. You deserve to feel grounded and empowered. Insight and understanding through a holistic approach are key components. Let's talk.
(916) 269-5420 View (916) 269-5420
Photo of Nathan Lupo, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Nathan Lupo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
I practice psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in California. The therapist's office is a place unlike any other in society. It is a place to speak freely, to say what's on your mind that you can't tell others, and to heal by so doing. If you feel anxious, hopeless, frustrated or angry; if you lack confidence, find yourself without real friendships, or are unable to sustain a lasting relationship, therapy might be for you. My aim is to help you understand and experience yourself in new or long-forgotten ways so that you may, in the words of William Butler Yeats, "live with a clearer, perhaps even with a fiercer life."
I practice psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in California. The therapist's office is a place unlike any other in society. It is a place to speak freely, to say what's on your mind that you can't tell others, and to heal by so doing. If you feel anxious, hopeless, frustrated or angry; if you lack confidence, find yourself without real friendships, or are unable to sustain a lasting relationship, therapy might be for you. My aim is to help you understand and experience yourself in new or long-forgotten ways so that you may, in the words of William Butler Yeats, "live with a clearer, perhaps even with a fiercer life."
(415) 728-0391 View (415) 728-0391
Photo of Jeffrey W Danese, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, MA, LMHC, LPCC
Jeffrey W Danese
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, MA, LMHC, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I graduated from a M.S. mental health counseling program at Eastern Washington University in 1995, got certified and ran a private practice in Seattle from 1995 through 2003. I worked in an outpatient community clinic, an inpatient psychiatric hospital, at retreat centers, and at a college counseling center until starting work on a PhD in Religious Studies and Psychology. I worked, studied, and lived in Europe, East Asia, and Africa before teaching 10 years at San Jose State University, so I am comfortable and confident working with very different sorts of people and I want everyone and anyone to feel welcome and at ease in my care.
I graduated from a M.S. mental health counseling program at Eastern Washington University in 1995, got certified and ran a private practice in Seattle from 1995 through 2003. I worked in an outpatient community clinic, an inpatient psychiatric hospital, at retreat centers, and at a college counseling center until starting work on a PhD in Religious Studies and Psychology. I worked, studied, and lived in Europe, East Asia, and Africa before teaching 10 years at San Jose State University, so I am comfortable and confident working with very different sorts of people and I want everyone and anyone to feel welcome and at ease in my care.
(916) 354-6244 View (916) 354-6244
Photo of Milagros Villarreal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Milagros Villarreal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I have experience working with all age groups, however, my primary focus is working with adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, relational issues, family issues, emotional regulation, or going through a life transition. My therapy style is collaborative and holistic. I believe clients are the experts in their lives and what they need is guidance, collaboration, and a tailored treatment.
I have experience working with all age groups, however, my primary focus is working with adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, relational issues, family issues, emotional regulation, or going through a life transition. My therapy style is collaborative and holistic. I believe clients are the experts in their lives and what they need is guidance, collaboration, and a tailored treatment.
(949) 676-8431 View (949) 676-8431
Photo of Melissa Ramirez, Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Melissa Ramirez
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Sacramento, CA 95811
Life is full of challenges to personal growth, and these issues often bring up feelings of fear and uncertainty. These and other difficult emotions may affect how you view yourself and relationships. We'll collaborate to create a safe space for exploring, unpacking, and navigating what's getting in the way of building the life you want. Our sessions will be aimed at healing from intergenerational trauma and inherited fears to release you from the negative self-talk hindering you. My therapeutic style is warm, collaborative, client-centered, and strengths-based to support you in identifying and reworking unhelpful thinking patterns.
Life is full of challenges to personal growth, and these issues often bring up feelings of fear and uncertainty. These and other difficult emotions may affect how you view yourself and relationships. We'll collaborate to create a safe space for exploring, unpacking, and navigating what's getting in the way of building the life you want. Our sessions will be aimed at healing from intergenerational trauma and inherited fears to release you from the negative self-talk hindering you. My therapeutic style is warm, collaborative, client-centered, and strengths-based to support you in identifying and reworking unhelpful thinking patterns.
(916) 848-5907 View (916) 848-5907
