Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Sarah Kincaid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Sarah Kincaid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I provide a therapy space tailored for each client's needs. I strive to create a non-judgmental, safe, supportive, challenging, stimulating and relaxed environment for you. I work with clients from all walks of life and challenges, with most having a feeling of being stuck. My goal is to strengthen you enough to move forward. Therapy can be a vehicle for change and is an opportunity to gain self acceptance and heal from relationship issues. Together we will look at symptom management, occupational, educational/academic issues, conflicts, self esteem, trauma, grief or goal setting.
I provide a therapy space tailored for each client's needs. I strive to create a non-judgmental, safe, supportive, challenging, stimulating and relaxed environment for you. I work with clients from all walks of life and challenges, with most having a feeling of being stuck. My goal is to strengthen you enough to move forward. Therapy can be a vehicle for change and is an opportunity to gain self acceptance and heal from relationship issues. Together we will look at symptom management, occupational, educational/academic issues, conflicts, self esteem, trauma, grief or goal setting.
(267) 641-9593 View (267) 641-9593
Photo of Rochelle Melia Hancock in Philadelphia, PA
Rochelle Melia Hancock
MA, LBS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19151  (Online Only)
I work with clients who are experiencing depression, anxiety, distorted thinking, and any symptoms that may be impacting your life. Also clients who may have experienced trauma which causes disturbances in their present lives. I want to help motivate my clients to live their best life now, and to be able to move forward.
I work with clients who are experiencing depression, anxiety, distorted thinking, and any symptoms that may be impacting your life. Also clients who may have experienced trauma which causes disturbances in their present lives. I want to help motivate my clients to live their best life now, and to be able to move forward.
(610) 467-2543 View (610) 467-2543
Photo of Michael Entrekin, Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Michael Entrekin
Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106  (Online Only)
Currently only seeing clients in Pennsylvania via TeleHealth. My goal is to compassionately walk alongside you on your journey toward success. Sometimes it's difficult overcoming the hardships we face, I'm here to help you learn strategies to more successfully navigate the challenges you encounter.
Currently only seeing clients in Pennsylvania via TeleHealth. My goal is to compassionately walk alongside you on your journey toward success. Sometimes it's difficult overcoming the hardships we face, I'm here to help you learn strategies to more successfully navigate the challenges you encounter.
(856) 925-9203 View (856) 925-9203
Photo of Amy Leonard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Amy Leonard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104
If you are feeling stuck, alone, or confused about yourself or your relationships, then therapy could be a helpful next step for you. I would love to help you explore your story and learn how to tap into your ability to grow and heal. My style is warm, conversational, and relational, because I believe the main way we grow and change is by being in authentic and non-judgmental relationships. Whether you are facing relational concerns, a life transition, grief and loss, anxiety and depression, or any type of trauma, my goal is to help you gain both the insight and the skills you need to navigate your concerns.
If you are feeling stuck, alone, or confused about yourself or your relationships, then therapy could be a helpful next step for you. I would love to help you explore your story and learn how to tap into your ability to grow and heal. My style is warm, conversational, and relational, because I believe the main way we grow and change is by being in authentic and non-judgmental relationships. Whether you are facing relational concerns, a life transition, grief and loss, anxiety and depression, or any type of trauma, my goal is to help you gain both the insight and the skills you need to navigate your concerns.
(267) 651-1261 x7018 View (267) 651-1261 x7018
Photo of Sarah Sweda, Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Sarah Sweda
Counselor, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
First of all, if no one has told you yet today, you’re here and you’re doing a great job. Hi, my name is Sarah and I get it - at any given moment life can be complicated, frustrating, hilarious, heartbreaking, chaotic, or beautiful. Maybe you’re feeling all of it at once. Through the beauty, chaos, joy, or pain, I think it’s important to remember that you don’t have to walk this ever changing road alone. As a licensed practical counselor (LPC) and nationally certified counselor (NCC) practicing in the state of Pennsylvania,
First of all, if no one has told you yet today, you’re here and you’re doing a great job. Hi, my name is Sarah and I get it - at any given moment life can be complicated, frustrating, hilarious, heartbreaking, chaotic, or beautiful. Maybe you’re feeling all of it at once. Through the beauty, chaos, joy, or pain, I think it’s important to remember that you don’t have to walk this ever changing road alone. As a licensed practical counselor (LPC) and nationally certified counselor (NCC) practicing in the state of Pennsylvania,
(484) 292-2294 View (484) 292-2294
Photo of Kim Houghton, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Kim Houghton
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
To me, therapy is all about curiosity and kindness. Whether we’re talking about life-interrupting anxiety, patterns in eating disorders, mind-spinning negative self-talk, or life stressors you no longer want to just push down deep inside, I’m here for the journey. With that curiosity and kindness I love getting to hold both the beauty and pain of life with someone until they are ready to hold it all on their own. And with that, getting to encourage them as they move towards their feelings, work through their pain, and emerge into life that is full, embodied, and reawakened.
