Therapists in Knoxville, TN

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Photo of Timothy Raper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Timothy Raper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
I see individuals ages 8-26. I offer individual and family therapy sessions. My sessions are very unique in that I allow a place for kiddos to be kiddos. My favorite part of my job is when a client tells me, "I never thought therapy could be like this." or "This makes so much sense." Kiddos are in a state of development that can be either extremely scary or exciting. What makes the difference is when they and loved ones understand this process on a cognitive, emotional, and physiological level. Then behaviors and responses become more clear and how to handle them becomes more effective.
I see individuals ages 8-26. I offer individual and family therapy sessions. My sessions are very unique in that I allow a place for kiddos to be kiddos. My favorite part of my job is when a client tells me, "I never thought therapy could be like this." or "This makes so much sense." Kiddos are in a state of development that can be either extremely scary or exciting. What makes the difference is when they and loved ones understand this process on a cognitive, emotional, and physiological level. Then behaviors and responses become more clear and how to handle them becomes more effective.
(865) 674-9620 View (865) 674-9620
Photo of Chiara Marrapodi in Knoxville, TN
Chiara Marrapodi
CCHt, HTI, HMI, BSc, MA
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37920  (Online Only)
Do you feel stuck and don’t know how to move forward? Does it feel like you have tried many things but you have made little progress? Do you feel like you are not good enough? Are you looking for connection and have difficulty finding it and feeling it? My goal is to support you to discover a deeper and richer connection to yourself, the life you create and in your relationships. I specialize in reframing and releasing old traumas and patterns to find your authentic self and an aliveness and curiosity about life.
Do you feel stuck and don’t know how to move forward? Does it feel like you have tried many things but you have made little progress? Do you feel like you are not good enough? Are you looking for connection and have difficulty finding it and feeling it? My goal is to support you to discover a deeper and richer connection to yourself, the life you create and in your relationships. I specialize in reframing and releasing old traumas and patterns to find your authentic self and an aliveness and curiosity about life.
(760) 621-7925 View (760) 621-7925
Photo of Faith Shultz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Faith Shultz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923  (Online Only)
Are you dealing with life's difficulties? Do you struggle with feeling powerless, anxious, depressed, or just "different"? You deserve to be heard and I'm here to listen.
Are you dealing with life's difficulties? Do you struggle with feeling powerless, anxious, depressed, or just "different"? You deserve to be heard and I'm here to listen.
(865) 737-1943 View (865) 737-1943
Photo of Angela Masini, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Angela Masini
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
Do you find yourself in internal arguments with your inner critic or feel so pressured by should’s that being stressed has become the norm? Do you miss your former, more alive self or notice that feelings you had hoped were resolved continue to generate painful memories? Are you struggling with unwanted behaviors - irritable outbursts, addictions, or indecisiveness? Or missing intimacy and positive communication with your spouse or partner? Though there is no "typical client", resolving these concerns or decreasing symptoms of anxiety, depression, or PTSD, are frequent reasons reported by my clients when they come to therapy.
Do you find yourself in internal arguments with your inner critic or feel so pressured by should’s that being stressed has become the norm? Do you miss your former, more alive self or notice that feelings you had hoped were resolved continue to generate painful memories? Are you struggling with unwanted behaviors - irritable outbursts, addictions, or indecisiveness? Or missing intimacy and positive communication with your spouse or partner? Though there is no "typical client", resolving these concerns or decreasing symptoms of anxiety, depression, or PTSD, are frequent reasons reported by my clients when they come to therapy.
(865) 217-0514 View (865) 217-0514
Photo of Lori Boudreaux, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Lori Boudreaux
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MS, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Life can be difficult to navigate. Many of us struggle with anxiety, depression, fear, and loneliness, but you don't have to face these challenges alone. Treatment can help you feel safe and secure. It can help you reach your potential, derive more satisfaction and gratification from your relationships, and ultimately help you achieve contentment and fulfillment in your life.
Life can be difficult to navigate. Many of us struggle with anxiety, depression, fear, and loneliness, but you don't have to face these challenges alone. Treatment can help you feel safe and secure. It can help you reach your potential, derive more satisfaction and gratification from your relationships, and ultimately help you achieve contentment and fulfillment in your life.
