Therapists in Falls Church, VA

Photo of Jill Jacobs, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jill Jacobs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
My expertise lies in working alongside people through the impact of grief, trauma, and life transitions, and supporting children and their caregivers through early childhood. I believe it is crucial to focus on a person’s strengths and unique experiences when walking with them in their healing process.
My expertise lies in working alongside people through the impact of grief, trauma, and life transitions, and supporting children and their caregivers through early childhood. I believe it is crucial to focus on a person’s strengths and unique experiences when walking with them in their healing process.
(571) 520-5328 View (571) 520-5328
Photo of Shannon Paige, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shannon Paige
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042
Finding someone to share your experiences with, whom you can trust is an important step in your journey. I believe challenging times and experiences offer you the greatest potential to create the life you have wanted and dreamt of. While reaching out for help is often the first and most difficult steps to initiating change in our lives and moving toward wholeness, I am so glad that you are here!
Finding someone to share your experiences with, whom you can trust is an important step in your journey. I believe challenging times and experiences offer you the greatest potential to create the life you have wanted and dreamt of. While reaching out for help is often the first and most difficult steps to initiating change in our lives and moving toward wholeness, I am so glad that you are here!
(571) 536-7065 View (571) 536-7065
Photo of Jessica Valner, PhD, Psychologist
Jessica Valner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
We are convinced we have a problem. We're focused on it, worried about it, and it often feels like it defines us. These problems tend to show up or worsen during life and relationship transitions. Attending to what isn't working, as well as being intentional about addressing these problems, is necessary for change. Easily overlooked though, are the jewels - the opportunities hiding behind those problems. Psychotherapy provides a safe space for growth opportunities - offering compassion to those parts of ourselves we don't like or shame us, while allowing for the fluidity, flexibility and movement required for transformations.
We are convinced we have a problem. We're focused on it, worried about it, and it often feels like it defines us. These problems tend to show up or worsen during life and relationship transitions. Attending to what isn't working, as well as being intentional about addressing these problems, is necessary for change. Easily overlooked though, are the jewels - the opportunities hiding behind those problems. Psychotherapy provides a safe space for growth opportunities - offering compassion to those parts of ourselves we don't like or shame us, while allowing for the fluidity, flexibility and movement required for transformations.
(703) 997-7523 x3 View (703) 997-7523 x3
Photo of Michael Jolkovski, PhD, Psychologist
Michael Jolkovski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
Anyone who who seeks fundamental changes, struggles with pursuing their desires, has self-defeating patterns, difficulty with relationships, or painful anxiety, depression, guilt or shame. I see gifted underachievers and creative people in business, technology and the arts. Our goals are driven by what you want, which sometimes takes a little work to clarify. Ideally, I help people gain freedom, understanding, harmony with themselves, deeper relationships and better access to their talents and values. We can only do this in a safe atmosphere, where you can say anything without being judged, criticized, or forced to conform.
Anyone who who seeks fundamental changes, struggles with pursuing their desires, has self-defeating patterns, difficulty with relationships, or painful anxiety, depression, guilt or shame. I see gifted underachievers and creative people in business, technology and the arts. Our goals are driven by what you want, which sometimes takes a little work to clarify. Ideally, I help people gain freedom, understanding, harmony with themselves, deeper relationships and better access to their talents and values. We can only do this in a safe atmosphere, where you can say anything without being judged, criticized, or forced to conform.
(571) 200-4196 View (571) 200-4196
Photo of Dr. Bridget Jones, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Bridget Jones
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
I'm happy you are here. I work with women who are struggling with the transition to pregnancy/parenting and want to feel more enjoyment and confidence in their new identity. I also work with couples who are struggling with balancing roles as partners and parents. You may be pregnant or newly postpartum, grappling with the all-encompassing changes that come with such a transition. You may be a tired or stressed out parent, trying to “have it all” but always falling behind the endless to-do’s. You may be feeling like a roommate to your partner after kids. I understand the difficulties that come with expanding your family.
I'm happy you are here. I work with women who are struggling with the transition to pregnancy/parenting and want to feel more enjoyment and confidence in their new identity. I also work with couples who are struggling with balancing roles as partners and parents. You may be pregnant or newly postpartum, grappling with the all-encompassing changes that come with such a transition. You may be a tired or stressed out parent, trying to “have it all” but always falling behind the endless to-do’s. You may be feeling like a roommate to your partner after kids. I understand the difficulties that come with expanding your family.