To me, therapy is all about curiosity and kindness. Whether we’re talking about life-interrupting anxiety, patterns in eating disorders, mind-spinning negative self-talk, or life stressors you no longer want to just push down deep inside, I’m here for the journey. With that curiosity and kindness I love getting to hold both the beauty and pain of life with someone until they are ready to hold it all on their own. And with that, getting to encourage them as they move towards their feelings, work through their pain, and emerge into life that is full, embodied, and reawakened.
(484) 851-2938 View (484) 851-2938
Photo of Joshua Schultz, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Joshua Schultz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148
Therapy is a series of conversations that change how you see yourself and the world. I work with ambitious young people looking to change their lives in the ways that matter most. No matter the issue, I help people understand themselves more fully, build healthy habits, and make life changes. From the beginning of our work, I help people make friends with their minds.
Therapy is a series of conversations that change how you see yourself and the world. I work with ambitious young people looking to change their lives in the ways that matter most. No matter the issue, I help people understand themselves more fully, build healthy habits, and make life changes. From the beginning of our work, I help people make friends with their minds.
(215) 608-5861 View (215) 608-5861
Photo of Charles H Bittner, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Charles H Bittner
Psychologist, MDiv, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
I offer you new learning about yourself and new neurological wiring based on scientific findings about mind and body. We build on your strengths and bring greater balance to your thinking, your emotions and your behavior. We meet mostly by teletherapy, but we might meet in-person for our first visit and afterwards. We focus on body awareness, identifying regressive triggers, and mastering skills to manage greater joy in life, stronger connections and resilience. When we agree that you are ready, you can join our monthly workshop where your will learn and practice resilience skills with others.
I offer you new learning about yourself and new neurological wiring based on scientific findings about mind and body. We build on your strengths and bring greater balance to your thinking, your emotions and your behavior. We meet mostly by teletherapy, but we might meet in-person for our first visit and afterwards. We focus on body awareness, identifying regressive triggers, and mastering skills to manage greater joy in life, stronger connections and resilience. When we agree that you are ready, you can join our monthly workshop where your will learn and practice resilience skills with others.
(484) 275-2682 View (484) 275-2682
Photo of Amanda K Darnley, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Amanda K Darnley
Psychologist, PsyD, MHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
A lot of things can get in the way of living a life you love- insecurities, shame, comparison, perfectionism, emotions you don't know what to do with, thoughts you'd rather not have, living in a society that devalues you, etc. I am a licensed psychologist with over a decade of experience working with individuals from all walks of life. I founded my private practice on the principles of "empowerment, compassion and clarity" with the intent to guide and support my clients as they uncover these traits within themselves- leading them to more balanced and fulfilling lives.
A lot of things can get in the way of living a life you love- insecurities, shame, comparison, perfectionism, emotions you don't know what to do with, thoughts you'd rather not have, living in a society that devalues you, etc. I am a licensed psychologist with over a decade of experience working with individuals from all walks of life. I founded my private practice on the principles of "empowerment, compassion and clarity" with the intent to guide and support my clients as they uncover these traits within themselves- leading them to more balanced and fulfilling lives.
(267) 507-0486 View (267) 507-0486
Photo of Megan Furman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Megan Furman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19127  (Online Only)
Pregnant, postpartum, or parent of littles? Navigating the challenges of parenthood is not always made easier by the joys. Maybe you’re here as a mom struggling with all of the adjustments postpartum, you’re a dad feeling more irritable than you’d like, you’re crying or worrying a lot, having difficulty bonding with your baby, missing your independence, finding it hard to make time for your own needs, experienced a loss or scary birth, or you don't feel like yourself as an expectant parent, a new parent, or an experienced parent. We tend to have many expectations about parenthood and need help adjusting when things don’t go to plan.
Pregnant, postpartum, or parent of littles? Navigating the challenges of parenthood is not always made easier by the joys. Maybe you’re here as a mom struggling with all of the adjustments postpartum, you’re a dad feeling more irritable than you’d like, you’re crying or worrying a lot, having difficulty bonding with your baby, missing your independence, finding it hard to make time for your own needs, experienced a loss or scary birth, or you don't feel like yourself as an expectant parent, a new parent, or an experienced parent. We tend to have many expectations about parenthood and need help adjusting when things don’t go to plan.