(865) 426-1424 View (865) 426-1424
Photo of Alena Porter, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Alena Porter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37902  (Online Only)
Sex is a normal, necessary part of human existence yet many people experience problems with sex including pain, lack of desire, or an inability to reach orgasm. Have you been avoiding talking to a sex therapist because you are afraid they’ll judge you? I will never judge you. Nothing you say is going to shock me, scare me, or make me stop working with you. Some people need a safe place to explore their sexual or gender identity. If you have been waiting for someone to be able to help you understand sexual thoughts, behaviors, and preferences then email me today
Sex is a normal, necessary part of human existence yet many people experience problems with sex including pain, lack of desire, or an inability to reach orgasm. Have you been avoiding talking to a sex therapist because you are afraid they’ll judge you? I will never judge you. Nothing you say is going to shock me, scare me, or make me stop working with you. Some people need a safe place to explore their sexual or gender identity. If you have been waiting for someone to be able to help you understand sexual thoughts, behaviors, and preferences then email me today
(865) 672-0819 View (865) 672-0819
Photo of Kawal Jooma, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Kawal Jooma
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Not accepting new clients
My name is Kawal Jooma and I am a Licensed Masters Social Worker here in Knoxville, TN. I graduated from Boston University with my MSW with a specialty in children, youth and families. I have worked many populations including, but not limited to, children, youth, teenagers, adults and older adults. My passion lies in working with individuals who have early onset psychosis, personality disorders, and mood disorders. Some modalities used in my practice are: CBT, DBT, psychoeducation, and motivational interviewing. I look forward to meeting and getting to know you, and helping you navigate the different obstacles you face daily,
My name is Kawal Jooma and I am a Licensed Masters Social Worker here in Knoxville, TN. I graduated from Boston University with my MSW with a specialty in children, youth and families. I have worked many populations including, but not limited to, children, youth, teenagers, adults and older adults. My passion lies in working with individuals who have early onset psychosis, personality disorders, and mood disorders. Some modalities used in my practice are: CBT, DBT, psychoeducation, and motivational interviewing. I look forward to meeting and getting to know you, and helping you navigate the different obstacles you face daily,
(865) 213-7469 View (865) 213-7469
Photo of Kike Kotsianas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Kike Kotsianas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919  (Online Only)
There are tough times for everyone — that goes without saying. But combine the stress and uncertainty of life with the challenges of being a preteen, teen, or young adult and it’s no surprise that many are struggling with anxiety, depression, and other mental health-related issues. I would like to help you navigate these challenges and work with you to gain the the tools necessary to overcome them. I am passionate about using my knowledge, experience, and resources to help you find joy in your life!
There are tough times for everyone — that goes without saying. But combine the stress and uncertainty of life with the challenges of being a preteen, teen, or young adult and it’s no surprise that many are struggling with anxiety, depression, and other mental health-related issues. I would like to help you navigate these challenges and work with you to gain the the tools necessary to overcome them. I am passionate about using my knowledge, experience, and resources to help you find joy in your life!
(865) 448-7024 View (865) 448-7024
Photo of Dawn Fortich, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Dawn Fortich, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
The process of initiating therapy can be scary. Trusting someone you don't know isn't always easy. The truth is that life is difficult. We have all experienced sadness, loss, fear, and loneliness. Therapy can help find clarity and strength. My experience is as diverse as those I serve such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, & LGBT issues, marital counseling, and PTSD. I enjoy my work and feel blessed to be a tool for God to help those who are hurting or in need of understanding. My greatest reward comes from empowering people with the confidence and tools to make a positive change.
The process of initiating therapy can be scary. Trusting someone you don't know isn't always easy. The truth is that life is difficult. We have all experienced sadness, loss, fear, and loneliness. Therapy can help find clarity and strength. My experience is as diverse as those I serve such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, & LGBT issues, marital counseling, and PTSD. I enjoy my work and feel blessed to be a tool for God to help those who are hurting or in need of understanding. My greatest reward comes from empowering people with the confidence and tools to make a positive change.
(865) 498-5001 View (865) 498-5001
Photo of Krista Hein Bland, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Krista Hein Bland
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37921
Currently accepting new clients, no waitlist! My practice is primarily focused on working with couples that are struggling with their relationship and communication. I also work with individuals who are struggling with relationships. In working with couples, I am careful to ensure that everyone in the room with me feels heard. I work with couples dealing with communication issues and trauma, as well as couples who want to deepen their connection. I am also trained in EMDR and aim to treat trauma within both the individual and couple's context.
Currently accepting new clients, no waitlist! My practice is primarily focused on working with couples that are struggling with their relationship and communication. I also work with individuals who are struggling with relationships. In working with couples, I am careful to ensure that everyone in the room with me feels heard. I work with couples dealing with communication issues and trauma, as well as couples who want to deepen their connection. I am also trained in EMDR and aim to treat trauma within both the individual and couple's context.
