Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

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Photo of Jessica Guilfoyle, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Jessica Guilfoyle
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11221  (Online Only)
I firmly believe that the most curative aspect of psychotherapy is the relationship between therapist and client. I believe that all people are searching for a corrective emotional experience of some kind, and it is my primary role as therapist to provide the space and safety to make this experience possible. My approach to client work is gentle and compassionate and always non-judgmental. I identify as both relational and psychodynamic in my approach, and I treat both individuals and couples.
I firmly believe that the most curative aspect of psychotherapy is the relationship between therapist and client. I believe that all people are searching for a corrective emotional experience of some kind, and it is my primary role as therapist to provide the space and safety to make this experience possible. My approach to client work is gentle and compassionate and always non-judgmental. I identify as both relational and psychodynamic in my approach, and I treat both individuals and couples.
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Photo of Nicole Belgrave, LMHC, Counselor
Nicole Belgrave
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11237  (Online Only)
Therapy is a place where you can process your thoughts and identify how your feelings play a role in your daily decision making. My goal is to provide compassion, empathy and a safe space for individuals to gain insight in understanding themselves. My passion as a therapist is to de-stigmatize and bring awareness of mental health in diverse populations.
Therapy is a place where you can process your thoughts and identify how your feelings play a role in your daily decision making. My goal is to provide compassion, empathy and a safe space for individuals to gain insight in understanding themselves. My passion as a therapist is to de-stigmatize and bring awareness of mental health in diverse populations.
(646) 859-1407 View (646) 859-1407
Photo of Tiara K Thomas, MHC-LP
Tiara K Thomas
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11221  (Online Only)
As a first-generation American of Jamaican descent, I prioritize the intersectionality of culture and mental health knowing that sometimes our environments have created barriers to accessing wellness. Life can bring about numerous challenges; feeling safe and secure shouldn't be one of them. I aim to provide an affirming and strength-focused space for you to be held and heard as you choose your explorations. I embody a warm, collaborative therapeutic style that allows you to join in navigating and co-creating your own unique path and goals that we move towards together.
As a first-generation American of Jamaican descent, I prioritize the intersectionality of culture and mental health knowing that sometimes our environments have created barriers to accessing wellness. Life can bring about numerous challenges; feeling safe and secure shouldn't be one of them. I aim to provide an affirming and strength-focused space for you to be held and heard as you choose your explorations. I embody a warm, collaborative therapeutic style that allows you to join in navigating and co-creating your own unique path and goals that we move towards together.
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Photo of Corinne Olson, LMSW
Corinne Olson
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11216
For children, teens, adults and couples, I provide a compassionate heart-centered therapeutic space in which I support and empower healing, nurturing, and exploring your unique life experiences – both internal and external. I practice in a psychodynamic, anti-oppressive, and emotion-focused therapeutic framework through somatic and relational therapies. I believe psychotherapy is a co-creative process between myself and my clients. Together, we can gather strengths, tend to wounds, and make room to look bravely and gently at the nuances of where you have been, where you are, and where you want to go.
For children, teens, adults and couples, I provide a compassionate heart-centered therapeutic space in which I support and empower healing, nurturing, and exploring your unique life experiences – both internal and external. I practice in a psychodynamic, anti-oppressive, and emotion-focused therapeutic framework through somatic and relational therapies. I believe psychotherapy is a co-creative process between myself and my clients. Together, we can gather strengths, tend to wounds, and make room to look bravely and gently at the nuances of where you have been, where you are, and where you want to go.
(347) 609-0729 View (347) 609-0729
Photo of Benjamin Stern, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Benjamin Stern
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has worked extensively with children and their families. I have counseled young children, adolescents, their parents, and families experiencing a wide range of issues that have caused them to feel overwhelmed, out of control, powerless and chronically stressed. I'm confident I am able to help clients of many ages navigate the diverse situations they seek to change or find better ways to cope with. Gaining insight and awareness of the causes of one’s struggles can be a difficult process, but with the help of a therapist this exploration can be empowering and freeing.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has worked extensively with children and their families. I have counseled young children, adolescents, their parents, and families experiencing a wide range of issues that have caused them to feel overwhelmed, out of control, powerless and chronically stressed. I'm confident I am able to help clients of many ages navigate the diverse situations they seek to change or find better ways to cope with. Gaining insight and awareness of the causes of one’s struggles can be a difficult process, but with the help of a therapist this exploration can be empowering and freeing.
