Therapists in Austin, TX

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Photo of Buck Dodson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Buck Dodson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705
Let’s face it – looking for a therapist isn’t easy. The process takes time, energy and bandwidth that are in short supply for you right now. Whether you need help for your yourself or your relationship, you're in the right place. I'm here to help you get curious about what's happening, start feeling better, find new solutions, and get back on track so you're living and loving with more ease, joy and vitality. You'll learn to express your feelings, work with negative thoughts, rewrite limiting beliefs, and explore what's holding you back from the past so you can move forward in your life.
Let’s face it – looking for a therapist isn’t easy. The process takes time, energy and bandwidth that are in short supply for you right now. Whether you need help for your yourself or your relationship, you're in the right place. I'm here to help you get curious about what's happening, start feeling better, find new solutions, and get back on track so you're living and loving with more ease, joy and vitality. You'll learn to express your feelings, work with negative thoughts, rewrite limiting beliefs, and explore what's holding you back from the past so you can move forward in your life.
(512) 861-0483 View (512) 861-0483
Photo of Hugh Simmons, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Hugh Simmons, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78754
I celebrate diversity, which means I welcome you. I offer a safe place for you to talk at your own pace about issues that may feel impossible to discuss anywhere else. Focus areas include interpersonal/relationship challenges, LGBTQ+/queer concerns, stress, parenting, anxiety, depression, a general sense of feeling unhappy, and more.
I celebrate diversity, which means I welcome you. I offer a safe place for you to talk at your own pace about issues that may feel impossible to discuss anywhere else. Focus areas include interpersonal/relationship challenges, LGBTQ+/queer concerns, stress, parenting, anxiety, depression, a general sense of feeling unhappy, and more.
(347) 706-4604 View (347) 706-4604
Photo of Patricia A Florence, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Patricia A Florence
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78705
Are you tired of feeling depressed? anxious? or just not sure your life is where you want it to be? Have you reached the end of your rope and are unsure how to proceed? Maybe you need someone to help you sort through the pros and cons of an important decision? If you see yourself in one (or some other) of these spots, I would like to talk with you about how psychotherapy might be helpful for you.
Are you tired of feeling depressed? anxious? or just not sure your life is where you want it to be? Have you reached the end of your rope and are unsure how to proceed? Maybe you need someone to help you sort through the pros and cons of an important decision? If you see yourself in one (or some other) of these spots, I would like to talk with you about how psychotherapy might be helpful for you.
(512) 714-3135 View (512) 714-3135
Photo of Janette S Cordero, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Janette S Cordero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78701
Hola! My name is Janette. Over the past 12 years, I have helped numerous adults and teens cope with traumatic events, personal crises, complex relationships, and problematic behaviors. ​ My passion is social justice. As a first-generation American, Latina, and member of the LBGTQIA+ community, I have learned the critical, sometimes dire, importance of advocating for the rights and voices of marginalized groups. I enjoy providing a safe therapeutic space for members of underrepresented communities, as these resilient individuals also deserve a place of peace with culturally responsive and inclusive support.
Hola! My name is Janette. Over the past 12 years, I have helped numerous adults and teens cope with traumatic events, personal crises, complex relationships, and problematic behaviors. ​ My passion is social justice. As a first-generation American, Latina, and member of the LBGTQIA+ community, I have learned the critical, sometimes dire, importance of advocating for the rights and voices of marginalized groups. I enjoy providing a safe therapeutic space for members of underrepresented communities, as these resilient individuals also deserve a place of peace with culturally responsive and inclusive support.
(512) 648-5268 View (512) 648-5268
Photo of Christine Boudreau, LPC Associate in Austin, TX
Christine Boudreau
LPC Associate, LPCA, AFMCP, CTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78729  (Online Only)
You're in a rough spot & going through some challenges. You don't quite feel like yourself. Sometimes you struggle with toxic shame, a harsh inner critic, & abandonment fears. You're not quite sure why, but sometimes you bounce between feelings of anxiety, overwhelm, & depression. Sometimes relationships seem difficult & might leave you feeling worthless & confused. You might have been diagnosed with anxiety, depression, co-dependency, ADD, ADHD, or OCD. You suspect something else might be the culprit. Your childhood wasn't ideal, and you're curious how it affects you today. You want to explore the past but not get stuck in it.
You're in a rough spot & going through some challenges. You don't quite feel like yourself. Sometimes you struggle with toxic shame, a harsh inner critic, & abandonment fears. You're not quite sure why, but sometimes you bounce between feelings of anxiety, overwhelm, & depression. Sometimes relationships seem difficult & might leave you feeling worthless & confused. You might have been diagnosed with anxiety, depression, co-dependency, ADD, ADHD, or OCD. You suspect something else might be the culprit. Your childhood wasn't ideal, and you're curious how it affects you today. You want to explore the past but not get stuck in it.