(865) 328-2106 View (865) 328-2106
Photo of Sarah Rimer Moss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Sarah Rimer Moss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
Not accepting new clients
I work with individuals and families seeking to improve the ways they cope with the challenges they face, which may include problems in relationships, substance abuse, trauma, depression and anxiety (and other mental illnesses), difficulties in career, lifestyle dissatisfaction, and other personal issues. I practice with an emphasis on collaboration and relationship, meaning that I view my patients as the experts on their own lives. By offering a respectful, caring, and supportive environment to explore the patient's concerns, thoughts and feelings, I facilitate the patient's arrival at a deeper and more honest understanding of him or herself.
I work with individuals and families seeking to improve the ways they cope with the challenges they face, which may include problems in relationships, substance abuse, trauma, depression and anxiety (and other mental illnesses), difficulties in career, lifestyle dissatisfaction, and other personal issues. I practice with an emphasis on collaboration and relationship, meaning that I view my patients as the experts on their own lives. By offering a respectful, caring, and supportive environment to explore the patient's concerns, thoughts and feelings, I facilitate the patient's arrival at a deeper and more honest understanding of him or herself.
(865) 622-6635 View (865) 622-6635
Photo of Elizabeth A Woodward, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Elizabeth A Woodward
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults, teens, preteens, and children starting at 6 years old. Many of my clients are looking for coping skills to aid with mood disorders, conduct issues, or impulse-control disorders, such as anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and ADHD. Some want to work through trauma or grief. Others have less common problems. However, all are looking to make a change, but they do not know how to or do not want to do it on their own.
I work with adults, teens, preteens, and children starting at 6 years old. Many of my clients are looking for coping skills to aid with mood disorders, conduct issues, or impulse-control disorders, such as anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and ADHD. Some want to work through trauma or grief. Others have less common problems. However, all are looking to make a change, but they do not know how to or do not want to do it on their own.
(865) 213-7707 View (865) 213-7707
Photo of Chantel Grosse, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Chantel Grosse
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923  (Online Only)
It can feel overwhelming and frustrating that no matter what you do, you still struggle with difficult emotions seeming in control over you. Maybe it's been hard to even find the motivation to get started with therapy due to feeling stuck, hopeless, and not seeing a way out. You've read books and have had previous experience in therapy, but neither of these have seemed to have worked to help you sort out the difficulties you are experiencing; causing further isolation and leaving you feeling anxious, depressed, and/or angry.
It can feel overwhelming and frustrating that no matter what you do, you still struggle with difficult emotions seeming in control over you. Maybe it's been hard to even find the motivation to get started with therapy due to feeling stuck, hopeless, and not seeing a way out. You've read books and have had previous experience in therapy, but neither of these have seemed to have worked to help you sort out the difficulties you are experiencing; causing further isolation and leaving you feeling anxious, depressed, and/or angry.
(865) 509-9736 View (865) 509-9736
Photo of Michelle Proctor, Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Michelle Proctor
Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37917
As a queer therapist with ADHD, I understand the struggles of navigating unwelcoming and ill-equipped systems. Many people who grow up with undiagnosed ADHD experience unique challenges. Often, this involves a constant battle of self-blame for not being able to effortlessly accomplish what seems to come naturally to others. The emotional distress created by this leaves people feeling confused and misunderstood. I help people to: better understand their diagnosis; work to reduce and eliminate years of shame; and develop functional, realistic skills beyond just using a planner.
As a queer therapist with ADHD, I understand the struggles of navigating unwelcoming and ill-equipped systems. Many people who grow up with undiagnosed ADHD experience unique challenges. Often, this involves a constant battle of self-blame for not being able to effortlessly accomplish what seems to come naturally to others. The emotional distress created by this leaves people feeling confused and misunderstood. I help people to: better understand their diagnosis; work to reduce and eliminate years of shame; and develop functional, realistic skills beyond just using a planner.
(865) 737-2915 View (865) 737-2915
Photo of Suzi Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Suzi Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Are you or your child needing guidance in expressing your FEELINGS and EMOTIONS appropriately? Does your child prefer an alternative approach utilizing ART and PLAY therapy? Do you or someone you know need help in making challenging decisions while being in alignment with your FAITH? Would you like to talk to someone who is CALM and NON-JUDGMENTAL? Have you or someone you know been dealing with issues of GRIEF and need someone to listen and help you navigate through the grief process?
Are you or your child needing guidance in expressing your FEELINGS and EMOTIONS appropriately? Does your child prefer an alternative approach utilizing ART and PLAY therapy? Do you or someone you know need help in making challenging decisions while being in alignment with your FAITH? Would you like to talk to someone who is CALM and NON-JUDGMENTAL? Have you or someone you know been dealing with issues of GRIEF and need someone to listen and help you navigate through the grief process?