(347) 429-8769 View (347) 429-8769
Photo of Dr. Lana Grinev, LCSW-R, M-CASAC, SAP/SAE, CPHQ, CCM/DSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Lana Grinev
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, M-CASAC, SAP/SAE, CPHQ, CCM/DSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11234  (Online Only)
I have to agree that finding the precise therapist can be quite challenging! Hopefully I can make your search less hectic if given the opportunity. I provide an unbiased, trusting environment necessary to explore vulnerabilities which foster healing. I have success working with clients of various ages from diverse backgrounds. I have received advanced training in Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse, and I am also well-versed in cognitive, behavioral, mindfulness, and psychodynamic approaches. I combine techniques from different therapeutic modalities to help my clients reach their goals to success and overall self-fulfillment.
I have to agree that finding the precise therapist can be quite challenging! Hopefully I can make your search less hectic if given the opportunity. I provide an unbiased, trusting environment necessary to explore vulnerabilities which foster healing. I have success working with clients of various ages from diverse backgrounds. I have received advanced training in Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse, and I am also well-versed in cognitive, behavioral, mindfulness, and psychodynamic approaches. I combine techniques from different therapeutic modalities to help my clients reach their goals to success and overall self-fulfillment.
(929) 298-3870 View (929) 298-3870
Photo of Kayris Aracely Courtenay - Kayris Aracely Courtenay | Abbott Mental Health, MHC, Intern, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kayris Aracely Courtenay | Abbott Mental Health
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC, Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11232
In my role as a counselor, my primary focus is understanding and addressing the unique needs of each client. I am committed to creating a safe and empathetic space where individuals can openly express their thoughts and emotions. Together, we can collaboratively explore challenges and discover effective coping strategies. Through compassionate counseling, I will provide mental health support to children, adolescents, and the adult population, while we work together to lay a foundation for a healthier lifestyle.
In my role as a counselor, my primary focus is understanding and addressing the unique needs of each client. I am committed to creating a safe and empathetic space where individuals can openly express their thoughts and emotions. Together, we can collaboratively explore challenges and discover effective coping strategies. Through compassionate counseling, I will provide mental health support to children, adolescents, and the adult population, while we work together to lay a foundation for a healthier lifestyle.
(929) 499-2688 View (929) 499-2688
Photo of Sara Teta, PsyD, Psychologist
Sara Teta
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11231
Are you not coping as well as you would like with the anxiety and stress of daily life, or with a trauma experience in your past? Are you noticing a pattern with your choices or how you manage your relationships? Or that your child's emotions and behaviors have been particularly intense and difficult to manage lately? Perhaps your life has shifted and you are experiencing a change that you are struggling with adjusting to? While a variety of situations bring the clients I work with to therapy, we will work together so that you can make specific changes to experience each day with a more self-aware and functional presence.
Are you not coping as well as you would like with the anxiety and stress of daily life, or with a trauma experience in your past? Are you noticing a pattern with your choices or how you manage your relationships? Or that your child's emotions and behaviors have been particularly intense and difficult to manage lately? Perhaps your life has shifted and you are experiencing a change that you are struggling with adjusting to? While a variety of situations bring the clients I work with to therapy, we will work together so that you can make specific changes to experience each day with a more self-aware and functional presence.
(718) 795-2572 View (718) 795-2572
Photo of Mia Estela Santiago, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mia Estela Santiago
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11237  (Online Only)
Having a safe space to be heard, seen is important to the human need for acceptance and love. I like to incorporate these into my practices as the client tries to navigate relationships and situations with no shame.
Having a safe space to be heard, seen is important to the human need for acceptance and love. I like to incorporate these into my practices as the client tries to navigate relationships and situations with no shame.
(347) 759-0867 View (347) 759-0867
Photo of Sima Lichtschein, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sima Lichtschein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11205
I believe that each of us has an innate capacity and desire to heal and grow, and that meaningful emotional connection can help to facilitate this growth and change. My therapeutic approach is centered around authenticity and empathy, infused with warmth and humor. My aim is to work collaboratively with you to alleviate emotional suffering and help deepen your understanding of your feelings and internal experiences.
I believe that each of us has an innate capacity and desire to heal and grow, and that meaningful emotional connection can help to facilitate this growth and change. My therapeutic approach is centered around authenticity and empathy, infused with warmth and humor. My aim is to work collaboratively with you to alleviate emotional suffering and help deepen your understanding of your feelings and internal experiences.
(347) 767-3048 View (347) 767-3048
Photo of Erin Doyle, LCAT, MA
Erin Doyle
Creative Arts Therapist, LCAT, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222  (Online Only)
Erin is a compassionate art therapist at Greenpoint Psychotherapy. She uses an intersectional, anti-oppressive approach that empowers clients and encourages self-expression. Erin draws from trauma-informed, person-centered, strengths-based, and narrative theoretical perspectives. Her aim is to center and celebrate all folks through neurodivergent-affirming practices, prioritizing sensory needs, offering grounding, utilizing storytelling, and creating safe environments for creative expression. Erin is LGBTQIA+ affirming and poly-affirming and specializes in asexual spectrum identities. She is open to working with all ages.