(512) 399-9724 View (512) 399-9724
Photo of Simon Casey, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Austin, TX
Simon Casey
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, LADC, MAC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78730
Are you at your Wit's end? If you or someone you love suffering from addictions, self harm, eating disorders, chronic anxiety /depression and looking for clear, concise answers, let's talk. Stop the struggle and suffering and get the help you need. Discover the benefits of solution oriented counseling and receive the much needed tools to finally get out of chaos and self destruction. I have helped thousands of clients to turn their lives around, lets talk about your options to put your life back in balance.
Are you at your Wit's end? If you or someone you love suffering from addictions, self harm, eating disorders, chronic anxiety /depression and looking for clear, concise answers, let's talk. Stop the struggle and suffering and get the help you need. Discover the benefits of solution oriented counseling and receive the much needed tools to finally get out of chaos and self destruction. I have helped thousands of clients to turn their lives around, lets talk about your options to put your life back in balance.
(714) 831-5638 View (714) 831-5638
Photo of Granyon Perry-Wooden, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Austin, TX
Granyon Perry-Wooden
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCDC, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78745
​ I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor (LCDC). I have worked closely with adults, children and families in need of social services for the past 24 years. Professionally, I advise and counsel parents, teens, various spiritual organizations, and agencies regarding mental, and spiritual health. My philosophy is that everyone, regardless of age, culture, identity, and economic background, has the ability to be their best self. In our sessions we will explore your experiences good bad or indifferent that make you live the best life for you!
​ I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor (LCDC). I have worked closely with adults, children and families in need of social services for the past 24 years. Professionally, I advise and counsel parents, teens, various spiritual organizations, and agencies regarding mental, and spiritual health. My philosophy is that everyone, regardless of age, culture, identity, and economic background, has the ability to be their best self. In our sessions we will explore your experiences good bad or indifferent that make you live the best life for you!
(512) 961-4677 View (512) 961-4677
Photo of Whitney Emens, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Whitney Emens
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746
Whitney Emens is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 9 years of experience helping clients achieve their goals. Whitney has worked in various mental health setting including inpatient psychiatric facilities, rehabilitation centers, and an eating disorder treatment facility. Whitney specializes in anxiety and relationship issues. She is passionate about seeing her clients achieve their goals. Whitney works with adolescents, and adults and takes a warm but direct approach with clients. Whitney completed her Master’s education at Saint Edwards University in Austin, TX.
Whitney Emens is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 9 years of experience helping clients achieve their goals. Whitney has worked in various mental health setting including inpatient psychiatric facilities, rehabilitation centers, and an eating disorder treatment facility. Whitney specializes in anxiety and relationship issues. She is passionate about seeing her clients achieve their goals. Whitney works with adolescents, and adults and takes a warm but direct approach with clients. Whitney completed her Master’s education at Saint Edwards University in Austin, TX.
(737) 206-8433 View (737) 206-8433
Photo of Katie Joy Winer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Katie Joy Winer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746  (Online Only)
We all go through life struggles, which we are not able to handle on our own. Therapy is a very helpful tool to get the help and guidance that you, your family or typical support network may not be able to provide. My job as a psychotherapist is to work collaboratively with clients to help you heal and grow. My approach is gentle and direct, and while I have confidence in my knowledge about therapy, I treat every client as an individual and learn from every person who works with me. My clients would say they trust my intuition, pay close attention, tell them the truth and empower them with ongoing effective strategies for healing.
We all go through life struggles, which we are not able to handle on our own. Therapy is a very helpful tool to get the help and guidance that you, your family or typical support network may not be able to provide. My job as a psychotherapist is to work collaboratively with clients to help you heal and grow. My approach is gentle and direct, and while I have confidence in my knowledge about therapy, I treat every client as an individual and learn from every person who works with me. My clients would say they trust my intuition, pay close attention, tell them the truth and empower them with ongoing effective strategies for healing.
(512) 270-6608 View (512) 270-6608
Photo of Deb Burkhardt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Deb Burkhardt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78751  (Online Only)
Realizing our own needs for acceptance and validation can be hard, especially when we have not been taught to ask for them ourselves. If you feel like you are bursting at the seams with new ideas but don't know where to start or are feeling pressured by new life transitions or impending crises, therapy may be a helpful place to lay your cards on the table and decide the next step.