(571) 568-8739 View (571) 568-8739
Photo of Ashley French, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ashley French
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I'm passionate about providing a non-judgmental, supportive, and genuine space for my clients to process their emotions, thought patterns, interpersonal relationships, and past experiences. I have particular interest and experience in working with couples, co-parents, families, and individuals who are dealing with the effects of high-conflict divorce or engaged in the family legal system for divorce, custody, support, domestic disputes, mediation, collaborative divorce, or court order enforcement.
I'm passionate about providing a non-judgmental, supportive, and genuine space for my clients to process their emotions, thought patterns, interpersonal relationships, and past experiences. I have particular interest and experience in working with couples, co-parents, families, and individuals who are dealing with the effects of high-conflict divorce or engaged in the family legal system for divorce, custody, support, domestic disputes, mediation, collaborative divorce, or court order enforcement.
(571) 568-8038 View (571) 568-8038
Photo of Allie Kassraie, MT-BC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Allie Kassraie
Pre-Licensed Professional, MT-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
I am Allie Kassraie, MT-BC, a Clinical Mental Health Counseling Student at Northwestern University. I am a board-certified music therapist who has worked part-time in Northern Virginia for the last two years. I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with all ages as young as five. The oldest client I have served was 82. As a counselor, I believe in the innate resiliency of all living beings, and I seek to collaborate with clients to support their autonomy by increasing a sense of empowerment, growth, and understanding. My approach is from a trauma-informed, humanistic, social justice, and psychodynamic lens.
I am Allie Kassraie, MT-BC, a Clinical Mental Health Counseling Student at Northwestern University. I am a board-certified music therapist who has worked part-time in Northern Virginia for the last two years. I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with all ages as young as five. The oldest client I have served was 82. As a counselor, I believe in the innate resiliency of all living beings, and I seek to collaborate with clients to support their autonomy by increasing a sense of empowerment, growth, and understanding. My approach is from a trauma-informed, humanistic, social justice, and psychodynamic lens.
(571) 554-2712 View (571) 554-2712
Photo of Susan Bender, Pre-Licensed Professional
Susan Bender
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I currently provide individual psychotherapy to children (ages 5 and over), adolescents, and young adults. I use a holistic approach in working with individuals who may struggle with anxiety, depression, social skills, relationships, low self-esteem, emotional regulation, ADHD, executive functioning difficulties, life transitions, and related issues. I also specialize in administering psychological evaluations.
I currently provide individual psychotherapy to children (ages 5 and over), adolescents, and young adults. I use a holistic approach in working with individuals who may struggle with anxiety, depression, social skills, relationships, low self-esteem, emotional regulation, ADHD, executive functioning difficulties, life transitions, and related issues. I also specialize in administering psychological evaluations.
(571) 568-7726 View (571) 568-7726
Photo of Kristin Master, MS, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristin Master
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
I believe that building a supportive and collaborative relationship with clients is the best way to approach the therapeutic process. Processing difficult life experiences in a safe and non-judgmental environment may help reduce internal distress and initiate the healing process. I will apply an insight-oriented approach to help you examine how your thoughts, feelings, and actions may be holding you back. I will help you learn new ways to handle stressors and to better access your natural coping mechanisms. I look forward to hearing from you to see if we might work together.
I believe that building a supportive and collaborative relationship with clients is the best way to approach the therapeutic process. Processing difficult life experiences in a safe and non-judgmental environment may help reduce internal distress and initiate the healing process. I will apply an insight-oriented approach to help you examine how your thoughts, feelings, and actions may be holding you back. I will help you learn new ways to handle stressors and to better access your natural coping mechanisms. I look forward to hearing from you to see if we might work together.
(703) 957-7693 View (703) 957-7693
Photo of Milagros C Vascones-Gatski, EdD, LCSW, LCSW-C, MAC, CSAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Milagros C Vascones-Gatski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, LCSW, LCSW-C, MAC, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
For more than 20 years, I have helped adults, adolescents, and their families to improve their lives through counseling. From my perspective, counseling is a process in which client and therapist work cooperatively on mutually agreed goals, towards client's betterment and emotional health. A traves de terapia he ayudado a muchos adultos, jovenes y familias a mejorar la calidad de sus vidas. Terapia es un proceso en el que terapista y cliente trabajan juntos en metas que brinden salud emocional y mejoria al cliente. Ademas, hago evaluaciones para el servicio de inmigracion.
