Therapists in M1M

Photo of Neal Solomon, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Neal Solomon
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1M
NEW patients welcome. I have 20+ years providing individual, couples & family therapy to children, teenagers and adults. I have experience treating anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, self-esteem issues, bullying, anger-management, conflict resolution, separation/divorce, relationship challenges, crisis situations, grief, bereavement, legal issues & addictions. If you are struggling with your child/teen, I can help. I worked as a teacher for 10 years so I understand the complexities of adolescence & parenting. I work with teens in a way that produces positive change and growth, while improving family dynamics.
NEW patients welcome. I have 20+ years providing individual, couples & family therapy to children, teenagers and adults. I have experience treating anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, self-esteem issues, bullying, anger-management, conflict resolution, separation/divorce, relationship challenges, crisis situations, grief, bereavement, legal issues & addictions. If you are struggling with your child/teen, I can help. I worked as a teacher for 10 years so I understand the complexities of adolescence & parenting. I work with teens in a way that produces positive change and growth, while improving family dynamics.
(613) 704-3070 View (613) 704-3070
Photo of Len Choptiany, BSc, MA
Len Choptiany
Verified Verified
Scarborough, ON M1M
We're born into a world of stories about reality and about us. Our friends and our parents tell them to us. School, work and media tell them to us. And we start telling them to ourselves. In a time of mass media deception, false role models, unreal images, and dysfunctional families, our inner truth gets more and more hidden. The re-discovery of who we are is crucial for living a meaningful life. In Groundwork we become co-coonspirators in finding the real story about you, finding the authentic grounds of your existence, and helping you choose to be real.
We're born into a world of stories about reality and about us. Our friends and our parents tell them to us. School, work and media tell them to us. And we start telling them to ourselves. In a time of mass media deception, false role models, unreal images, and dysfunctional families, our inner truth gets more and more hidden. The re-discovery of who we are is crucial for living a meaningful life. In Groundwork we become co-coonspirators in finding the real story about you, finding the authentic grounds of your existence, and helping you choose to be real.
(647) 265-7908 View (647) 265-7908
Photo of Ellice Strikwerda, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Ellice Strikwerda
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Scarborough, ON M1M
Hi and welcome. I’m Ellice, a Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist offering therapy online throughout Ontario, and in person in Scarborough, Ontario. I work with adults and families who want to feel more connected (both with others and themselves). Many of the people I see are working through the impacts of painful or challenging relationship experiences, whether with caregivers, partners, or systems. I help individuals understand their emotions, heal from past relational wounds, and connect with themselves and others. I also help families have different conversations and rebuild connection.
Hi and welcome. I’m Ellice, a Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist offering therapy online throughout Ontario, and in person in Scarborough, Ontario. I work with adults and families who want to feel more connected (both with others and themselves). Many of the people I see are working through the impacts of painful or challenging relationship experiences, whether with caregivers, partners, or systems. I help individuals understand their emotions, heal from past relational wounds, and connect with themselves and others. I also help families have different conversations and rebuild connection.
(289) 367-5235 View (289) 367-5235
Photo of Valeria Smith - Evolution Therapies Inc., Registered Psychotherapist, RP, PSTEC, CH
Evolution Therapies Inc.
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, PSTEC, CH
Scarborough, ON M1M
Evolution Therapies is a leading psychotherapy centre in the Upper Beaches, Scarborough, specializing in anxiety, depression, stress management, and psychological assessments. We support individuals, couples, and families through evidence-based therapy for OCD, burnout, trauma, ADHD, eating disorders, and relationship challenges. With over a decade of experience, we provide compassionate, life-changing psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and psychological assessments in a safe and supportive environment, helping clients find balance, healing, and emotional well-being.
Evolution Therapies is a leading psychotherapy centre in the Upper Beaches, Scarborough, specializing in anxiety, depression, stress management, and psychological assessments. We support individuals, couples, and families through evidence-based therapy for OCD, burnout, trauma, ADHD, eating disorders, and relationship challenges. With over a decade of experience, we provide compassionate, life-changing psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and psychological assessments in a safe and supportive environment, helping clients find balance, healing, and emotional well-being.
(289) 275-4495 View (289) 275-4495
Photo of Megan Gasparotto, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Megan Gasparotto
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1M
Over the past fourteen years I have worked with adolescents, youth, adults and families in several different settings including community mental health, hospital, crisis services, school and live in treatment homes. I have worked with people experiencing a wide range of complex needs and challenges such as developmental, cognitive, physical and mental. I am a registered social worker in both Ontario and British Columbia.
Over the past fourteen years I have worked with adolescents, youth, adults and families in several different settings including community mental health, hospital, crisis services, school and live in treatment homes. I have worked with people experiencing a wide range of complex needs and challenges such as developmental, cognitive, physical and mental. I am a registered social worker in both Ontario and British Columbia.