Realizing our own needs for acceptance and validation can be hard, especially when we have not been taught to ask for them ourselves. If you feel like you are bursting at the seams with new ideas but don't know where to start or are feeling pressured by new life transitions or impending crises, therapy may be a helpful place to lay your cards on the table and decide the next step.
(512) 890-0413 View (512) 890-0413
Photo of Shannon Gutheil (Enteave Counseling), Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Shannon Gutheil (Enteave Counseling)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78759
Are you a woman struggling to manage your anxiety and cope with life changes? Are you self-critical and feeling overwhelmed juggling everything life throws at you? Does it feel like your dreams are on hold and you’ll never become who you want to be? Do you feel frustrated by the barriers in your personal life or career and are ready to put in the work to change it? Whether you’re suffering from anxiety, low self-esteem, or life transition challenges, I am confident that I can help you learn new coping skills and fulfill your dreams.
Are you a woman struggling to manage your anxiety and cope with life changes? Are you self-critical and feeling overwhelmed juggling everything life throws at you? Does it feel like your dreams are on hold and you’ll never become who you want to be? Do you feel frustrated by the barriers in your personal life or career and are ready to put in the work to change it? Whether you’re suffering from anxiety, low self-esteem, or life transition challenges, I am confident that I can help you learn new coping skills and fulfill your dreams.
(737) 373-3761 View (737) 373-3761
Photo of Joslyn Wilson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Joslyn Wilson
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78752
I provide individual counseling for adults and work most often with neurodivergence, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, trauma and existential issues. I love working with clients who are curious and want to gain a deeper understanding of self before trying to “fix”. I believe that combining curiosity with the guided support and knowledge of a therapist can lead to lasting change. I offer a down-to-earth, relational approach and enjoy using humor when appropriate. I strive to strike a balance between being knowledgeable and competent as a therapist and being warm and relatable as a human.
I provide individual counseling for adults and work most often with neurodivergence, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, trauma and existential issues. I love working with clients who are curious and want to gain a deeper understanding of self before trying to “fix”. I believe that combining curiosity with the guided support and knowledge of a therapist can lead to lasting change. I offer a down-to-earth, relational approach and enjoy using humor when appropriate. I strive to strike a balance between being knowledgeable and competent as a therapist and being warm and relatable as a human.
(512) 817-1250 x1 View (512) 817-1250 x1
Photo of Dana Edgerton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Dana Edgerton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78701
Solutions Over Stress - you have the power to choose. It takes strength and courage to do something different. Through the collaborative process of therapy you will not have to face the unknown alone. Together we will identify the barriers that make it difficult to reach your desired goals and live up to your greatest potential. As your therapist, I will create a safe environment for you to openly express and explore your thoughts and feelings. I use a variety of therapeutic approaches to initiate lasting changes from the inside out.
Solutions Over Stress - you have the power to choose. It takes strength and courage to do something different. Through the collaborative process of therapy you will not have to face the unknown alone. Together we will identify the barriers that make it difficult to reach your desired goals and live up to your greatest potential. As your therapist, I will create a safe environment for you to openly express and explore your thoughts and feelings. I use a variety of therapeutic approaches to initiate lasting changes from the inside out.
(512) 942-0226 View (512) 942-0226
Photo of Elvia Islas, Pre-Licensed Professional in Austin, TX
Elvia Islas
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78731  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Elvia Islas and I am a Licensed Master Social Worker. I have 2 years of experience working with adolescents, adults, and military Veterans both in inpatient settings, as well as in environmental settings.
Hello, my name is Elvia Islas and I am a Licensed Master Social Worker. I have 2 years of experience working with adolescents, adults, and military Veterans both in inpatient settings, as well as in environmental settings.
(737) 302-5843 View (737) 302-5843
Photo of Hailey Hughes, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Austin, TX
Hailey Hughes
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78723
Welcome to the wonderful world of somatic therapy! I know it can feel intimidating to embark on a journey of self-improvement and self-acceptance. Luckily, SE (Somatic Experiencing) is a gentle approach to trauma-informed counseling that helps you ease into the process. It's great for beginners to therapy, as well as longtime therapy-goers who feel stuck in traditional talk therapy and want to access a new part of the work. I believe that therapy is at its best when it is an open and inviting process, so I will never pressure you to change or push you in a certain direction.
Welcome to the wonderful world of somatic therapy! I know it can feel intimidating to embark on a journey of self-improvement and self-acceptance. Luckily, SE (Somatic Experiencing) is a gentle approach to trauma-informed counseling that helps you ease into the process. It's great for beginners to therapy, as well as longtime therapy-goers who feel stuck in traditional talk therapy and want to access a new part of the work. I believe that therapy is at its best when it is an open and inviting process, so I will never pressure you to change or push you in a certain direction.