(610) 813-6206 View (610) 813-6206
Photo of Jilana Jaxon, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Jilana Jaxon
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
My aim as a therapist is to foster a warm, non-judgmental, and collaborative space. I work closely with my clients to help them heal from life’s challenges and create the positive changes they’d like to see in their lives. I'd like to help you find your path to greater peace and wellness.
My aim as a therapist is to foster a warm, non-judgmental, and collaborative space. I work closely with my clients to help them heal from life’s challenges and create the positive changes they’d like to see in their lives. I'd like to help you find your path to greater peace and wellness.
(267) 489-1362 View (267) 489-1362
Photo of Michael Accardo, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Michael Accardo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Many of us are navigating systems that were not designed to nourish us, and growing through hardships that leave us feeling isolated and overwhelmed. I work to help people (especially LGBTQ people, BIPOC, and Neurodivergent people) understand how therapy (e.g. acceptance, emotion regulation, interpersonal skills, stress-reduction, trauma work, value-driven action) can be applied to overcome and liberate. I also specialize in managing Bipolar Disorder, OCD/OCD-spectrum disorders, PTSD, & Social Anxiety. By enhancing your strengths, reworking coping mechanisms, and reframing beliefs about yourself, you can find peace and joy.
Many of us are navigating systems that were not designed to nourish us, and growing through hardships that leave us feeling isolated and overwhelmed. I work to help people (especially LGBTQ people, BIPOC, and Neurodivergent people) understand how therapy (e.g. acceptance, emotion regulation, interpersonal skills, stress-reduction, trauma work, value-driven action) can be applied to overcome and liberate. I also specialize in managing Bipolar Disorder, OCD/OCD-spectrum disorders, PTSD, & Social Anxiety. By enhancing your strengths, reworking coping mechanisms, and reframing beliefs about yourself, you can find peace and joy.
(412) 754-4628 View (412) 754-4628
Photo of Ellen L Wright, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Ellen L Wright
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
People enter therapy because they want to improve something in their lives. Often the timing of this choice to seek therapy is not ideal - you may be having family or work stress, you may be depressed, anxious, tired and unable to think clearly or make decisions. At these times you need a therapist who is well respected, thoughtful, and capable. I am a licensed Psychologist who has been in private practice in Center City, Philadelphia for over 25 years. I work with adults and young adults (16 years +) facing emotional, interpersonal, career and medical challenges.
People enter therapy because they want to improve something in their lives. Often the timing of this choice to seek therapy is not ideal - you may be having family or work stress, you may be depressed, anxious, tired and unable to think clearly or make decisions. At these times you need a therapist who is well respected, thoughtful, and capable. I am a licensed Psychologist who has been in private practice in Center City, Philadelphia for over 25 years. I work with adults and young adults (16 years +) facing emotional, interpersonal, career and medical challenges.
(215) 977-4211 View (215) 977-4211
Photo of Joseph Maron, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Joseph Maron
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Are you struggling with accepting parts of yourself that you don't understand? Are you looking for ways to communicate the complex "you" to your family, friends, and loved ones? Are you struggling to identify and communicate your needs? As a neurodivergent and non-binary therapist, I'm here to help you navigate a world not designed for us. Let's explore your past so you can better understand your present.
Are you struggling with accepting parts of yourself that you don't understand? Are you looking for ways to communicate the complex "you" to your family, friends, and loved ones? Are you struggling to identify and communicate your needs? As a neurodivergent and non-binary therapist, I'm here to help you navigate a world not designed for us. Let's explore your past so you can better understand your present.
(267) 732-0865 View (267) 732-0865
Photo of Lori O'Mara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Lori O'Mara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
You are capable of creating change in your life. My role is one of encouragement and support for making that change. Together we will find ways to cope better in the situations that matter to you and facilitate personal growth by exploring new ways to interact with your world, yourself and those around you. I believe you are the best resource on what works for you. In session we will spend time exploring the issues most important to you and find a way to work through those together.
You are capable of creating change in your life. My role is one of encouragement and support for making that change. Together we will find ways to cope better in the situations that matter to you and facilitate personal growth by exploring new ways to interact with your world, yourself and those around you. I believe you are the best resource on what works for you. In session we will spend time exploring the issues most important to you and find a way to work through those together.