(289) 236-1215 View (289) 236-1215
Photo of Salah Irandoust, Register Social Service Worker, RSSW
Salah Irandoust
Register Social Service Worker, RSSW
1 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1M
We all know life stresses may lead us to different challenges such as relationship distress, addiction, depression and anger. It is not the end of the world, if you have gone through such experiences. I am prepared to listen to my clients, understand their needs and team up with them to come up with a collaborative and practical plan to address their challenges. I am Registered Social Service Worker(RSSW) with the Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Services Workers (OCSWSSW). My education background consists of community worker diploma. My training includes several certificate in mental health counselling
We all know life stresses may lead us to different challenges such as relationship distress, addiction, depression and anger. It is not the end of the world, if you have gone through such experiences. I am prepared to listen to my clients, understand their needs and team up with them to come up with a collaborative and practical plan to address their challenges. I am Registered Social Service Worker(RSSW) with the Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Services Workers (OCSWSSW). My education background consists of community worker diploma. My training includes several certificate in mental health counselling
(289) 302-7370 View (289) 302-7370
Photo of Ola Kuforiji - CBT Wellness & Virtual Services , Registered Psychotherapist, RP
CBT Wellness & Virtual Services
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
2 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1M
We are accepting NEW patients for individual & couples therapy for children, teens and adults via phone & video across Ontario. Our therapists have years of experience supoprting individuals, couples and families in hospitals, University settings and private practice. Our therapists bring their own lived experience & mental health journey to their practices. We know the challenges & insights that come with seeking help & understand how scary it can feel to be unsure of your next step. Together we can find a direction forward that feels authentic & fulfilling to you to help you accomplish your goals.
We are accepting NEW patients for individual & couples therapy for children, teens and adults via phone & video across Ontario. Our therapists have years of experience supoprting individuals, couples and families in hospitals, University settings and private practice. Our therapists bring their own lived experience & mental health journey to their practices. We know the challenges & insights that come with seeking help & understand how scary it can feel to be unsure of your next step. Together we can find a direction forward that feels authentic & fulfilling to you to help you accomplish your goals.
(289) 273-7987 View (289) 273-7987
Photo of Kathleen Hogg, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q), CCC
Kathleen Hogg
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q), CCC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
As the saying goes, “Health is a state of body; wellness is a state of being.” It’s true that health - both physical and emotional - is a hugely impactful aspect of any individual’s life. Whether it is the pain and frustration of a chronic illness, the crushing weight of depression, or the fear of a struggling relationship, my clients are almost always looking to improve some aspect of their health and the overall quality of their lives.
As the saying goes, “Health is a state of body; wellness is a state of being.” It’s true that health - both physical and emotional - is a hugely impactful aspect of any individual’s life. Whether it is the pain and frustration of a chronic illness, the crushing weight of depression, or the fear of a struggling relationship, my clients are almost always looking to improve some aspect of their health and the overall quality of their lives.
(249) 496-3388 View (249) 496-3388
Photo of Debora Bosco, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Debora Bosco
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Serves Area
Hello, I am a registered psychotherapist and a play therapist, offering Child, Youth, Adult and Family psychotherapy services. In-person in Scarborough, ON. & online for adult and youth, residing anywhere in Ontario. Psychotherapy is provided to individuals and families who have or are experiencing: anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, mood and behaviour dysregulation, low self-esteem, life transitions, ADHD, Autism, OCD, phobias and stress. Approaches I used are Play Therapy, Talk-therapy, CBT, ERP, Mindfulness and other modalities.
Hello, I am a registered psychotherapist and a play therapist, offering Child, Youth, Adult and Family psychotherapy services. In-person in Scarborough, ON. & online for adult and youth, residing anywhere in Ontario. Psychotherapy is provided to individuals and families who have or are experiencing: anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, mood and behaviour dysregulation, low self-esteem, life transitions, ADHD, Autism, OCD, phobias and stress. Approaches I used are Play Therapy, Talk-therapy, CBT, ERP, Mindfulness and other modalities.
(647) 696-5373 View (647) 696-5373
Photo of Laura Hetherington, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CCPA, OAMHP, DiplGIT, EMDR
Laura Hetherington
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CCPA, OAMHP, DiplGIT, EMDR
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer my clients secure video, phone, as well as in person sessions. My practice includes a range of people and issues and I enjoy that diversity. You bring a curiosity about yourself, your situation and a desire for something different in your life. A common denominator among my clients is your need to be seen and heard for who you are. I am honoured to be an insightful guide to my clients as they discover and express themselves more authentically.
I offer my clients secure video, phone, as well as in person sessions. My practice includes a range of people and issues and I enjoy that diversity. You bring a curiosity about yourself, your situation and a desire for something different in your life. A common denominator among my clients is your need to be seen and heard for who you are. I am honoured to be an insightful guide to my clients as they discover and express themselves more authentically.