Erin is a compassionate art therapist at Greenpoint Psychotherapy. She uses an intersectional, anti-oppressive approach that empowers clients and encourages self-expression. Erin draws from trauma-informed, person-centered, strengths-based, and narrative theoretical perspectives. Her aim is to center and celebrate all folks through neurodivergent-affirming practices, prioritizing sensory needs, offering grounding, utilizing storytelling, and creating safe environments for creative expression. Erin is LGBTQIA+ affirming and poly-affirming and specializes in asexual spectrum identities. She is open to working with all ages.
(929) 284-2751 View (929) 284-2751
Photo of Erica Wickett, LCAT, ATR-BC, Art Therapist
Erica Wickett
Art Therapist, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Erica (she/her), a psychotherapist and art therapist dedicated to supporting clients in addressing challenges related to anxiety, depression, relationships, and unexpected life transitions. My therapeutic approach is characterized by warmth and compassion, focusing on helping those in early adulthood navigate the complexities of relationships with others and themselves. Throughout my career, I've gained valuable experience working with diverse age groups and diagnoses in non-profit agencies.
Hello! I'm Erica (she/her), a psychotherapist and art therapist dedicated to supporting clients in addressing challenges related to anxiety, depression, relationships, and unexpected life transitions. My therapeutic approach is characterized by warmth and compassion, focusing on helping those in early adulthood navigate the complexities of relationships with others and themselves. Throughout my career, I've gained valuable experience working with diverse age groups and diagnoses in non-profit agencies.
(646) 798-6873 View (646) 798-6873
Photo of Elissa J Schpero, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elissa J Schpero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201
Making the decision to start therapy can be daunting, but I believe that the therapy process can help you gain a better understanding of your behaviors, relationships and sense of self. I also believe that therapy can help to ease the emotional pain and discomfort that life changes and transitions can stir up. I create a safe and caring environment where we will work together to identify and work through the obstacles you face so you can achieve your goals.
Making the decision to start therapy can be daunting, but I believe that the therapy process can help you gain a better understanding of your behaviors, relationships and sense of self. I also believe that therapy can help to ease the emotional pain and discomfort that life changes and transitions can stir up. I create a safe and caring environment where we will work together to identify and work through the obstacles you face so you can achieve your goals.
(347) 269-2424 View (347) 269-2424
Photo of Leah Cerf, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leah Cerf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222  (Online Only)
If you are feeling stuck and overwhelmed, you came to the right place. Together, we'll gain insight into what's getting in your way to restore balance to your life. I'll help you identify distorted thinking, modify beliefs, alter behavior, and relate to yourself and others in a way that feels easeful and gratifying. I am warm, non-judgmental, and direct—no subject is off limits, and humor is welcome! My style is integrative, merging evidence-based therapies with alternative “new-wave" therapies, honoring the connection between mind, body and spirit. I am strengths-based, trauma-informed, LGBTQ+ affirmative, and nonpathologizing.
If you are feeling stuck and overwhelmed, you came to the right place. Together, we'll gain insight into what's getting in your way to restore balance to your life. I'll help you identify distorted thinking, modify beliefs, alter behavior, and relate to yourself and others in a way that feels easeful and gratifying. I am warm, non-judgmental, and direct—no subject is off limits, and humor is welcome! My style is integrative, merging evidence-based therapies with alternative “new-wave" therapies, honoring the connection between mind, body and spirit. I am strengths-based, trauma-informed, LGBTQ+ affirmative, and nonpathologizing.
(646) 849-4490 View (646) 849-4490
Photo of Veronica Coffie, MPS, LCAT, ATR-BC, Art Therapist
Veronica Coffie
Art Therapist, MPS, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11237  (Online Only)
My therapeutic style is warm, empathetic, and affirming. The foundation is primarily talk therapy, but I also offer art therapy as an additional tool. We can incorporate it as we see fit to help you process, reflect, and gain clarity and insight. Taking the leap to engage in the therapeutic process is a significant step in prioritizing your own needs. Appropriate humor and authenticity are always part of our sessions, creating a comfortable and genuine space for your personal growth and healing.
My therapeutic style is warm, empathetic, and affirming. The foundation is primarily talk therapy, but I also offer art therapy as an additional tool. We can incorporate it as we see fit to help you process, reflect, and gain clarity and insight. Taking the leap to engage in the therapeutic process is a significant step in prioritizing your own needs. Appropriate humor and authenticity are always part of our sessions, creating a comfortable and genuine space for your personal growth and healing.