Photo of Cynthia Schlie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Cynthia Schlie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Sacramento, CA 95825
Works with: seniors, adults, couples, and teens. Treats bipolar, anxiety and self esteem, OCD, PTSD, anger management and life transitions.
Works with: seniors, adults, couples, and teens. Treats bipolar, anxiety and self esteem, OCD, PTSD, anger management and life transitions.
(916) 542-6293 View (916) 542-6293
Photo of Trisha D. Wallis, Psychologist, PsyD, LCSW
Trisha D. Wallis
Psychologist, PsyD, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you want to talk to someone who really understands LGBTQ+ folks? With a specialization in gender-affirmative care for transgender, nonbinary, gender diverse, and intersex people, I have dedicated my practice to helping people in the LGBTQ+ community on their healing journeys. Perhaps stress has taken its toll and you are having symptoms of anxiety or depression or you have difficulty coping with the current social and political environment. Maybe you want to try EMDR. I can help you navigate these challenges to feel better and live a better life. Note: I have availability for surgical readiness/referral/recommendation letters.
Do you want to talk to someone who really understands LGBTQ+ folks? With a specialization in gender-affirmative care for transgender, nonbinary, gender diverse, and intersex people, I have dedicated my practice to helping people in the LGBTQ+ community on their healing journeys. Perhaps stress has taken its toll and you are having symptoms of anxiety or depression or you have difficulty coping with the current social and political environment. Maybe you want to try EMDR. I can help you navigate these challenges to feel better and live a better life. Note: I have availability for surgical readiness/referral/recommendation letters.
(916) 347-4794 View (916) 347-4794
Photo of Molly Paris, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Molly Paris
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Sharing our inner experiences with someone can often feel frightening, which is exactly why I place such an importance on connection and acceptance in the therapeutic process. I aim to create a safe environment that will invite my clients to delve deeper into their personal narrative, as I truly believe we are not built to process emotions alone. As humans, we all have a propensity to grow and become our true selves, unfortunately we aren’t always gifted with the circumstances to allow it. I am passionate about creating a space for not only self-discovery and self-acceptance, but to allow clients to feel seen, heard, and valued.
Sharing our inner experiences with someone can often feel frightening, which is exactly why I place such an importance on connection and acceptance in the therapeutic process. I aim to create a safe environment that will invite my clients to delve deeper into their personal narrative, as I truly believe we are not built to process emotions alone. As humans, we all have a propensity to grow and become our true selves, unfortunately we aren’t always gifted with the circumstances to allow it. I am passionate about creating a space for not only self-discovery and self-acceptance, but to allow clients to feel seen, heard, and valued.
(415) 855-3806 View (415) 855-3806
Photo of Michael Grant Rocco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Michael Grant Rocco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Sacramento, CA 95831
I may be a psychotherapist, but I’m also a person in the world and not that different from you. I have a family and have been a lifelong learner. I grew up in a large, extended family who were working class. My family is diverse - different ethnicities, religious backgrounds, class levels, disabilities, educational levels, gender/sexualities, ages, geographical origin. As a person, I have had a few struggles and a few triumphs. I try to learn from life, my mistakes, other people, and my professional/academic experiences. I like to think that all these experiences have made me a better person and a better psychotherapist.
I may be a psychotherapist, but I’m also a person in the world and not that different from you. I have a family and have been a lifelong learner. I grew up in a large, extended family who were working class. My family is diverse - different ethnicities, religious backgrounds, class levels, disabilities, educational levels, gender/sexualities, ages, geographical origin. As a person, I have had a few struggles and a few triumphs. I try to learn from life, my mistakes, other people, and my professional/academic experiences. I like to think that all these experiences have made me a better person and a better psychotherapist.
(916) 655-0409 View (916) 655-0409
Photo of Joe Boyle, Licensed Professional Clincal Counselor, LPCC
Joe Boyle
Licensed Professional Clincal Counselor, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you want to have a great relationship with your partner, friends, or family, but you find yourself stuck in the same cycle of conflict? Are you battling substance abuse or an addiction that feels like it's ruining your life? Or, do you feel so weighed down by insecurity, worry, or hopelessness that you don't know how to start to make things better? Sometimes we come to a crossroads and are unsure which direction to take. We reach out for guidance, peace, self-love. I believe every person has the strength within them to seek out a functional, fulfilling life.