(289) 809-6130 View (289) 809-6130
Photo of Carman Brown, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Carman Brown
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Managing our relationships, work, school, and life changes can feel overwhelming. You may be overthinking about friends, jobs and relationships, or having a difficult time developing and maintaining positive relationships with family, friends, or partners. While these challenges pile up, anxiety, anger, and sadness can start to cloud our thinking making it hard to tackle what we're experiencing on our own. Therapy can help us cope with what we're are going through, while also helping us learn more about ourselves along the way and regain control over parts of our life we felt we lost.
Managing our relationships, work, school, and life changes can feel overwhelming. You may be overthinking about friends, jobs and relationships, or having a difficult time developing and maintaining positive relationships with family, friends, or partners. While these challenges pile up, anxiety, anger, and sadness can start to cloud our thinking making it hard to tackle what we're experiencing on our own. Therapy can help us cope with what we're are going through, while also helping us learn more about ourselves along the way and regain control over parts of our life we felt we lost.
(249) 202-2214 View (249) 202-2214
Photo of Myroslava Tyzkyj, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, RVT, RP
Myroslava Tyzkyj
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, RVT, RP
6 Endorsed
Online Only
You were never too much. You were never not enough. If you grew up feeling invisible, unsafe, or like you had to shrink yourself to survive, I want you to know: you’re not alone—and healing is possible. I work with women and queer folks who carry the weight of painful childhoods. Maybe you learned early on to silence your needs, to question your worth, or to take care of everyone but yourself. Maybe you’re still living with the echoes of shame, fear, or not-enoughness. In our work together, we begin to untangle those stories.
You were never too much. You were never not enough. If you grew up feeling invisible, unsafe, or like you had to shrink yourself to survive, I want you to know: you’re not alone—and healing is possible. I work with women and queer folks who carry the weight of painful childhoods. Maybe you learned early on to silence your needs, to question your worth, or to take care of everyone but yourself. Maybe you’re still living with the echoes of shame, fear, or not-enoughness. In our work together, we begin to untangle those stories.
(437) 747-0927 View (437) 747-0927
Photo of Cindy Elkerton, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Cindy Elkerton
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you Anxious? Are you Depressed? Are you struggling to cope with life? Do you feel like you are not your usual Self? We can help you gain life balance and be happy again.
Are you Anxious? Are you Depressed? Are you struggling to cope with life? Do you feel like you are not your usual Self? We can help you gain life balance and be happy again.
(289) 210-7334 View (289) 210-7334
Photo of Ava Ghods, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Ava Ghods
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Online Only
I strongly believe everyone has great internal wisdom and resilience to navigate life’s challenges.
I strongly believe everyone has great internal wisdom and resilience to navigate life’s challenges.
(289) 204-1015 View (289) 204-1015
Photo of Helen Watling - Hope Filled Counselling, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Hope Filled Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Online Only
Living life as you are meant to can be harboured by a painful past and worries about your future. Do you feel anxious or depressed with thinking patterns that limit your potential? Do you question yourself, have trouble with decision-making, suffer with low self-esteem and feel challenged with moving forward in your day to day life? Have you experienced setbacks because of education/career, bereavement, divorce, abuse, neglect or rejection? Although you may have lost sight of your authentic self along the way, counselling can help you gain insight, tap into your strengths and discover resources to help you heal and move forward.
Living life as you are meant to can be harboured by a painful past and worries about your future. Do you feel anxious or depressed with thinking patterns that limit your potential? Do you question yourself, have trouble with decision-making, suffer with low self-esteem and feel challenged with moving forward in your day to day life? Have you experienced setbacks because of education/career, bereavement, divorce, abuse, neglect or rejection? Although you may have lost sight of your authentic self along the way, counselling can help you gain insight, tap into your strengths and discover resources to help you heal and move forward.
(647) 372-5417 View (647) 372-5417
Photo of Michelle Alveranga - BIPOC Grief | Michelle Alveranga, Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, BA
BIPOC Grief | Michelle Alveranga
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, BA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hey there, how are you? If you find it challenging to answer that question, that’s okay. Life is complicated! There are so many ups and downs. It can be hard keeping it all together. Balancing your emotional wellbeing with your mental, spiritual, and physical takes a lot of effort. I get that, and I am passionate about helping you navigate your journey, rediscover yourself, and see new possibilities for your life.
Hey there, how are you? If you find it challenging to answer that question, that’s okay. Life is complicated! There are so many ups and downs. It can be hard keeping it all together. Balancing your emotional wellbeing with your mental, spiritual, and physical takes a lot of effort. I get that, and I am passionate about helping you navigate your journey, rediscover yourself, and see new possibilities for your life.