(865) 205-9910 View (865) 205-9910
Photo of Kathy Paradis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Kathy Paradis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37922
Now Accepting New Clients. Therapy is a collaborative endeavor. I partner with my clients to discover their goals and to identify the barriers that are obstructing their ability to move forward. It is an honor to be trusted by my clients, to hear their stories, and journey with them as they grow and find meaning in their lives. If you are interested in creating more authenticity in your life, it would be a privilege to partner with you.
Now Accepting New Clients. Therapy is a collaborative endeavor. I partner with my clients to discover their goals and to identify the barriers that are obstructing their ability to move forward. It is an honor to be trusted by my clients, to hear their stories, and journey with them as they grow and find meaning in their lives. If you are interested in creating more authenticity in your life, it would be a privilege to partner with you.
(865) 327-2407 View (865) 327-2407
Photo of Landon J Dalton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Landon J Dalton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Hello! My name is Landon. I am a licensed therapist that works with adults and young adults. My approach to therapy is holistic and is individually tailored to meet the needs of my clients. By using an insight-oriented therapeutic approach, I aim to help clients learn not just "how" to cope, but also, why these thoughts/behaviors started to occur. I work in a relaxed, welcoming setting with individuals who are motivated to take a deeper look into themselves. I believe everyone is capable of making significant changes in their life for the better!
Hello! My name is Landon. I am a licensed therapist that works with adults and young adults. My approach to therapy is holistic and is individually tailored to meet the needs of my clients. By using an insight-oriented therapeutic approach, I aim to help clients learn not just "how" to cope, but also, why these thoughts/behaviors started to occur. I work in a relaxed, welcoming setting with individuals who are motivated to take a deeper look into themselves. I believe everyone is capable of making significant changes in their life for the better!
(865) 509-9970 View (865) 509-9970
Photo of Hope Counseling Services LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Hope Counseling Services LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
We are accepting new clients! At Hope Counseling, we understand how difficult it is to reach out for help. Our goal is to prove our commitment to you, in your journey to better mental health. We are dedicated and passionate about providing individualized treatment to our clients. Whether it is first onset psychosis or ongoing depression, marital problems or divorce recovery, anxiety or trauma we are here to serve you. We have enjoyed working with clients of different ages and background, that have reached their goals and made lasting improvements. We hope you will be our next successful client! HEALING happens here!
We are accepting new clients! At Hope Counseling, we understand how difficult it is to reach out for help. Our goal is to prove our commitment to you, in your journey to better mental health. We are dedicated and passionate about providing individualized treatment to our clients. Whether it is first onset psychosis or ongoing depression, marital problems or divorce recovery, anxiety or trauma we are here to serve you. We have enjoyed working with clients of different ages and background, that have reached their goals and made lasting improvements. We hope you will be our next successful client! HEALING happens here!
(865) 234-9860 View (865) 234-9860
Photo of Melissa Whelpley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Melissa Whelpley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37909
Ms. Whelpley works with ages 4 years old through adults. She works with individuals as well as families. She is trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) as well as Trauma Focused Coginitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment, Self Regulation and Competency, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Play Therapy.
Ms. Whelpley works with ages 4 years old through adults. She works with individuals as well as families. She is trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) as well as Trauma Focused Coginitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment, Self Regulation and Competency, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Play Therapy.
(865) 205-7427 View (865) 205-7427
Photo of Dr. S. David Hall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Dr. S. David Hall
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Stephen "David" Hall is the clinic director and co-owner of Haven Counseling Center. Whether your struggle is with relationships, anxiety, spiritual concerns, sexual health, or just personal growth; Dr. Hall would love the chance to help you work through these difficult parts of life. Dr. Hall has a particular interest in music, movies, art, and stories in general, and tries to use the theory and craft of story as a way to help the people he works with find new ways to see their lives and possible solutions.
Dr. Stephen "David" Hall is the clinic director and co-owner of Haven Counseling Center. Whether your struggle is with relationships, anxiety, spiritual concerns, sexual health, or just personal growth; Dr. Hall would love the chance to help you work through these difficult parts of life. Dr. Hall has a particular interest in music, movies, art, and stories in general, and tries to use the theory and craft of story as a way to help the people he works with find new ways to see their lives and possible solutions.
(865) 409-5001 View (865) 409-5001

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Knoxville, TN

700+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Knoxville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Knoxville, TN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Knoxville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.