Do you want to have a great relationship with your partner, friends, or family, but you find yourself stuck in the same cycle of conflict? Are you battling substance abuse or an addiction that feels like it's ruining your life? Or, do you feel so weighed down by insecurity, worry, or hopelessness that you don't know how to start to make things better? Sometimes we come to a crossroads and are unsure which direction to take. We reach out for guidance, peace, self-love. I believe every person has the strength within them to seek out a functional, fulfilling life.
(530) 670-0969 View (530) 670-0969
Photo of Hannah Collentine-Cole, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Hannah Collentine-Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
5 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95811
I work with individuals and couples navigating relationship challenges, anxiety, burnout, trauma, and life transitions. I am particularly passionate about perinatal mental health. I have experience and training in working with individuals and couples during pregnancy, postpartum, early parenthood, as well as supporting around pregnancy loss and grief.
I work with individuals and couples navigating relationship challenges, anxiety, burnout, trauma, and life transitions. I am particularly passionate about perinatal mental health. I have experience and training in working with individuals and couples during pregnancy, postpartum, early parenthood, as well as supporting around pregnancy loss and grief.
(916) 252-1371 View (916) 252-1371
Photo of Zack Kampf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PhD
Zack Kampf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PhD
Online Only
Like many therapists, I’m equipped with the tools to help others largely because of my own suffering. I was lost, looking for guidance, and tried many forms of therapy, finding most to be superficial. I felt like I was offered band-aids for the bleeding when I wanted to cauterize the wound. I didn’t want coping skills for my depression, I wanted to know why I was depressed so that I could DO something about it. I wanted real change. I finally got what I asked for, and my life turned upside-down when I discovered Jungian therapy.
Like many therapists, I’m equipped with the tools to help others largely because of my own suffering. I was lost, looking for guidance, and tried many forms of therapy, finding most to be superficial. I felt like I was offered band-aids for the bleeding when I wanted to cauterize the wound. I didn’t want coping skills for my depression, I wanted to know why I was depressed so that I could DO something about it. I wanted real change. I finally got what I asked for, and my life turned upside-down when I discovered Jungian therapy.
(828) 471-9348 View (828) 471-9348
Photo of Rebecca Gillogly, Psychologist, PsyD
Rebecca Gillogly
Psychologist, PsyD
Sacramento, CA 95816
My clinical experience includes grief/loss, survivors of suicide, depression and anxiety, postpartum depression and anxiety, first responders, burnout, and college-aged students. I have a "come as you are" approach to therapy. So many people are either new to therapy or maybe haven't had the most positive experience so rapport building is most important to me because the more comfortable you are, the more likely you will benefit from the therapy experience. I worked in a Level I Trauma Center for over 7 years and have supported many first responders with workplace trauma and burnout.
My clinical experience includes grief/loss, survivors of suicide, depression and anxiety, postpartum depression and anxiety, first responders, burnout, and college-aged students. I have a "come as you are" approach to therapy. So many people are either new to therapy or maybe haven't had the most positive experience so rapport building is most important to me because the more comfortable you are, the more likely you will benefit from the therapy experience. I worked in a Level I Trauma Center for over 7 years and have supported many first responders with workplace trauma and burnout.
(747) 318-4697 View (747) 318-4697
Photo of Leigh-Ann Santillanes-Delgado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Leigh-Ann Santillanes-Delgado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sacramento, CA 95825
25 years of experience, specializing in Individual and Family Therapy to address Anxiety, Depression, Trauma/PTSD, Addiction/Recovery issues, and Clinical Case Management needs with Adolescents, Families, Adults, & Couples. Relational issues including Parenting difficulties, lgbtqia+, polyamory/enm , etc through Multiple modalities, including Solution-focused short-term therapy, CBT, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Psychodrama, Expressive Arts therapy, and Internal Family Systems
25 years of experience, specializing in Individual and Family Therapy to address Anxiety, Depression, Trauma/PTSD, Addiction/Recovery issues, and Clinical Case Management needs with Adolescents, Families, Adults, & Couples. Relational issues including Parenting difficulties, lgbtqia+, polyamory/enm , etc through Multiple modalities, including Solution-focused short-term therapy, CBT, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Psychodrama, Expressive Arts therapy, and Internal Family Systems
(916) 398-3313 View (916) 398-3313

See more therapy options for Sacramento

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$157

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
69% Relationship Issues
68% Self Esteem
66% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
60% Other

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

56% Online Only
44% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.