(512) 764-1449 View (512) 764-1449
Photo of Katy Swafford, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Katy Swafford
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78703  (Online Only)
Did you think you had this handled but it keeps coming up? Learning new coping strategies to change your behavior is often temporary but there is a better solution - change your brain. Recent research shows that the brain is flexible, it changed as you adapted to traumatic events and it can change again to recover original potentials. You can change your history.
Did you think you had this handled but it keeps coming up? Learning new coping strategies to change your behavior is often temporary but there is a better solution - change your brain. Recent research shows that the brain is flexible, it changed as you adapted to traumatic events and it can change again to recover original potentials. You can change your history.
(512) 768-4137 View (512) 768-4137
Photo of Angela Modzelewski, Pre-Licensed Professional in Austin, TX
Angela Modzelewski
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78731  (Online Only)
Angela Modzelewski's ideal client seeks therapy for personal growth and healing, valuing creative expression through art. Open to diverse backgrounds, they may have experienced trauma or crisis, desiring a strengths-based, person-centered approach. Motivated for positive change, they appreciate Angela's LGBTQIA+ allyship and sex-positive perspective, seeking a therapist who celebrates individual rights and dignity.
Angela Modzelewski's ideal client seeks therapy for personal growth and healing, valuing creative expression through art. Open to diverse backgrounds, they may have experienced trauma or crisis, desiring a strengths-based, person-centered approach. Motivated for positive change, they appreciate Angela's LGBTQIA+ allyship and sex-positive perspective, seeking a therapist who celebrates individual rights and dignity.
View
Photo of Deena Graham, Marriage & Family Therapist in Austin, TX
Deena Graham
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, JD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78703  (Online Only)
"Why is this so hard? We love each other, but we can't stop fighting." I understand the hopelessness of living in a cycle of conflict. I became a couples therapist because I believe deeply in the importance of having a supportive and loving relationship--with yourself and with your partner. I will help you learn how to stop when anger, fear and hurt cause you to react in defensive and aggressive ways toward your partner. By slowing down and taking care of yourself first, you will gradually learn how to connect from a more vulnerable and honest place, creating a more satisfying and peaceful relationship together.
"Why is this so hard? We love each other, but we can't stop fighting." I understand the hopelessness of living in a cycle of conflict. I became a couples therapist because I believe deeply in the importance of having a supportive and loving relationship--with yourself and with your partner. I will help you learn how to stop when anger, fear and hurt cause you to react in defensive and aggressive ways toward your partner. By slowing down and taking care of yourself first, you will gradually learn how to connect from a more vulnerable and honest place, creating a more satisfying and peaceful relationship together.
(512) 942-2172 View (512) 942-2172
Photo of Texas Trails Therapeutic Services, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Texas Trails Therapeutic Services, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT™
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78754  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Sarah Smith and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Registered Play Therapist(TM). If your family is looking for relief from with emotional outbursts, healing from traumatic experiences, or growth in the areas of connection and communication, Texas Trails could be a great fit for you! I believe in using a dual approach: psychotherapeutic growth and healing for the client AND easy to implement, practical tools for the whole family. I am excited to learn about your problem points and create a plan to help you reach your goals.
Hello! I'm Sarah Smith and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Registered Play Therapist(TM). If your family is looking for relief from with emotional outbursts, healing from traumatic experiences, or growth in the areas of connection and communication, Texas Trails could be a great fit for you! I believe in using a dual approach: psychotherapeutic growth and healing for the client AND easy to implement, practical tools for the whole family. I am excited to learn about your problem points and create a plan to help you reach your goals.
(512) 337-4383 View (512) 337-4383
Photo of Austin Hudson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Austin Hudson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78704
As a therapist specializing in teens, I've found the most impactful thing I can be is a non-judgmental, encouraging, and authentic voice. Teens need validation and a warm and caring adult who will work to understand the difficulties they experience. In my time providing these services, I've realized that we never grow out of needing these qualities. In other words, my work with teens has guided me to approach my work with adults in a more holistic and compassionate fashion.
As a therapist specializing in teens, I've found the most impactful thing I can be is a non-judgmental, encouraging, and authentic voice. Teens need validation and a warm and caring adult who will work to understand the difficulties they experience. In my time providing these services, I've realized that we never grow out of needing these qualities. In other words, my work with teens has guided me to approach my work with adults in a more holistic and compassionate fashion.
(512) 559-8879 View (512) 559-8879

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Austin, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Austin, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Austin, TX see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Austin?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.