For more than 20 years, I have helped adults, adolescents, and their families to improve their lives through counseling. From my perspective, counseling is a process in which client and therapist work cooperatively on mutually agreed goals, towards client's betterment and emotional health. A traves de terapia he ayudado a muchos adultos, jovenes y familias a mejorar la calidad de sus vidas. Terapia es un proceso en el que terapista y cliente trabajan juntos en metas que brinden salud emocional y mejoria al cliente. Ademas, hago evaluaciones para el servicio de inmigracion.
(703) 215-9507 View (703) 215-9507
Photo of Lee Anne Hausler, PhD, Psychologist
Lee Anne Hausler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Limited by low mood and depressive thinking? I can help you learn the necessary tools to challenge and change negative and unhelpful thought patterns. Anxiety, fears, and mood issues can make your world feel smaller and smaller, and disrupt your relationships, work, and happiness. I am deeply committed to helping people achieve greater peace, presence, and meaning in their lives.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Limited by low mood and depressive thinking? I can help you learn the necessary tools to challenge and change negative and unhelpful thought patterns. Anxiety, fears, and mood issues can make your world feel smaller and smaller, and disrupt your relationships, work, and happiness. I am deeply committed to helping people achieve greater peace, presence, and meaning in their lives.
(804) 409-0819 View (804) 409-0819
Photo of Callie Sapen, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Callie Sapen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
Seeking therapy can feel overwhelming and I feel passionate about providing an accepting, non-judgmental therapeutic space for exploring authenticity, vulnerability, and change. I also believe therapy is a collaborative process to support your personal growth and specific needs. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression/mood disorders, trauma, substance use, self-harm, relationships, anger, attachment, stress, adjustment/life transitions, & gender identity. I am an affirming therapist and have expertise working with military and LGBTQIA+ populations.
Seeking therapy can feel overwhelming and I feel passionate about providing an accepting, non-judgmental therapeutic space for exploring authenticity, vulnerability, and change. I also believe therapy is a collaborative process to support your personal growth and specific needs. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression/mood disorders, trauma, substance use, self-harm, relationships, anger, attachment, stress, adjustment/life transitions, & gender identity. I am an affirming therapist and have expertise working with military and LGBTQIA+ populations.
(571) 351-1789 View (571) 351-1789
Photo of Tresha Eaglin, LCSW, MSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tresha Eaglin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MEd
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
We all have challenges. Pretending that they don't exist only makes them bigger. Learning how to accept and navigate our way through negative emotions and experiences helps us grow, heal, and become more aligned with ourselves and tap into our strengths. I can help you work through challenges and learn how to overcome them to become stronger and create a better life. I've spent years helping teens and adults navigate sadness, loneliness, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and a host of complex issues.
We all have challenges. Pretending that they don't exist only makes them bigger. Learning how to accept and navigate our way through negative emotions and experiences helps us grow, heal, and become more aligned with ourselves and tap into our strengths. I can help you work through challenges and learn how to overcome them to become stronger and create a better life. I've spent years helping teens and adults navigate sadness, loneliness, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and a host of complex issues.
(571) 554-6295 View (571) 554-6295
Photo of Alexis Evans, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alexis Evans
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22044  (Online Only)
You may be struggling to keep up with life’s lows without experiencing little to none of life’s highs. While we all experience life differently, our mental health and wellness plays an important part to overcoming barriers and living a life worthwhile. I suggest when a person learns more about themselves and what they truly want and need out of life, it enhances their overall wellness and their ability to navigate and thrive in life. As your therapist, I will assist you to define your wants & needs based on your values, learn more about yourself, & ways to accomplish your goals by living intentionally.
You may be struggling to keep up with life’s lows without experiencing little to none of life’s highs. While we all experience life differently, our mental health and wellness plays an important part to overcoming barriers and living a life worthwhile. I suggest when a person learns more about themselves and what they truly want and need out of life, it enhances their overall wellness and their ability to navigate and thrive in life. As your therapist, I will assist you to define your wants & needs based on your values, learn more about yourself, & ways to accomplish your goals by living intentionally.
(571) 576-6201 View (571) 576-6201
Photo of Maria Perroots, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maria Perroots
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
I am so honored to be a part of your therapeutic journey. Finding a therapist that can allow you to create a soul enriching experience can be tough. I have had the privilege of working with women ages 17-40 work through their anxiety, depression, negative self-talk, life transitions, motherhood and beyond.
I am so honored to be a part of your therapeutic journey. Finding a therapist that can allow you to create a soul enriching experience can be tough. I have had the privilege of working with women ages 17-40 work through their anxiety, depression, negative self-talk, life transitions, motherhood and beyond.