(347) 313-8984 View (347) 313-8984
Photo of Nicholas C Petikas, PhD, ABPP, Psychologist
Nicholas C Petikas
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11201  (Online Only)
Dr. Nicholas C. Petikas Ph.D., ABPP, is a Board Certified Clinical Psychologist who has been in practice for 10 years. He is also currently an Active Duty Naval officer who has worked extensively with U.S. Navy SEALs and Marines in psychological performance optimization training. He is currently offering virtual therapy to the public with flexible hours during the week in the mornings and evenings.
Dr. Nicholas C. Petikas Ph.D., ABPP, is a Board Certified Clinical Psychologist who has been in practice for 10 years. He is also currently an Active Duty Naval officer who has worked extensively with U.S. Navy SEALs and Marines in psychological performance optimization training. He is currently offering virtual therapy to the public with flexible hours during the week in the mornings and evenings.
(929) 209-7059 View (929) 209-7059
Photo of Christine Tergis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Tergis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11215
Whatever brings you to the doorway of therapy (telehealth portal or literal door!), my aim is to greet you with compassion, support, and insight. Together we’ll shine light onto obstacles and patterns you wish to shed, in order to help you navigate your inner/outer world with greater ease. If you struggle with stress and overwhelm, low self-esteem, relationship trouble, or depressed mood or anxiety – know that healing is possible. My approach is collaborative and individualized, focusing not merely on treating symptoms, but on supporting you as a whole person deserving of a safe space in which to feel heard and understood.
Whatever brings you to the doorway of therapy (telehealth portal or literal door!), my aim is to greet you with compassion, support, and insight. Together we’ll shine light onto obstacles and patterns you wish to shed, in order to help you navigate your inner/outer world with greater ease. If you struggle with stress and overwhelm, low self-esteem, relationship trouble, or depressed mood or anxiety – know that healing is possible. My approach is collaborative and individualized, focusing not merely on treating symptoms, but on supporting you as a whole person deserving of a safe space in which to feel heard and understood.
(646) 992-8482 View (646) 992-8482
Photo of Rebecca D Steinfeld, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca D Steinfeld
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11217
Psychotherapy can be a powerful vehicle for change, for both individuals and couples. I work to create a trusting and collaborative relationship in therapy from which we can together identify or clarify your difficulties and begin to envision and create new possibilities.
Psychotherapy can be a powerful vehicle for change, for both individuals and couples. I work to create a trusting and collaborative relationship in therapy from which we can together identify or clarify your difficulties and begin to envision and create new possibilities.
(845) 477-5704 View (845) 477-5704
Photo of Asya Graf, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Asya Graf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201
I'm accepting adult, teen, and couple clients. Therapy gives us a safe relationship where we can explore our inner world and consider taking new risks in our outer one. To my mind, therapy is the process of talking things over with someone and, together, giving meaning, hope, and clarity to pain, confusion, or stuckness. I endeavor to bring respect and curiosity to our work together. I believe that we each have the wisdom to solve our problems, but our strengths get blocked when we experience trauma, or linger in negative cycles with loved ones. In our work together, I aim to help you reconnect with your innate ability to thrive.
I'm accepting adult, teen, and couple clients. Therapy gives us a safe relationship where we can explore our inner world and consider taking new risks in our outer one. To my mind, therapy is the process of talking things over with someone and, together, giving meaning, hope, and clarity to pain, confusion, or stuckness. I endeavor to bring respect and curiosity to our work together. I believe that we each have the wisdom to solve our problems, but our strengths get blocked when we experience trauma, or linger in negative cycles with loved ones. In our work together, I aim to help you reconnect with your innate ability to thrive.
(646) 859-0498 View (646) 859-0498
Photo of Manuela Stalman, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Manuela Stalman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11205  (Online Only)
Each of us has become who we are by way of our life experiences. Reflecting and offering insight along the way, my hope is to support you as you get to know yourself more deeply and develop tools to enhance your wellbeing. I believe some days we need direct, honest feedback and other days we need a compassionate, tender listener. It is my intention to adapt to your needs as they shift while cultivating a space where you can share without fear of judgement.
Each of us has become who we are by way of our life experiences. Reflecting and offering insight along the way, my hope is to support you as you get to know yourself more deeply and develop tools to enhance your wellbeing. I believe some days we need direct, honest feedback and other days we need a compassionate, tender listener. It is my intention to adapt to your needs as they shift while cultivating a space where you can share without fear of judgement.
(646) 759-4071 View (646) 759-4071
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Brooklyn, NY who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Brooklyn, NY see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brooklyn?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.