(267) 439-4804 View (267) 439-4804
Photo of Ashley Hardy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Ashley Hardy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I’m Ashley, and my mission is to help individuals and couples navigate life’s difficulties to become the best possible versions of themselves. Both my clinical and personal experiences have taught me that, though we cannot control everything, we can control our behaviors, perspectives, beliefs, actions, and HEALING. I plan to equip you with the tools needed to promote your overall well-being and facilitate lasting positive change.
I’m Ashley, and my mission is to help individuals and couples navigate life’s difficulties to become the best possible versions of themselves. Both my clinical and personal experiences have taught me that, though we cannot control everything, we can control our behaviors, perspectives, beliefs, actions, and HEALING. I plan to equip you with the tools needed to promote your overall well-being and facilitate lasting positive change.
(484) 573-6487 View (484) 573-6487
Photo of Melody Dascanio, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Melody Dascanio
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, C-PD, CCTP-II, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Will I ever be good enough?....Maybe I AM the crazy one?... Have you had these thoughts? Are you anxious, depressed, a chronic people pleaser? Have your "loved ones" blamed you for "everything that is wrong"? Do you hate the way they act around you, but then a few memories of when they were nice make you feel guilty for having those thoughts (cognitive dissonance)? This is all normal if you have experienced narcissistic abuse or emotionally immature parents. This is where I come in. Healing is a real possibility. You deserve it and I'm dedicated to helping you move from surviving to thriving!
Will I ever be good enough?....Maybe I AM the crazy one?... Have you had these thoughts? Are you anxious, depressed, a chronic people pleaser? Have your "loved ones" blamed you for "everything that is wrong"? Do you hate the way they act around you, but then a few memories of when they were nice make you feel guilty for having those thoughts (cognitive dissonance)? This is all normal if you have experienced narcissistic abuse or emotionally immature parents. This is where I come in. Healing is a real possibility. You deserve it and I'm dedicated to helping you move from surviving to thriving!
(484) 380-9979 View (484) 380-9979
Photo of Rod White in Philadelphia, PA
Rod White
PhD, MFT, MDiv
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19146
I enjoy the diversity of my clients, walking with adults of all ages and backgrounds. In 2011 I turned into the joys of psychotherapy as a second career. I see my main job as listening carefully, mirroring your process with empathy and helping you move toward the goals you set, whether they are about reaching deeper inside or moving into the practical steps you need to take next week. My experience and spirituality are assets you can rely on, but they will not direct your own process of understanding, healing and maturation.
I enjoy the diversity of my clients, walking with adults of all ages and backgrounds. In 2011 I turned into the joys of psychotherapy as a second career. I see my main job as listening carefully, mirroring your process with empathy and helping you move toward the goals you set, whether they are about reaching deeper inside or moving into the practical steps you need to take next week. My experience and spirituality are assets you can rely on, but they will not direct your own process of understanding, healing and maturation.
(215) 621-8762 View (215) 621-8762
Photo of Daniel Mack, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Mack
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Are you tired of showing up in spaces only to be "othered" or have assumptions be made about you because of how you look? I get it because I've been there and this is something I still experience to this day. Whether you are Black, POC, or LGBTQIA+, there is space for you in this world and I am here to remind you that you can take up space. As a queer black man, therapy was never advertised to me or those who looked like me. I had to tackle the intersections of my identity on my own and it was lonely.
Are you tired of showing up in spaces only to be "othered" or have assumptions be made about you because of how you look? I get it because I've been there and this is something I still experience to this day. Whether you are Black, POC, or LGBTQIA+, there is space for you in this world and I am here to remind you that you can take up space. As a queer black man, therapy was never advertised to me or those who looked like me. I had to tackle the intersections of my identity on my own and it was lonely.
(215) 717-8908 View (215) 717-8908
Photo of Christina Atkinson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Christina Atkinson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19115  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm here and ready to help you! I know there are a lot of choices out there for therapists/counselors and whether this is your first time looking for one or you've been through this before, it can feel overwhelming and stressful. Just as much as you are looking for the "right therapist", I am seeking the ideal client to help support, address their issues, alleviate their symptoms, and help them achieve their goals. Everyone is at a different place in their mental health journey. I want to meet you where you are in that journey and work through your struggles at a pace that feels right for you!
Hi! I'm here and ready to help you! I know there are a lot of choices out there for therapists/counselors and whether this is your first time looking for one or you've been through this before, it can feel overwhelming and stressful. Just as much as you are looking for the "right therapist", I am seeking the ideal client to help support, address their issues, alleviate their symptoms, and help them achieve their goals. Everyone is at a different place in their mental health journey. I want to meet you where you are in that journey and work through your struggles at a pace that feels right for you!
(267) 310-3055 View (267) 310-3055

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
74% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.