(571) 559-7302 View (571) 559-7302
Photo of Paige Fegan, PsyD, MEd, Psychologist
Paige Fegan
Psychologist, PsyD, MEd
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I enjoy helping clients work through difficulties with depression and anxiety, life transitions, and family/relationship issues. I have a background in school psychology and extensive experience treating mood and anxiety disorders, ADHD, academic and learning challenges, behavioral issues, and autism. I love supporting clients as they achieve goals, make challenging decisions, and gain greater levels of self-awareness. I have a background in psychological assessment; however, I am not currently conducting evaluations.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I enjoy helping clients work through difficulties with depression and anxiety, life transitions, and family/relationship issues. I have a background in school psychology and extensive experience treating mood and anxiety disorders, ADHD, academic and learning challenges, behavioral issues, and autism. I love supporting clients as they achieve goals, make challenging decisions, and gain greater levels of self-awareness. I have a background in psychological assessment; however, I am not currently conducting evaluations.
(571) 200-1461 View (571) 200-1461
Photo of Kim Haywood, ACSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kim Haywood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ACSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I work in partnership with adults as they make positive strides in their lives working through issues of anxiety and fear, depression, anger, grief and loss, trauma and life transitions. I predominantly utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which allows me to work collaboratively with clients. CBT allows clients to take an active role in the therapeutic process moving from an unhelpful cycle of thoughts, feeling and behaviors to a more helpful cycle. CBT increases self-awareness and enhances understanding of one's self which leads to more self-control and more helpful thoughts and behaviors.
I work in partnership with adults as they make positive strides in their lives working through issues of anxiety and fear, depression, anger, grief and loss, trauma and life transitions. I predominantly utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which allows me to work collaboratively with clients. CBT allows clients to take an active role in the therapeutic process moving from an unhelpful cycle of thoughts, feeling and behaviors to a more helpful cycle. CBT increases self-awareness and enhances understanding of one's self which leads to more self-control and more helpful thoughts and behaviors.
(703) 957-7297 View (703) 957-7297
Photo of Maya N Georgieva, EdD, LPC, LCPC, NCC, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maya N Georgieva
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, LCPC, NCC, ACS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
I remember being in high-school; the world seemed both exciting and overwhelming. What I love about working with teens the most is that I get to witness their impressive resilience, refreshing sense of humor, and inspiring idealism. Adolescence can be a turbulent time for young people and their families. High school students struggle with the effects of social media, body image, fatigue, friendship issues, academic pressures; they don't always know how to reach out for support. The most valuable thing that I can offer is my unconditional positive regard for my teen clients and their families.
I remember being in high-school; the world seemed both exciting and overwhelming. What I love about working with teens the most is that I get to witness their impressive resilience, refreshing sense of humor, and inspiring idealism. Adolescence can be a turbulent time for young people and their families. High school students struggle with the effects of social media, body image, fatigue, friendship issues, academic pressures; they don't always know how to reach out for support. The most valuable thing that I can offer is my unconditional positive regard for my teen clients and their families.
(703) 348-2711 View (703) 348-2711
Photo of Shane A Lanzo, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shane A Lanzo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22043  (Online Only)
I strive to be present, attentive, emotionally attuned, to bear witness to one’s narrative and experiences, and to provide individual clients with a safe space to unearth, process, and make sense of things in their life that have stymied or thwarted them, resulting in undesirable patterns of thought, behaviors, and or symptoms. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW - VA) (LICSW – D.C.) with 22 years of experience working with adolescents, young adults, adults, and older adults in both inpatient and outpatient medical and community settings.
I strive to be present, attentive, emotionally attuned, to bear witness to one’s narrative and experiences, and to provide individual clients with a safe space to unearth, process, and make sense of things in their life that have stymied or thwarted them, resulting in undesirable patterns of thought, behaviors, and or symptoms. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW - VA) (LICSW – D.C.) with 22 years of experience working with adolescents, young adults, adults, and older adults in both inpatient and outpatient medical and community settings.
(571) 701-2324 View (571) 701-2324
Photo of Sean Ward, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sean Ward
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
Sean has spent years working as a therapist with children, adolescents, and adults. He has worked with depression, anxiety, self esteem, trauma, children with autism, thoughts of suicide, and self-injurious behaviors.
Sean has spent years working as a therapist with children, adolescents, and adults. He has worked with depression, anxiety, self esteem, trauma, children with autism, thoughts of suicide, and self-injurious behaviors.
(571) 554-5935 View (571) 554-5935
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Falls Church, VA

500+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Falls Church, VA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% CareFirst
51% Elevance

How Therapists in Falls Church, VA see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Falls Church?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.