(647) 492-4020 View (647) 492-4020
Photo of Lisa Santa-Maria Barbagallo, Psychologist, MA
Lisa Santa-Maria Barbagallo
Psychologist, MA
Online Only
I am a Registered Clinical Psychologist with 18 years of experience working in educational and healthcare settings. My areas of specialty include relationships, stress and anxiety, depression, trauma, sleep challenges and career counselling. I integrate solution focused, cognitive behavioural and emotion focused modalities to help my clients towards growth. Through counselling I will help you to build the skills and tools you need to gain self-awareness and develop effective coping strategies to help you meet your goals. In a supportive, caring and collaborative environment I will help you build on your personal strengths.
I am a Registered Clinical Psychologist with 18 years of experience working in educational and healthcare settings. My areas of specialty include relationships, stress and anxiety, depression, trauma, sleep challenges and career counselling. I integrate solution focused, cognitive behavioural and emotion focused modalities to help my clients towards growth. Through counselling I will help you to build the skills and tools you need to gain self-awareness and develop effective coping strategies to help you meet your goals. In a supportive, caring and collaborative environment I will help you build on your personal strengths.
(365) 796-4558 View (365) 796-4558
Photo of Ross Gray, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Ross Gray
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Online Only
Like poet Mary Oliver, many people I’ve met with over the years have questioned how best to live their “one wild and precious life”. Sometimes people have been waylaid by disappointments or losses, and are struggling to recover. Sometimes, their choices have taken them into unhappy cul-de-sacs. Sometimes, their habitual patterns sabotage even the best choices. Sometimes, they’ve been afraid to take necessary risks. And sometimes, people have just been plagued by the sense that more might be possible. What can be done to move towards a full and satisfying life?
Like poet Mary Oliver, many people I’ve met with over the years have questioned how best to live their “one wild and precious life”. Sometimes people have been waylaid by disappointments or losses, and are struggling to recover. Sometimes, their choices have taken them into unhappy cul-de-sacs. Sometimes, their habitual patterns sabotage even the best choices. Sometimes, they’ve been afraid to take necessary risks. And sometimes, people have just been plagued by the sense that more might be possible. What can be done to move towards a full and satisfying life?
(437) 747-7552 View (437) 747-7552
Photo of Kyla Morgan - Kyla Morgan | Anxiety ADHD Trauma, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, EMDR
Kyla Morgan | Anxiety ADHD Trauma
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, EMDR
8 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting NEW clients! Do you feel like your anxious thoughts are always spiralling and life has become too overwhelming? Are you tired of always feeling on edge? Or maybe you've lost the joy in life and feel like you are just going through the motions. Perhaps you've been through a traumatic experience that you would like to heal from. Whether it is anxiety, trauma, grief, depression, ADHD or more, I am here to help. I understand how these issues can deeply impact your daily life, relationships and overall sense wellbeing. I want to help you feel less stressed, less depressed and more in charge of your own life.
Accepting NEW clients! Do you feel like your anxious thoughts are always spiralling and life has become too overwhelming? Are you tired of always feeling on edge? Or maybe you've lost the joy in life and feel like you are just going through the motions. Perhaps you've been through a traumatic experience that you would like to heal from. Whether it is anxiety, trauma, grief, depression, ADHD or more, I am here to help. I understand how these issues can deeply impact your daily life, relationships and overall sense wellbeing. I want to help you feel less stressed, less depressed and more in charge of your own life.
(647) 560-0583 View (647) 560-0583
Photo of Proscovia Kristie Oroma - Proscovia Kristie Oroma, EMDR, Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, PPM, BASS
Proscovia Kristie Oroma, EMDR
Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, PPM, BASS
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling anxious, frustrated, stressed, or overwhelmed by life's challenges but hesitant to open up due to past experiences? I hear you and get the apprehension that comes with seeking therapy, especially when the fit isn't right. My goal is to provide you with a calming and non-judgmental space where you can freely express yourself and explore your emotions. In our sessions, you'll have the opportunity to share your life story and how it has impacted your well-being and relationships. Together, we'll navigate through your past and present experiences, working towards healing and personal growth.
Are you feeling anxious, frustrated, stressed, or overwhelmed by life's challenges but hesitant to open up due to past experiences? I hear you and get the apprehension that comes with seeking therapy, especially when the fit isn't right. My goal is to provide you with a calming and non-judgmental space where you can freely express yourself and explore your emotions. In our sessions, you'll have the opportunity to share your life story and how it has impacted your well-being and relationships. Together, we'll navigate through your past and present experiences, working towards healing and personal growth.
(437) 524-6198 View (437) 524-6198

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in M1M

20+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in M1M who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
96% Depression
92% Relationship Issues
88% Self Esteem
83% Stress
75% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Green Shield Canada
67% Manulife
67% SunLife

How Counsellors in M1M see their clients

58% Online Only
42% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in M1M?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.